UNCT- 1

INTRODUCT TON To SrGNALS

* AASiqnal
sgna is definod a
Pyaical quntity thot
that varie s

with any oher nckpendent varab)e

time, space
dlent ne 0Y m0Ye indepe noent vaviable
may be ckpen
* Signal
Variable or parametey then id is
* g signal ckpen
One

as
ne dimensional
knoon
AC poueY aupPy signal, speech signal
siq nal olepercls tuo inckpen dent variable
*f a
then il is know 0o dimernsional siqnal as
pavameter,
ex petoes, X-ray imoge and sonogaphs
than two variable, it is Said
more
+ sf a siqnal deyencks
to maltioimensional signal.
* The representa tion of naathi math expression
S kigoon as

Can be epresented by mathemaical equation

a
signal ex SquoYe
then it is Sai to be oter mimiste veform,Sinusocd
coovefoy m)
ohich cannot be exprecsed by mathenaical eguations
Sqnalsit
then is saial to be
Random syral.
ex:- noise signal etc.
’ Classifuca lion f sgnals.
> Contious time Cer)
’ Siqnals that are cefined for every inctant of arne
known as time
continuo us Siqnal
’ Fepre sentedl as
 also knoLOn
Sgnal
A Coninuous time

Discrete ime Co)

olefned at escrele inslant of time
’ The sig nals that ove
aye knon as ckscrete time signals
’ They ave denoted by x(n)
Bisorete lime siqnals aYe con tin ous n amplitude
and chscrele in inme

302

200

) igtal aignal
>A siqrnal that is diseretged in kine and quantixed
knoon S
in cmplilude
for aYe epresed
processng and transmation, ctyikal siqnal
binng frm, sbing Os and ls

’ represen tation of Biscrete time sgnals

Fung honal
Bscrete ime siqnal Can be represe n tated fenctional
7epsntation as shoon below
 n=0,)
for
n = 2
for
n:3
for
olheywise

Graphtcal epecenlation
3

2 3
3
-2

TabulaY representation.
in tabulay
’ The dscrete tme siqnals Can be repyesented
shoon belouo
form as

2 3

Tepresentation
&equence 2

iscyete time
’
Slementag
> Unit step Tesponse.
sgnals
) The wnit step response S
ckfened as

un) for n o unit step

for n<o eponse
ucn)= A
Step response .
 ) onz0

a) Unit Ramp sequence

unt ramp Seque ence (s oefned as
The unt Yamp
n for n>0
O for n<o

s) unit Irmpulse scquen ce

3t s alco knoon as unit sumple 8uence
3t s odefned as

3
Lo

The sgrnal ste, Yarmp and cmpulse ate slandard

sqnab. The gnals are eferted lo as slandard

because they and enprémenlal
actvihes ommuniaion yslem. Hene itis alse
teat
skordard st snal
a brponental signal
signal fanction is defened as
2 Eponenlal
an n0
aln)

decyeases
the agnal eponenkaly
Lncreases
the sgnal eponuntaly
X(n)

nz', a0S

a-2
zlo)

a) 2)-4
 Simusoiodal gnals
The sinusoidlal sipals epyesenked by
xln) Asn(, n e)
A’ Ampl ituade
9,’ Angdlar fopueny
n ’
nteger phase
n) Acos(,n+e) e ’ Changes
let us consider angle
r) A sin(n te) phase
Cet e be O e there kae shift in signal
xln)= AsinQgn)

=0

2(n) = Acos (9,n)

aln)= A
n) A cos

oponential nal.
Complex
rln) = axe

Un)> a'cas (ent) tj a sin(in e)

 cos(uyn re)

ocac)

Basic manipulatiom
’ Teme shifting
(onsidey and zn) =
3

3
n 2
Plot the nd
let aln-m) be the shi{ted version
it is analyze with a value m=2
m:2
)-2=o
n2

3
Let (nm) be the shif tecl vercio
with a value m=
2 and ct is
analyred
n+2-0
n:-2
3

2
’When m takes a value the Sequence has been shifted tacde
Tigbt d s known
) When, m ta tes a -ve value, the eguen Ce has been shfted leit
and t s krown as aokamced shihng
)ime reveYsal
’3t s alse kracn as time foldi ngellection/ tanspose
) let us consde the Siqnal
xn): (os n) fo -2 sns2

n-2

n0

n2

n) = n)
The tme Teversal of

1() -0S
) Ampltude scalng rececved
Cet zln) be the gen sigral and yln) be the
Sqnal let A be the amplifecatton folor
for ampitude Saling the equaton is gven by
Jo- Azen)
shoon beloo
Lel Xn) be represenled as

let assue the value 4>/

be A<]
Let value ot

acts as an amplifey
’ Whe volue of A1, the factoy A
attenua tion
Qcts as an
’ When value of Al, the faclor

4) Tene Sealing
The time scaling factor equatien
s
gven by
yin) - alan)
3llustyation Shown in the
let a(n) be the sequence fgere
2
 scaled sinal
The tme scaled Signal ts gven by
yn) zlan) for a>o, o<ac|

n-o, lan) n:1 n-1

x(0) =4 (2)=, x(-2) = 2
H)= 2

yln) ao
waveform is Covnpieee

Hnx(an)
n= 2 n-2

0:Oe y):x0)- 3 g)C)= 3.

