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֚֞֐֞᭠֑է᭟֑֑֊GENERAL STUDIES: Test – 2342 (2024)

֟֊։֞ᭅᳯ֒ֆ֚֐֑ֆ֠֊պեց֧ է֟։շֆ֐էեշ250
Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 250
ᮧ᳤֌ᮢ֚ե֎։
ե ֧֠֟֗֘֙է֊֡ֈ֘
֧

շ֣ ֌֑֞ᮧ᳤ᲂշ֧ իᱫ֒ֈ֧֊֧ ֧֚֌֢֗ᭅ ֟֊᳜֟֔֟ոֆᮧ᭜֑֧շէ֊֡ֈ֧֘շ֫᭟֑֞֊֌֢֗շ

ᭅ ֌ָᱶ

շ֡ ֔֎
֎֚֠ᮧ᳤ᳰֈձչձ֛ᱹվ֫ᳲᳲ֛եֈ֠ն֒էեᮕվ
֧ ֠֐ᱶս֌֧֛ᱹֿ

֚֏֠ᮧ᳤է֟֊֑֗֞ᭅ֛ᱹֿ

ᮧ᭜֑֧շᮧ᳤֏֞չշ֧ ֟֔ձ֟֊֑ֆէեշի֚շ֧ ֚֞֐֊֧ᳰֈձչձ֛ᱹֿ

ᮧ᳤ᲂշ֧ իᱫ֒ի֚֠֐֞᭟֑֐֐ᱶ֟֔ո֧վ֞֊֧ռ֛֞֟ձ֟վ֚շ֞ի᭨֧֔ոը֌շ֧ ᮧ֧֗֘֌ᮢ֐ᱶᳰշ֑֞չ֑֛֞֨ն֒թ֚֐֞᭟֑֐

շ֞ ᭭֌᳥ ի᭨֧֔ո ᮧ᳤֛֚իᱫ֒ ᭍֑֢֚֠ձ  ֌֡֟᭭ֆշ֞ շ֧  ֐֡ո֌᳧֣ ֌֒ ֟֊᳸ֈᭅ᳥ ᭭և֞֊ ֌֒ ᳰշ֑֞ վ֞֊֞ ռ֛֞֟ձֿ
ի֟᭨֔֟ոֆ֐֞᭟֑֐շ֧ է֟ֆᳯ֒Ღէ᭠֑ᳰշ֚֠֐֞᭟֑֐֐ᱶ֟֔ո֧չձիᱫ֒֌֒շ֫ժէեշ֊֛ᱭ֟֐֔ᱶչֿ֧

ᮧ᭜֑֧շᮧ᳤շ֞իᱫ֧֚֒է֟։շ֘᭣ֈᲂ֐ᱶ֊ֈᱶֿ
ᮧ᳤ᲂ֐ᱶթե ֟չֆ֘᭣ֈ֚֠֐֞շ֫᭟֑֞֊֐ᱶ֒֟ոձֿ

ᮧ᳤֛֚իᱫ֒֌֡֟᭭ֆշ֞֐ᱶո֞֔֠սַ֧֫չձշ֫ժ֌᳧֣էև֗֞֌᳧֣֏֞չշ֫֌֢օᭅֆզշ֞ցֈ֠֟վձֿ

QUESTION PAPER SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS

Please read each of the following instructions carefully before attempting questions.
There are TWENTY questions printed in HINDI & ENGLISH.
All questions are compulsory.
Each question carries 12.5 marks.
Answers must be written in the medium authorized in the Admission Certificate which must be stated
clearly on the cover of this Question-cum-Answer (QCA) Booklet in the space provided. No marks
will be given for answers written in a medium other than the authorized one.
Answer all the questions in NOT MORE THAN 200 WORDS each.
Keep the word limit indicated in the questions in mind.
Any page or portion of the page left blank in the Questions-cum-Answer Booklet must be clearly
struck off.

Copyright © by Vision IAS

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or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without prior permission of Vision IAS.

