Page 1 of 24

PROJECT REPORT ON:

MARKET SURVEILLANCE TO ASSESS LEVELS OF SYNTHETIC

INSECTICIDES ON TREATED STORED MAIZE IN THE SELECTED
AREAS IN TANZANIA

PROJECT FUNDED BY:

AGRA

PROJECT IMPLEMENTING ORGANIZATION:

TROPICAL PESTICIDES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, P.O BOX 3024,

ARUSHA, TANZANIA

PROJECT INVESTIGATORS:

TANO HANGALI (PI), JANE MDWEGELE AND Dr. ELIKANA LEKEI

 Page 2 of 24

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. PROJECT BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................ 3

2. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................... 3

3. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................... 4

3.1 SAMPLING DESIGN AND AREA .............................................................................................................. 4

3.2 SAMPLING IN DAR ES SALAAM ............................................................................................................... 5

3.3 SAMPLE COLLECTION IN SONGWE, MBEYA CITY, IRINGA MUNICIPAL AND KILOLO ............................ 7

3.4 SAMPLES EXTRACTION AND CLEAN-UP .................................................................................................. 9

3.5 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT AND CONSUMABLES ................................................................................. 9

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. 10

4.1. FINDINGS FOR SAMPLES FROM DAR ES SALAAM FOOD STUFF MARKET OUTLETS ............................ 10

4.2 FINDINGS FOR SAMPLES FROM SONGWE, MBEYA, KILOLO AND IRINGA MUNICIPALITY .................... 12

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................................... 15

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................... 16

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 16

LIST OF ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................................ 18

 Page 3 of 24

1. PROJECT BACKGROUND

This project is aimed at undertaking a survey and laboratory analysis to assess pest
control practices and its products on the Tanzania market. The primary objective of the
project being determining levels of pesticide residues in maize and grain products at
household, retail and wholesale levels. The samples of whole and dehulled maize
grains, whole maize flour, dehulled maize flour and hulls (from posho mills) were
collected in three major markets in Dar es Salaam whereas in Songwe and Kilolo only
maize grains samples were collected from farmers storage facilities as well as from
urban centers commercial outlets. On the other hand, maize flour samples were
collected in commercial market outlets in Iringa Municipal. This consultancy was
officially signed first week of April 2020 between AGRA and TPRI and it commenced
April 2020.

2. INTRODUCTION

Storage is an important aspect of food security in developing countries including

Tanzania. This is especially important since most cereals, including maize, are
produced on a seasonal basis, and in many places, there is only one harvest a year,
which itself may be subject to failure (Proctor, 1994). Seasonal maize production leads
to their fluctuating supply at the national or at household levels.
Despite the realization of the importance of storage, the potential impact of stored
products is however undermined by the incidence of increasing destructive storage
pests. The maize weevil and the larger grain borer (LGB) are the main and most serious
pests of stored maize (Holst et al., 2000; Proctor, 1994). A study conducted in Benin
reports that LGB was found to have infested 54% of the experimental stores in the study
sites (Meikle et al., 2002). In a similar study evaluating the existing management options
for stored maize over 6 months reports that LGB reduces many kernels to powder
(Compton et al., 1998).
 Page 4 of 24

In Tanzania, individual farmers reported suffering high losses of up to 34% (dry weight)
and in extreme cases, where70–80% of the maize grains were damaged, the
commodity was totally unfit for consumption (Boxall, 2002).
To reduce these crop losses, farmers largely depend on the use of synthetic
insecticides, among other storage technologies to control post-harvest storage insect
pests. In Tanzania, Pirimiphos-methyl 50% and Dichlorvos 50% are registered in
different formulations for disinfestations of storage structures (go downs) for the control
of large grain borers (Prostephanus trancatus) and maize weevils (Sitophilus zemays) in
stored maize (United Republic of Tanzania, 2018). On the other hand, several
formulations are registered in Tanzania for post-harvest treatments, including dusts and
fumigants. Example of common active ingredients registered for post-harvest
treatments include (Fenitrothion 1% + Deltamethrin 0.13%), (Alphacypermetrin 0.43% +
Chlorpyrifos-methyl 1.63), (Spinosad 0.125%), (Pirimiphos Methyl 0.6% + Permethrin
0.3%), (Malathion 0.2% + Permethrin 0.04%), (Aluminium phosphide) and (Magnesium
phosphide). These are all registered for the control of large grain borers (Prostephanus
trancatus) and maize weevils (Sitophilus zemays) on stored maize grains (United
Republic of Tanzania, 2018). While the formulations with Pirimiphos-methyl 50% and
Dichlorvos 50% are used to treat storage structures, the rest of the formulations are
directly applied on stored maize for the control of storage insect pests. This project
implementation phase was targeting assessment of levels of pesticide residues on
whole and dehulled grain maize, whole and dehulled maize flour from major markets in
Dar es Salaam, Songwe, Mbeya city and Iringa (Kilolo and Iringa Municipality).