-4-2

Let nn) an) be the tuo used for sgnal

manuplication with quence
,Ln 3, 2, I, 4, -351

,): 2), 4, 3, S,2 } respec livey

Aodi tior f siqna ls
Let y) be the outut eukput and et is
 12
J2
3n: 2 D
sqnals Mulkplication
ef
u-3
n
nz0
3n=
) ,()-
gn)
the be
Let
gven
by is it and eutput
signals Subtracion
ef
3,3} s,3,5,7 yln)
n 3
5 go)=
n:3 n-0
=4 n
** Cven and ookl signa ls
} Adis(rete bme Siqnal x(n) s even 4 it salrsfy
the
Conditiorn x(n) = X(-n) oy al n Ths sgnal s alio
known as sqmmelne sigzal
ex

AGnal S sad to be ab, f t saktst the ondibon,

zen)-xln or al nn

ex

even and
Components an t
Asgnal consist of sum of odd and
of odd
is representcl

even te sgn

) Reploe n by -n, we get

n

Ald

an) t nln): 2n e ) )
 formala tor iden kitying
even

xn)- xn) 2 , n)
bomula or identfying
ocb signal
cdd ad componen t of the given
) Aetermine the nd
even

gnal
-n

Xn) a

oCn)L
2

xn) 2e laen 2 (cos(n)j scn))

t 2e 2 cos

- 2e
 2n) 3e

x() 3e

4 For the gven seguene, ):{2, ,2,-, 3}, nd the

odd and eVen
component 4 sequence
-2 n-2
aln):
2 n :0
n |
3 n:2

acnio2,0.34

0.

n
 tol):[3)
Xoln)

> Find ld and even component of given sgna l

Soln: - lo) 4, x)-2 z3) -2

n -3 -2 2 3

-4 2 2

xln) -2 -4

-2
-2|

2 -2

Le

o , , 2, 0, -2, , -1f
Find odd and even
2

n) 3, -4) 2, O, 6, 3,9,s4

Component.
xt2) 3, xti) -4, xlo):2, xU) : o, xo) -6, x) -3,

x(u)9, als):s
 -4 -3 -2 -1 3 4 5

Xn) 3-4 5

2n) +936 Q-43

Le 5 2S

* Cas Causal Non- Causal Sgrals

A duscrete time Sgnal ain) to be caus al f
Don- causal
etherwe the sgnal

Foy an ana-causal sqnal, n) 0 fn n0

xn)= un) - u(n-2)

): ui3) - 4(-i-) x(3): u(o) -u(5)
C3)|-o
x3)=I
Nen- causal signal.
x-1) AU'Non

n=|
n:-2

x2)= u(0-u(4) L0) =ul3)-u(2) ) -u/4) 4)

(2) =

Non-causal siqnal n=2

xl) s) -« (o)

Causal sig nal

 Ex2

n(-) 2
Non-causal sign|
Non- causal siqnal
Ex-3
uln)
n=

x(-2): 40
Causal sgnal
* Percodke and Aperioske signal
aln) is Said to be periodic f it
A discrete time siqnal aln)
Satisftes the conditipn
*(n): xn+N) foy all tRE
the
The Smallest value of N for above equation holds
Peviod knoon a Fundanental Perio

Sf xn)= x(nw) doesn't Saksty foy allea st ne value

of n
the signal is
F autput is not o» xatonal noia tional no) it ig
be eicdic Sqnal
Sald to be

let us ConsideY,
 for a percodke Signal

a(n)

above coTol hon

Go EuleYs un ton

m ’
irteger
m

where
NFndmental period
m
Angulbr faueng

The funckemental tme pencas ane calcalaled individua ly ond cH

of taken as the total
periocl
woh uthe heather the
Find te gven Siqnal periadkie or not.
) Cos 2a1)

N= m 21
27
N= mo|
The fundamental period N= for the cnteger value

The signal s Periocic siqnal

J6An
x(n) e

3
i4 m:3

value
The fundamen tal period N=I for the intege
The signal Periocdic

Ex-3
l ) = 12 cos 20n
o = 20

Gx-4
Aperiodic simal
+

N N2
LCM(N, N)
LCM(3,8)
m A3 3Y N
N= 8+3
N m3 3 24
m-3

N, =3 24
 Enengy signal and Pracr sgnal
E is deknel
de
dise vete tme sianal, a), the eneray
as

E|n))
n : -0

Toy Pooe
an
energy sgnal, breay s
Pzo

The avevoage pouoer of a discete time Signal s defned as

N’0 2N+I n:-N

Tor a
pwer signal

Goreral fomala
In fenite geometrg seri eS,

N+I

r)
C-l i-c

Check ohether the giren aignal

signal!
 (n 02u

N-U

d
 aln): sn(En
3

n -0

n 2

P=

P: 2N n:-N

P- nm 2
n: -N

P lim
n=-N n:-N

P Iwatts
a) churalorise
3) whe the re the ven signal is enerH
power sgnal
)) a(n): (oc(4)
i) xn): un)

i) ans 2
)

6 2os (&n)
n :-0

E=
n:-09

2
n:-0

2 n-0 n:-0o

lim n--N
N>00 2Nt|

P N>00 2Nt| n:-N

Lim
P 2NTI n-N
N N
-

P n:-N

P watls
 xln) u(n)
E
n:

e eJ

P
N 2N) n:-N

p lim
n:-N

P im
2

P= lm
2NtI nz-N n=0

P
n-N
N(It )
N(2:»)
P = -

2 r0
i) z(n) e i(An )
2

n:-0

i(an4)

n=-0

n
E
n:-0

im
P= n-N

lim
2Nt|
n-N

N
lim
n:-N

im 2N
P=
N0

P= | watts.