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Answer all the questions in NOT MORE THAN 200 WORDS each. Content of the answers is
more important than its length. All questions carry equal marks. 12.5X20=250

Q1. ᭭և֞֊֑֠֌֗֊ᱶ ᭍֑֛֞֫ֆ֛֠ᱹ" իֈ֛֞֒օᲂշᳱ֛֑֚֞ֆ֧֚֞ ֧֟֗֗ռ֊֞շᳱ֟վձᳰշ֑֧ ᳰշ֚֠ᭃ֧ᮢշᳱվ֑֔֗֞֡ շ֫

ᳰշ֚ᮧշ֞֒ᮧ֏֞֟֗ֆշ֒ֆ֛֠ᱹֿ
What are local winds? With the help of examples, discuss how they affect the climate of a
region.

Q2. ի᭬օշᳯց֎ե։֑֠ ֐֞֊֢֚֊֠ վ֑֔֗֞֡ ֧֚ ᭍֑֞ ֆ֞᭜֌֑ᭅ ֛֨" թ֚շ֧  ֟֗ֆ֒օ շᳱ ֌֛ռ֞֊ շ֒ֆ֧ ᱟձ ֏֞֒ֆ֑֠
ի֌֐֛֞᳇֠֌֐ᱶթ֚շ֧ ըչ֐֊շᳱᮧᳰᮓ֑֞֌֒ռռ֞ᭅշᳱ֟վձֿ
What is meant by tropical monsoon climate? Identifying its distribution, discuss the process
of its onset in the Indian subcontinent.

Q3. ᭔֗֞֔֞֐֡ո֑֠᭭և֔֞շ֣ ֟ֆ֑֞ե᭍֑֛֞ᱹ"֟֗֟֏᳖ᮧշ֞֒շᳱէեֆ֗ᱷ։֠ըշ֣ ֟ֆ֑ᲂ֌֒իֈ֛֞֒օ֛֚֟ֆռռ֞ᭅշᳱ֟վձֿ

What are volcanic landforms? Discuss with examples, the various types of intrusive forms.

Q4. է։֞֟᭜֗շո֟֊վ᭍֑֛֞֫ֆ֧֛ᱹ"֏֞֒ֆ֐ᱶթ֊շ֧ ի֌֑֫չն֒֟֗ֆ֒օ֌֒ᮧշ֞֘փ֞֟֔ձֿ

What are non-metallic minerals? Highlight their usage and distribution in India.

Q5. ᮧ֗֞֔ ֟֏֟ᱫ֑ᲂ շ֧  ֟֊֐֞ᭅօ ֛֧ֆ֡ ի֌֑֡Ღ֌ᳯ֒֟᭭և֟ֆ֑ᲂ շ֢֚֫ռ֠֎᳍ շ֒ֆ֧ ᱟձ ի֊շ֧  ᭃ֑ շ֧  ֟֔ձ իᱫ֒ֈ֑֞֠
շ֞֒շᲂշ֞֟֗֗֒օֈ֠֟վձֿ
Enumerating the suitable conditions for the formation of coral reefs, bring out the factors
leading to their decline.

Q6. ֟֗᳡֐ᱶ ֈ֡֔֏

ᭅ ֏֢ֆ᭜֗ᲂ ֧֒ ֑֒էևᭅ ձ֟֔֐ᱶ᭗֚ շ֧ ֟֗ֆ֒օշ֞֟֗֗֒օֈ֠֟վձֿ֚֞և֛֠ ի֊շ֧ ըᳶևᭅշ֐֛᭜֗
֌֒֏֠ᮧշ֞֘փ֞֟֔ձֿ
Give an account of the distribution of rare earth elements in the world. Also, highlight their
economic significance.

Q7. ֐֛֚֞֞չ֒ᲂ շ֧  ֆ֞֌֐֞֊ շ֫ ᮧ֏֞֟֗ֆ շ֒֊֧ ֧֗֞֔ շ֞֒շ շ֬֊֧֚ ֛ᱹ" ֐֛֚֞֞չ֒ᲂ ֐ᱶ ֆ֞֌֐֞֊ շ֧  ᭃ֨֟ֆվ ն֒
լ᭟֗֞ᭅ։֒֟֗ֆ֒օ֌֒ᮧշ֞֘փ֞֟֔ձֿ
What are the factors influencing the temperature of the oceans? Highlight the horizontal
and vertical distribution of temperature in the oceans.