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 SAMPLING DESIGN AND AREA

Samples were randomly taken in the selected areas in Dar es Salaam, Songwe,
Mbeya city, Iringa Municipality and Kilolo. The samples were coded P1 – P7 where P1
was whole maize grains, P2 dehulled maize grains, P3 whole grain maize flour and P4
 Page 5 of 24

was dehulled maize grain flour. P5 were hulls samples collected from milling machines
in DSM and P6 and P7 were whole and dehulled grain maize flour respectively
collected in super markets in DSM.
In Dar es Salaam, P1 - P4 were taken in Mbagala, Tandale and Buguruni markets, P5
was taken from the selected milling machines and P6 and P7 which are maize flour
from food processors were taken from supermarkets.
In Songwe, Mbeya city and Kilolo only P1 (whole maize grains) were collected whereas
in Iringa Municipal markets (Mashine Tatu and Soko Kuu) samples of whole and
dehulled grain maize flour (P3 and P4) were collected.
In Songwe P1 samples were collected in Nyimbili, Shlanga, Iboya, Igamba and
Mbimba wards as well as in Mlowo market, Vwawa and Mlowo Usindikaji Firm while in
Mbeya city P1 samples were taken from Soweto and Mbalizi markets and in Kilolo
district, P1 samples were taken from Mtitu, Ukumbi, Kipaduka and Irole wards
respectively.

3.2 SAMPLING IN DAR ES SALAAM

The samples for the whole maize flour (P6) and dehulled maize flour (P7) were
purchased from Mlimani city, Dar Free Market and TSN super markets in Dar es
Salaam. For each product P6 and P7, four samples (different supermarkets) from each
of three different processors were purchased. The samples were blended to produce 12
composite samples (P6 = 6; P7 = 6) as indicated in Table 1 below. Random sub-
samples, representing each product from different processors were drawn and
submitted for analysis.
 Page 6 of 24

Table 1: Samples P6 (whole maize flour) and P7 (dehulled maize flour) collected
from supermarkets submitted for analysis.

Sample Code Mlimani City Dar Free Market TSN (Buguruni)

P6 P6S28 P6S32 P6S36
P6S29 P6S33 P6S37
P7 P7S30 P7S34 P7S38
P7S31 P7S35 P7S39
Total 4 4 4

On the other hand, fifteen (15) samples P1- P5 (Table 2) were also collected in
Mbagala, Buguruni and Tandale food stuff market outlets and milling machines in Dar
es Salaam and submitted for laboratory for analysis

Table 2: Samples P1- P5 collected in market stores and milling machines in Dar
es Salaam.

Sample code SITE Mbagala Buguruni Tandale

P1 Market P1S1 P1S6 P1S11
P2 Market P2S2 P2S7 P2S12
P3 Market P3S3 P3S8 P3S13
P4 Market P4S4 P4S9 P4S14
P5 Posho mills P5S5 P5S10 P5S15
Total 5 5 5
 Page 7 of 24

3.3 SAMPLE COLLECTION IN SONGWE, MBEYA CITY, IRINGA

MUNICIPAL AND KILOLO

The number of samples collected and their respective sampling sites are outlined in
Table 3 below.
In songwe region, a total of 41 whole maize grain samples were collected from Nyimbili
(n=10), Shlanga (n=5), Iboya (n=3), Igamba (Zelzeta) (n=4) Mbimba (n=5), Mlowo
market (n=7), Vwawa container (n=3) and Mlowo Usindikaji firm (n=4).

In Mbeya city, a total of 9 whole maize grain samples were collected in Mbalizi (n=6)
and Soweto (n=3) market outlets. Generally, Mbalizi and Soweto are major food stuff
market outlets in the city where the general public purchase family food needs including
grain maize.

In Iringa region, Kilolo in particular a total of 18 samples were collected directly from
household maize storage facilities whereas in Kipaduka ward, number of samples
collected was 4 (n=4), Irole ward (n=4), Mtitu ward (n=5) and Ukumbi ward (n=5).
In Iringa Municipality, eight (8) maize flour samples collected in food stuff markets. Out
of these samples, 3 samples (P3A -C) were whole grain maize flour (Dona) and 5
samples (P4A-E) were dehulled grain maize flour (Sembe).

All the samples were sent to laboratory for analysis and results are tabulated in Annex
1 below.
 Page 8 of 24

TABLE 3: SAMPLES COLLECTED IN SONGWE, MBEYA CITY, KILOLO AND IRINGA INDICATING SAMPLING
SITES AND SAMPLE CODES
SONGWE MBEYA KILOLO IRINGA

Usindikaji
Container

Soko Kuu
Kipaduka
(Zelzeta)
Nyimbili

Shlanga

Mbimba
(TACRI)

Ukumbi
Soweto
Igamba

Mbalizi
Vwawa

sokoni
Market
Mlowo

Mlowo
Iboya

Mtitu
Irole
P1S27 P1S25 P1S24 P1S21 P1S19 P1S20 P1S18 P1S22 P1S29 P1S31 P1S33 B P1S3 P1S1 P1S16 P3A
A B B A A A A C A A 2A 7A A (Dona)

P1S27 P1S25 P1S24 P1S21 P1S19 P1S20 P1S18 P1S22 P1S29 P1S31 P1S33 C P1S3 P1S1 P1S16 P3B
B C C C B B B D B B 2B 7B B (Dona)

P1S27 P1S25 P1S24 P1S21 P1S19 P1S20 P1S18 P1S23 P1S29 P1S31 P1S33 D P1S3 P1S1 P1S16 P3C
C D E D C C C A D C 2D 7C C (Dona)

P1S27 P1S26 - P1S21 P1S19 P1S20 - P1S23 P1S30 - P1S33 A P1S3 P1S1 P1S16 P4A
D C E D E B A 2E 7D E (Sembe)

P1S28 P1S26 - - P1S19 P1S20 - - P1S30 - - - P1S1 P1S16 F P4B

A D E F B 7E (Sembe)

P1S28 - - - - P1S20 - - P1S30 - - - - - P4C

B F C (Sembe)
P1S28 - - - - P1S20 - - - - - - - - P4D
C G (Sembe)
P1S28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - P4E
D (Sembe)
P1S28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
F

P1S28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
G
 Page 9 of 24

3.4 SAMPLES EXTRACTION AND CLEAN-UP

Solvent extraction method was applied where the samples were extracted, filtered and
concentrated prior to GC-MS determination.
Twenty grams (20g) sample was weighed in a conical flask to which 50 mL of
Acetonitrile was added and then shaken for 20 min in an ultrasonic bath. To the sample-
acetonitrile mixture, 20 mL of Dichloromethane/cyclohexane (1:1) was added and
shaken again in the ultrasonic bath for 10 min.
The extract was dried with 10g anhydrous Magnesium sulphate and filtered through a
plug of glass wool into an E-conical flask. It was then eluted through a chromatographic
column (2.5 mm id x 32 cm) packed with glass wool, 3.0 g florisil and 5-10 cm
magnesium sulphate for clean-up.
The eluent was then concentrated to 1 mL using rotary evaporator at 45 °C under
nitrogen steam and then injected for GC-MS analysis.

3.5 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT AND CONSUMABLES

Electronic Analytical Balance (4 decimal points), centrifuge (4000 rpm), centrifuge tubes
(50mL and 15mL), autosampler vials (2mL), micropipettes (10mL, 1mL, 200µL), vortex
mixer and sonicator.
The Agilent technology Gas chromatography with mass spectrometer (GC-MS), with
0.53 mm id x 12 m, 0.25 µm capillary column and programmed temperature vaporizer
start at 50°C for 7 min ramped to 180°C for 10 min and then ramped to 230°C to 280
°C. Helium gas flow was 1.2 ml/min.
Reagents used were dichloromethane, cyclohexane, acetonitrile and anhydrous
magnesium sulphate (A.C.S grade), florisil. These were obtained from local suppliers
and other supplies were obtained SIGMA – ALDRICH.
 Page 10 of 24

Pesticide standards of high purity ranging from 99.5% to 100.00% were obtained from
Allied signal - Riedel de Haen and Chem Service, P.O Box 599 West Chester ,19381
800 – 452.

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. FINDINGS FOR SAMPLES FROM DAR ES SALAAM FOOD STUFF MARKET
OUTLETS

Out of 27 samples collected and analyzed, six (6) samples (22%) were found to have
residues of the target pesticides at different concentrations. The rest of the samples
(n=21) had no any detectable pesticide residues. Table 3 below outlines levels of
pesticide residues detected in the analyzed samples and EU/CODEX tolerances
(MRLs) of the detected pesticides in maize grains and maize flour.