Q8. ֆ֞֌֐֞֊᳞֡᭜ᮓ֐օ᭍֑֛֞֨"թ֚շ֧ ֟֗֟֏᳖ᮧշ֞֒ᲂշ֞ի᭨֧֔ոշ֒ֆ֧ᱟձթ֚շ֧ ֟֊֛֟ֆ֞ևᲄ֌֒ռռ֞ᭅշᳱ֟վձֿ

What is temperature inversion? Mentioning its various types, discuss its implications.

Q9. ֗֙ᭅօ շ֧  ֟֔ձ է֟֊֑֗֞ᭅ ֌ᳯ֒֟᭭և֟ֆ֑ᲂ ֌֒ ᮧշ֞֘ փ֞֔ֆ֧ ᱟձ թ֚շ֧  ֟֗֟֏᳖ ᱨ֌ᲂ ն֒ ᮧշ֞֒ᲂ շ֞ ի᭨֧֔ո
շᳱ֟վձֿ
Highlighting the conditions necessary for precipitation to occur, mention its different forms
and types.

Q10. ֏֢շե֌֑֠ֆ֒ե չᲂշ֧ ֚եռ֒օշ֞ձշ֚ե֟ᭃ᳙֌ᳯ֒ռ֑ֈ֠֟վձֿ֑֧ֆ֒եչᱶ֌֣᭝֗֠շ֧ ըեֆᳯ֒շ֏֞չշ֧ է᭟֑֑֊֐ᱶᳰշ֚

ᮧշ֛֑֚֞֒֞ֆ֞շ֒ֆ֛֠ᱹ"
Give a brief note on the propagation of earthquake waves. How do they help in the study of
the earth's interior?

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Q11. ֍֡ ց֢֔վ ᭭֗᭒սեֈ  ի᳒֫չ ᭍֑֞ ֛֫ֆ֧ ֛ᱹ" թ֊ ի᳒֫չᲂ շᳱ է֗֟᭭և֟ֆ շ֧  ֟֔ձ իᱫ֒ֈ֑֞֠ շ֞֒շᲂ ֌֒ ռռ֞ᭅ
շᳱ֟վձֿ
What are footloose industries? Discuss the factors responsible for the location of these
industries.

Q12. է֌ᭃ֑᭍֑֛֞֫ֆ֛֞֨"֟֗֟֏᳖ᮧշ֞֒շᳱէ֌ᭃ֑ᮧᳰᮓ֑֞Ა֌֒ռռ֞ᭅշᳱ֟վձֿ
What is weathering? Discuss the different types of weathering processes.

Q13. ֏֢։ե֚֞֗շ֧ էևᭅշ֚֫֐տ֞ֆ֧ᱟձիᱫ֒֞ոեփշ֧ վ֫֘֠֐ւ֐ᱶֈ֧ո֧չձ։ե֚֞֗շ֧ շ֞֒շᲂ֌֒ռռ֞ᭅշᳱ֟վձֿ

Explaining the meaning of land subsidence, discuss the factors that may have led to the
subsidence observed at Joshimath in Uttarakhand.

Q14. ֚֬֒լվ֞ᭅշᳱᭃ֐ֆ֞շ֞ֈ֛֫֊շ֒֊֧֐ᱶ֏֞֒ֆշ֧ ֚֐ᭃը֊֧֗֞֔֠֟֗֟֏᳖ռ֡֊֬֟ֆ֑ᲂշ֞֟֗֗֒օֈ֠֟վձֿ

Provide an account of the various challenges that India faces in realising the potential of
solar energy.

Q15. ֌֣᭝֗֠ շ֧  լ᭬֐֞ ֎վց շᳱ ֌ᳯ֒պց֊֞ շ֫ ֚֐տ֞թձֿ ֚֞և ֛֠ ֌֣᭝֗֠ շᳱ ֚ֆ֛ ֌֒ ֆ֞֌֐֞֊ շ֧  ֟֗ֆ֒օ շ֫
֟֊֑ե֟ᮢֆշ֒֊֧֧֗֞֔շ֞֒շᲂշ֢֚֫ռ֠֎᳍շᳱ֟վձֿ
Explain the phenomenon of heat budget of the earth. Also, enumerate the factors controlling
the distribution of temperature on the earth's surface.