TABLE 4: PESTICIDE RESIDUES AND CONCENTRATION RANGE FOUND IN THE

SAMPLES ANALYSED:

Sample Permethrin Pirimiphos-methyl Fenitrothion

(mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg)

P3S8 flour (whole grain) 0.000 0.555 0.720

P1S6 Maize (Whole grain) 0.020 0.000 0.000

P6S28 Flour (Whole grain) 0.000 2.827 3.675

P7S30 Flour (dehulled 0.235 0.000 0.000

grain)

P5S5 (Hulls) 0.000 27.668 35.932

P1S11 (Whole grain 0.000 0.942 1.223

maize)
 Page 11 of 24

Sample Permethrin Pirimiphos-methyl Fenitrothion

(mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg)

Tolerance MRLs EU Limit: 0.05 (i) EU Limit: 0.5 EU: 0.05

CODEX: 2.000 CODEX: 7.000 CODEX: 6.000

The range of pesticide residue concentration found in the samples analyzed were 0.020
to 0.235 mg/kg for Permethrin; 0.555 to 27.668 mg/kg for Pirimiphos-methyl and 0.720
to 35.932 mg/kg for Fenitrothion.

For all samples collected and analyzed, Hulls had the highest residue concentration of
27.668 mg/kg and 35.932 mg/kg for Pirimiphos-methyl and Fenitrothion respectively.

The residues of Fenitrothion were found to be high in whole grain Maize (0.720 mg/kg
and 1.223 mg/kg); higher in whole grain maize flour (3.675 mg/kg) and highest in hulls
(35.932 mg/kg) whereas concentrations for Permethrin were 0.020 mg/kg and 0.235
mg/kg in whole maize grains and dehulled grain flour respectively. Pirimiphos-methyl
levels in whole maize grains was found at the concentrations 0.555 mg/kg and 0.942
mg/kg and was also found at a concentration of 2.827 mg/kg in flour of whole maize
grains.

Pesticide residues found in relation to International MRL Tolerances

(i) Permethrin level (0.235 mg/kg) found in Flour of dehulled maize grains (P7S20)
was higher than that of European Union (EU) MRLs (0.05 mg/kg) but slightly
within CODEX (2mg/kg)

(ii) Residues of Pirimiphos-methyl found in whole maize grains (P3S8; 0.555 mg/kg,
P6S28; 2.827 mg/kg and P1S11; 0.942 mg/kg), flour of whole maize grains
(P6S28; 2.827 mg/kg) and in hulls (P5S5; 27.668 mg/kg) were higher than EU
 Page 12 of 24

MRLs (0.5 mg/kg) but lower than CODEX MRLs (7mg/kg) except the
concentrations in hulls.

(ii) Fenitrothion residue levels found in whole maize grains (P3S8; 0720 mg/kg,
P6S28; 3.675 mg/kg and P1S11; 1.223 mg/kg), flour of whole maize grains
(P6S28; 3.675 mg/kg) and in hulls (P5S5; 35.932 mg/kg) were all higher than EU
MRLs (0.5 mg/kg) but all lower than CODEX MRLs (6mg/kg) except the
concentrations in hulls.

4.2 FINDINGS FOR SAMPLES FROM SONGWE, MBEYA, KILOLO AND IRINGA
MUNICIPALITY

The analysis of maize grain samples (P1) collected from different sampling sites in
Songwe, Mbeya City and Kilolo were found to be contaminated with Pirimifos-methyl,
Malathion and Fenitrothion to a significant level. Chlorpyrifos and Lambda Cyhalothrin
were detected in few samples at a very low concentration (Annex 1, Table A – C).

For maize grains collected from farmers maize stores, the concentration level ranges
from 0.007mg/kg - 76.660mg/kg for Pirimiphos-methyl, 1.520mg/kg – 70.423mg/kg
Malathion, 0.072mg/kg – 23.797mg/kg Fenitrothion, 0.000mg/kg – 0.021mg/kg
Chlorpyrifos and 0.000mg/kg – 0.080mg/kg Lambda Cyhalothrin. The concentrations for
Pirimiphos-methyl, Malathion and Fenitrothion were above acceptable CODEX
maximum residue limits in stored maize grains. The CODEX MR limits for Pirimiphos-
methyl, Malathion and Fenitrothion were 7.000mg/kg, 0.05mg/kg and 6.000mg/kg
respectively. Chlorpyrifos and Lambda Cyhalothrin are not authorized in Tanzania for
postharvest maize storage hence they were not expected to be detected in this study.
However, their presence though in low concentration indicates either indiscriminate use
by farmers for storage purpose or carry over in a spray for the control of field insect
pests.
 Page 13 of 24

Malathion, Fenitrothion and Pirimiphos-methyl were found at maximum concentrations

of 180.668mg/kg, 61.980mg/kg and 13.015mg/kg respectively for maize samples
collected in Vwawa which is a maize stock shipping center to other regions or outside
the country. These concentrations were also above CODEX MR limits. The reasonably
higher concentrations for Malathion (37.523mg/kg) and Fenitrothion (13.049mg/kg)
were also found in maize grains samples collected from Mlowo market. The maize
samples collected from one of the maize processing (milling) firm in Mlowo was found to
have Malathion at a concentration of 20.699mg/kg and Fenitrothion at 7.284mg/kg.
Pirimiphos-methyl was detected at a concentration 0.151mg/kg. The concentrations for
malathion and Fenitrothion were above CODEX limits.