Q16. ֛֟֐֊ֈտ֠֔ᱶ᭍֑֛֞֫ֆ֛֠ᱹ"֛֟֐֊ֈտ֠֔ᲂշ֧ ֍ց֊֧֧֚ըժ֎ָ֞շ֧ ֟֗֟֏᳖շ֞֒շᲂ֌֒ռռ֞ᭅշᳱ֟վձֿ

What are glacial lakes? Discuss the various factors behind glacial lake outburst floods.

Q17. ֏֞֒ֆ ֐ᱶ ֒֎֒ ի᭜֌֞ֈ֊ շ֧  ֟֔ձ իᱫ֒ֈ֑֞֠ ᮧ֐֡ո շ֞֒շᲂ շ֫ ֢֚ռ֠֎᳍ շ֒ֆ֧ ᱟձ ֈ֧֘ ֐ᱶ ֒֎֒ ի᳒֫չ շ֞
֟֗֗֒օֈ֠֟վձֿ
Enlisting the key factors responsible for rubber production in India, give an overview of the
rubber industry in the country.

Q18. ֑֑֗֞֡֒֞֟֘֞ե᭍֑֛֞֫ֆ֛֠ᱹ"թ֊շ֧ ֟֗֟֏᳖ᮧշ֞֒ᲂ֌֒ᮧշ֞֘փ֞֔ֆ֧ᱟձթ֊շ֧ ֐֛᭜֗֌֒ռռ֞ᭅշᳱ֟վձֿ

What are air masses? Highlighting their different types, discuss their significance.

Q19. ֚֡֊֞֐֠շᳱի᭜֌֟ᱫշ֧ ֟֔ձիᱫ֒ֈ֑֞֠շ֞֒շᲂշᳱ᳞֞᭎֑֞շᳱ֟վձֿթ֊շ֧ ᮧ֏֞֗ᲂշ֫շ֐շ֒֊֧շ֧ ֟֔ձ֏֞֒ֆ

᳇֞֒֞᭍֑֞ի֌֑֞ᳰշձչձ֛ᱹ"
Explain the factors responsible for the formation of tsunamis. What measures has India
taken to mitigate their effects?

Q20. ֌᳟֟֐֠֟֗ᭃ֫֏᭍֑֛֞ᱹ"֑֧֏֞֒ֆ֐ᱶ֐֚֬֐շ֫շ֨ ֧֚ᮧ֏֞֟֗ֆշ֒ֆ֧֛ᱹ"

What are western disturbances? How do they influence the weather in India?

Copyright © by Vision IAS

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or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without prior permission of Vision IAS.

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APPROACH – ANSWER: G. S. MAINS MOCK TEST - 2342 (2024)