On the other hand, the maize samples collected from Mbalizi and Soweto markets in
Mbeya were found to have maximum concentrations of 159.343 mg/kg for Pirimiphos-
methyl, 32.428 mg/kg for malathion and 11.366mg/kg for Fenitrothion. All the
concentrations were above CODEX MR limits for these products in stored maize.
Chlorpyrifos and Lambda cyhalothrin were not detected in samples from these markets.

For the samples collected in Kilolo, Malathion was found at a maximum concentration of
218mg/kg, Pirimiphos-methyl at 57.858mg/kg and Fenitrothion at 76.209mg/kg. These
concentrations were also above the CODEX MR limits. Lambda cyhalothrin was
detected at a concentration of 0.026mg/kg.

Similarly, maize grain flour (Dona and Sembe) collected from major food stuff market
outlets in Iringa Municipality were found to have significantly high contamination levels
for Pirimifos-methyl, Malathion and Fenitrothion. Chlorpyrifos and Lambda Cyhalothrin
were not detected in the analyzed maize flour (Annex 1, Table D).

Whole grain maize flour (Dona) was found to have higher concentrations of Malathion,
Fenitrothion and Pirimiphos-methyl compared to the levels in dehulled maize flour. The
maximum concentrations for Malathion, Menitrothion and Pirimiphos-methyl in whole
grain maize flour (Dona) were 51.335mg/kg, 17.945mg/kg and 14.061mg/kg
respectively. While those in dehulled grain maize flour were 2.016mg/kg, 18.121mg/kg
 Page 14 of 24

and 1.122mg/kg respectively. Both Malathion, Fenitrothion and Pirimiphos-methyl in

whole grain maize flour were above the Codex MR limits while in dehulled grain maize
flour, Pirimiphos-methyl was within the CODEX limits but Malathion and Fenitrothion
were above the CODEX MR limits.

Table 5 below gives percent proportions for sampling sites with samples exceeding
CODEX or EU MR limits for Pirimifos-methyl, Malathion and Fenitrothion. Whereas for
Pirimifos-methyl-methyl residues, Mbeya indicated to have high proportion of samples
exceeding CODEX and EU limits (33.3%) and (66.7%) respectively. For Fenitrothion
residues, Iringa and Mbeya respectively shown to have high proportion of samples and
exceeding CODEX (71.7%) or EU (88.8%) MRLs and for Malathion, Iringa indicated to
have high proportion of samples (71.4%) exceeding CODEX MRL

TABLE 5: PERCENT PROPORTION OF SITES WITH SAMPLES EXCEEDING

CODEX OR EU MAXIMUM RESIDUE LIMITS
Samples with Malathion
exceeding CODEX MRL

exceeding CODEX MRL

Fenitrothion exceeding

Fenitrothion exceeding
Site
exceeding EU MRL
Pirimiphos Methyl

pirimiphos Methyl
Total samples

Samples with

Samples with

Samples with

Samples with
CODEX MRL

EU MRL
Songwe 39 15.4 35.8 64.1 23.0 66.7

Mbeya 9 33.3 66.7 66.7 11.1 88.8

Kilolo 18 22.28 50.0 55.5 22.2 38.8

Iringa 7 14.2 42.8 71.4 28.5 71.7

 Page 15 of 24

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In conclusion, the analysis indicated that pesticide treatment practices of stored maize
grains are common and high at household level and maize vendors. The level of
contaminations varies from place to place. This situation could be attributed by overuse
of postharvest pesticide products, but may also be caused by short duration between
application by farmers and sampling in executing this project. grains/products reach
market outlets with higher concentrations pesticide levels. It is most probable that the
general public including farmers themselves take high levels of these pesticide
ingredients through daily food intake.

The residue exceedance to the internationally set limits found in this study implies
consumer negative health consequences. Pesticides are known to cause both acute
and chronic health impacts to human beings. Chronic health effects associated with
pesticide toxicity include cancers, endocrine disruption, immunotoxicity, neurological
and reproductive damage and organs development impairment. In that regard, the
following recommendations are proposed:

(i) Extend the study to other regions in the country for more representative data on
the safety status of on market maize grains and flour. The findings in this study
only covered sampling in Dar es Salaam and few areas in Iringa, Mbeya and
Songwe regions.

(ii) Conduct cumulative health risk assessment as a result of daily intake of maize
grain food.

(iii) Thorough assessment of farmers, pesticide applicators, maize and pesticide

vendors knowledge, skills, and attitude towards pesticides application practices
and handling and organize training on safe use and handling of postharvest and
other pesticide products.
 Page 16 of 24

(iv) Assess farmers, consumers, pesticide applicators, maize and pesticide vendors
awareness and perceptions towards negative short- and long-term health effects
caused pesticides.

(v) Regular pesticide residue monitoring should be initiated in centers dealing with
distribution of maize and maize products. AGRA in collaboration with TPRI
should come up with another more comprehensive survey covering a wider area.
Currently there is no national pesticide residue monitoring program, such that no
pesticide residue data on food and agricultural products.

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We sincerely acknowledge AGRA for their initiatives towards food safety in Tanzania
and hence their financial contribution towards this project. We also extend our
appreciations to TPRI for administrative and scientific role in the project writeup and
implementation.

REFERENCES

1. Boxall RA. Damage and Loss Caused by the Larger Grain Borer Prostephanus
truncatus. Integrated Pest Management Reviews 2002;7(2):105-121 DOI:
10.1023/A:1026397115946.

2. Compton, J A F, Floydb S, Ofosua A and Agboa B. The modified count and

weigh method: an improved procedure for assessing weight loss in stored maize
cobs Journal of Stored Products Research 1998;34 (4):277-285.
 Page 17 of 24

3. Holst N, Meikle WG and Markham RH. Grain Injury Models for Prostephanus
truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae) in Rural Maize Stores in West Africa. Journal of Economic
Entomology 2000;93 (4):1338-1346.

4. Meikle WG, Markham RH, Nansen C et al. Pest Management in Traditional

Maize Stores in West Africa: A Farmer's Perspective. Journal of Economic
Entomology 2002;95(5):1079-88. DOI: 10.1093/jee/95.5.1079· Source: PubMed.
5. Proctor DL. ed. 1994. Grain storage techniques: Evolution and trends in
developing countries. Vol. 109, FAO agricultural services bulletin no. 109.
GASCA - Group for Assistance on Systems Relating to Grain after Harvest.
Rome: Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations.

6. United Republic of Tanzania, The list of Registered Pesticides in Tanzania,

2018.
 Page 18 of 24

LIST OF ANNEXES

Annex I: Analytical Results for Maize Grain Samples from Songwe, Mbeya and
Kilolo and Maize Flour Samples from Iringa Municipal

A. Analytical Results (in mg/kg) for Maize Grain Samples from Songwe
Pesticide
detected

Sampling site
Sample

Chlorpyrifos
Fenitrothion

Cyhalothrin
Pirimiphos-

Code
Malathion

Lambda
(mg/kg)

(mg/kg)

(mg/kg)

(mg/kg)
(mg/kg
methyl

P1S27 A 0.255 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Nyimbili)

P1S27 B 19.284 0.000 0.072 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Nyimbili)

P1S27 C 0.046 7.339 2.635 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Nyimbili)

P1S27 D 0.045 21.061 7.410 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Nyimbili)

P1S28 A 0.000 2.362 1.610 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Nyimbili)

P1S28 B 0.681 0.000 0.966 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Nyimbili)

P1S28 C 13.399 16.211 3.099 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Nyimbili)

P1S28 D 0.968 2.183 5.722 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Nyimbili)

P1S28 F 0.000 0.000 0.841 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Nyimbili)

P1S28 G 0.000 25.960 0.000 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Nyimbili)

P1S25 B 38.482 15.961 5.635 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Mlowo

market)
P1S25 C 6.131 1.520 0.644 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Mlowo
market)
P1S25 D 0.094 6.934 0.000 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Mlowo
market)
P1S26 C 1.183 2.958 7.315 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Mlowo
market)
P1S26 D 0.420 1.920 6.388 0.000 0.080 Songwe (Mlowo
market)
P1S24 B 76 2.975 1.116 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Iboya)
.660
P1S24 C 15.890 0.000 0.204 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Iboya)

P1S24 E 1.626 70.423 23.797 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Iboya)

P1S21 A 12.285 5.115 0.000 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Igamba)

 Page 19 of 24

Pesticide
detected

Sampling site
Chlorpyrifos
Sample

Fenitrothion

Cyhalothrin
Pirimiphos-
Code

Malathion

Lambda
(mg/kg)

(mg/kg)

(mg/kg)

(mg/kg)
(mg/kg
methyl

P1S21 C 0.007 38.759 0.181 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Igamba)

P1S21 D 0.217 24.690 8.415 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Igamba)

P1S21 E 0.000 9.089 3.222 0.021 0.000 Songwe (Igamba)

P1S19 A 0.041 0.000 0.189 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Mbimba)

P1S19 B 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Mbimba)

P1S19 C 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Mbimba)

P1S19 D 0.040 0.000 7.668 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Mbimba)

P1S19 E 0.012 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Mbimba)

P1S20 A 0.078 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Mlowo)

P1S20 B 1.049 37.523 13.049 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Mlowo)

P1S20 C 0.005 2.795 1.054 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Mlowo)

P1S20 E 0.000 8.596 2.932 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Mlowo)

P1S20 F 0.001 0.375 0.212 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Mlowo)

P1S20 G 0.077 5.781 0.000 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Mlowo)

P1S18 A 13.015 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Vwawa)

P1S18 B 0.054 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Vwawa)

P1S18 C 3.147 180.668 61.980 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Vwawa)

P1S22 C 0.151 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Mlowo

Uss)
P1S22 D 0.301 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Mlowo
Usindikaji)
P1S23 A 0.323 0.655 0.000 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Mlowo
Usindikaji)
P1S23 B 0.305 20.699 7.284 0.000 0.000 Songwe (Mlowo
Usindikaji)
CODEX LIMITS 7.000 0.050 6.000 0.050 0.020
EU LIMITS 0.500 0.050
 Page 20 of 24

B. Analytical Results (in mg/kg) for Maize Grain Samples from Mbeya City
Pesticide

Chlorpyrifos
Fenitrothion

Cyhalothrin
Pirimiphos-
detected

Malathion

Sampling
Sample

Lambda
(mg/kg)
(mg/kg)

(mg/kg)

(mg/kg)
(mg/kg
methyl
Code

site
P1S29 A 5.243 2.882 1.084 0.000 0.000 Mbalizi Market

P1S29 B 2.375 3.944 1.454 0.000 0.000 Mbalizi Market

P1S29 D 159.343 32.428 11.366 0.000 0.000 Mbalizi Market

P1S30 A 9.005 0.000 0.064 0.000 0.000 Mbalizi Market

P1S30 B 0.718 0.038 0.000 0.000 0.000 Mbalizi Market

P1S30 C 25.094 0.231 0.275 0.000 0.000 Mbalizi Market

P1S31A 0.383 0.000 0.505 0.000 0.000 Soweto

P1S31 B 0.031 3.607 1.337 0.000 0.000 Soweto

P1S31 C 0.177 5.455 1.734 0.000 0.000 Soweto

CODEX 7.000 0.050 6.000 0.050 0.020

LIMITS
EU LIMITS 0.500 0.050

C. Analytical Results (in mg/kg) for Maize Grain Samples from Kilolo
Pesticide
detected
Sampling site
Chlorpyrifos

Sample
Fenitrothion

Cyhalothrin
Pirimiphos-

Code
Malathion

Lambda

(mg/kg)
(mg/kg)

(mg/kg)

(mg/kg)

(mg/kg
methyl

P1S33 B 32.620 - 5.967 0.000 0.026 Kipaduka

P1S33 C 44.891 7.958 2.850 0.000 0.000 Kipaduka

P1S33 D 51.752 22.044 7.752 0.000 0.000 Kipaduka

P1S33 A 57.858 24.091 8.464 0.000 0.000 Kipaduka

P1S32 A - 3.046 1.065 0.000 0.000 Irole

P1S32 B 1.415 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.006 Irole

P1S32 D 0.651 2.831 1.066 0.000 0.000 Irole

 Page 21 of 24

Pesticide
detected

Sampling site
Chlorpyrifos
Sample

Fenitrothion

Cyhalothrin
Pirimiphos-
Code

Malathion

Lambda

(mg/kg)
(mg/kg)

(mg/kg)

(mg/kg)

(mg/kg
methyl
P1S32 E 0.155 0.000 3.780 0.000 0.000 Irole

P1S17 A 6.283 218.768 76.209 0.000 0.000 Mtitu

P1S17 B 0.142 7.630 0.000 0.000 0.000 Mtitu

P1S17 C 0.041 0.658 0.000 0.000 0.000 Mtitu

P1S17 D 1.611 0.650 0.000 0.000 0.000 Mtitu

P1S17 E 0.095 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Mtitu

P1S16 A 2.550 36.473 12.773 0.000 0.000 Ukumbi

P1S16 B 0.000 0.502 0.000 0.000 0.000 Ukumbi

P1S16 C 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Ukumbi

P1S16 E 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Ukumbi

P1S16 F 0.039 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Ukumbi

CODEX LIMITS 7.000 0.050 6.000 0.050 0.020

EU LIMITS 0.500 0.050

D. Analytical Results (in mg/kg) for Maize Flour Samples from Iringa
Municipality
Pesticide
Sampling site

detected
Chlorpyrifos
Fenitrothion

Cyhalothrin
Pirimiphos-

Sample
Malathion

Code
Lambda
(mg/kg)

(mg/kg)

(mg/kg)

(mg/kg)
(mg/kg
methyl

P3A 14.061 9.648 3.439 0.000 0.000 Iringa

(dona)
P3B 0.005 4.873 1.768 0.000 0.000 Iringa
(dona)
P3C 0.088 51.335 17.945 0.000 0.000 Iringa
(dona)
P4A 1.122 2.016 18.121 0.000 0.000 Iringa
(sembe)
P4B 0.172 0.381 0.000 0.000 0.000 Iringa
(sembe)

P4C 0.331 0.000 2.832 0.000 0.000 Iringa

(sembe)
P4D 0.274 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Iringa
 Code
Sample

(sembe)

EU LIMITS
CODEX LIMITS
detected
Pesticide

Pirimiphos-

0.500
7.000
methyl
(mg/kg)

Malathion
0.050

(mg/kg)

Fenitrothion
0.050
6.000

(mg/kg)

Chlorpyrifos
0.050

(mg/kg
Page 22 of 24

Lambda
0.020

Cyhalothrin
(mg/kg)

Sampling site
 Page 23 of 24

ANNEX 2: QUANTIFICATION OF PESTICIDES RESIDUES IN TESTED SAMPLES FROM DSM

CORRECTION
SAMPLE LAB

TION (ug/g or
CONCENTRA

CONCENTRA
STD PURITY

WEIGHT (G)
PESTICIDE

DILUTION

TION (%)
FACTOR

FACTOR
SAMPLE

SLOPE

mg/kg)
AREA
NO

P3S8 (Whole 0 99.8 20 5.288 1.14E+04 1000000 0.0000000 0.0000000

grain maize flour Permerthrin
from posho Pirimiphos 3095 99.5 20 5.288 2.10E+04 1000000 0.0000555 0.5546295
mills) methyl

Fenitrothion 3095 99.8 20 5.288 1.62E+04 1000000 0.0000720 0.7202872

P6S28 (Whole 0 99.8 20 5.0378 1.14E+04 1000000 0.0000000 0.0000000

maize flour from
commercial Permerthrin
outlets Pirimiphos 15030 99.5 20 5.0378 2.10E+04 1000000 0.0002827 2.8271695
(supermarket) methyl

Fenitrothion 15030 99.9 20 5.0378 1.62E+04 1000000 0.0003675 3.6752719

P1S6 (Whole 237 99.5 20 20.3874 1.14E+04 1000000 0.0000020 0.0203192

Permerthrin
grain maize )
Pirimiphos 0 99.8 20 20.3874 2.10E+04 1000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
methyl

0 99.5 20 20.3874 1.62E+04 1000000 0.0000000 0.0000000

Fenitrothion
P5S5 (Hulls from 0 99.8 20 5.073 1.14E+04 1000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
Permerthrin
posho mills )
Pirimiphos 148120 99.5 20 5.073 2.10E+04 1000000 0.0027668 27.6683094
methyl

148120 99.8 20 5.073 1.62E+04 1000000 0.0035932 35.9323238

Fenitrothion

23
 Page 24 of 24

SAMPLE WEIGHT
SAMPLE LAB NO

CONCENTRATIO

RESIDUE (UG/G)
CORRECTION
STD PURITY

OR (MG/KG)
PESTICIDE

DILUTION
FACTOR

FACTOR
SLOPE
AREA

N (%)
(G)
P1S11 (Whole 0 99.8 20 20.017 1.14E+04 1000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
grain maize ) Permerthrin
Pirimiphos 19894 99.5 20 20.017 2.10E+04 1000000 0.0000942 0.9417961
methyl

19894 99.8 20 20.017 1.62E+04 1000000 0.0001223 1.2230933

Fenitrothion
P7S30 (Dehulled 679 99.8 20 5.073 1.14E+04 1000000 0.0000235 0.2346564
maize flour from Permerthrin
(supermarket)
Pirimiphos 0 99.5 20 5.073 2.10E+04 1000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
methyl

Fenitrothion 0 99.8 20 5.073 1.62E+04 1000000 0.0000000 0.0000000

24