Answer all the questions in NOT MORE THAN 200 WORDS each. Content of the answers is more important
than its length. All questions carry equal marks. 12.5X20=250
1. What are local winds? With the help of examples, discuss how they affect the climate of a region.
Approach:
x ‹˜‡ƒ„”‹‡ˆ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ƒ„‘—–Ž‘ ƒŽ™‹†•Ǥ
x ”‘˜‹†‡ˆ‡™‡šƒ’Ž‡•–‘•Š‘™–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ™‹†•‘ Ž‹ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ”‡‰‹‘Ǥ
x ‘ Ž—†‡•—‹–ƒ„Ž›Ǥ
Answer:
‘ ƒŽ™‹†•ƒ”‡Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–‘ˆƒ‹”™Š‹ Š„Ž‘™‘ƒ•ƒŽŽ•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ• ƒŽ‡–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›•’ƒ‹‰
–‡•–‘ƒˆ‡™Š—†”‡†•ǤŠ‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽŽ›ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘–‡†–‘„‡•Š‘”–ǦŽ‹˜‡†ǡ–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡŽƒ•–‹‰•‡˜‡”ƒŽ
Š‘—”•–‘ƒ†ƒ›ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›•— Š™‹†•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž†ǡ•‘‡™ƒ”ǡ•‘‡
™‡–ǡ •‘‡ †”›Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ‹‡† –‘ Ž‘™‡” Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‡› ƒˆˆ‡ – ƒ† ƒ”‡ ‹ –—”
ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„›Ž‘ ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ†™‡ƒ–Š‡”Ǥ
‘‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ™‹†•ƒ†–Š‡‹”‹’ƒ –‘–Š‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ”‡‰‹‘ƒ”‡†‹• —••‡†„‡Ž‘™ǣ
x Land and Sea Breezes: Š‡›‘ —”‹ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ†‹—”ƒŽȋ†ƒ‹Ž›Ȍ › Ž‡ǡ‹
™Š‹ Š–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽŠ‡ƒ–‹‰‘ˆŽƒ†ƒ†™ƒ–‡”’”‘†— ‡•Ž‘™ƒ†Š‹‰Š’”‡••—”‡•Ǥ—‡–‘–Š‡
‘ƒ•–ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•”‡ƒ‹ ‘‘Ž‡”‹†ƒ›ƒ†™ƒ”‡”‹‹‰Š–™Š‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ƒ†Œƒ ‡–‹Žƒ†•Ǥ
x Mountain and Valley breeze:ƒ™ƒ”•—›†ƒ›–Š‡‘—–ƒ‹•Ž‘’‡•ƒ”‡Š‡ƒ–‡†‘”‡–Šƒ
–Š‡˜ƒŽŽ‡›ˆŽ‘‘”Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ‰‡–Ž‡™‹†„‡‰‹•–‘„Ž‘™ˆ”‘˜ƒŽŽ‡›–‘™ƒ”†••Ž‘’‡•ƒ†‹–ƒ••—‡•
–Š‡ ƒ‡ ‘ˆ ˜ƒŽŽ‡› „”‡‡œ‡Ǥ ˆ–‡”™ƒ”†• ‹ –Š‡ ‹‰Š–ǡ ‘Ž† Š‡ƒ˜› ƒ‹” ‘ˆ ‘—–ƒ‹ •Ž‘’‡• •–ƒ”–•
‘˜‹‰†‘™–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡˜ƒŽŽ‡›ˆŽ‘‘”ǤŠ‹•‹•‘™ƒ•–Š‡‘—–ƒ‹„”‡‡œ‡Ǥ
x Fohn/Chinook: ”›ǡ™ƒ”ǡ†‘™Ǧ•Ž‘’‡™‹†–Šƒ–‘ —”•‹Ž‡‡™ƒ”†•‹†‡‘ˆ‘—–ƒ‹Ǥ – ƒ”ƒ‹•‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•„›ƒ•— Šƒ•ͳͶ鋐ˆ‡™‹—–‡•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘Š„Ž‘™•ˆ”‘–Š‡Ž’•–‘–Š‡
‡–”ƒŽ—”‘’‡ǤŠ‡Ž‹–‡”ƒŽ‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ Š‹‘‘‹•Ǯ•‘™‡ƒ–‡”ǯƒ•–Š‡›Š‡Ž’‹‡Ž–‹‰–Š‡•‘™
‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”‹ƒ•–‡”•Ž‘’‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘ ‹‡•‹ǤǤǤƒ†ƒƒ†ƒǤŠ‡›‡‡’–Š‡‰”ƒ••Žƒ†• Ž‡ƒ”‘ˆ
•‘™Ǥ ‡ ‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡˜‡”›Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž–‘”ƒ Š‡”•Ǥ
x Mistral: Š‡›ƒ”‡•–”‘‰ǡ ‘Ž†ǡ‘”–ŠǦ™‡•–‡”Ž›™‹†–Šƒ–„Ž‘™•ˆ”‘•‘—–Š‡” ”ƒ ‡Ǥ – ”‡ƒ–‡•
•—› Ž‹ƒ–‡‹—•—ƒŽŽ› Ž‘—†‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ—•Š‹‡ƒ††”›‡••„”‘—‰Š–„›‹–Šƒ˜‡ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–
‡ˆˆ‡ –‘Ž‘ ƒŽ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
x Harmattan: ”›ƒ††—•–›‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–‡”Ž›–”ƒ†‡™‹†™Š‹ Š„Ž‘™•ˆ”‘ƒŠƒ”ƒ‡•‡”–‹–‘ —Žˆ
‘ˆ —‹‡ƒǤ – „”‹‰• †‡•‡”–ǦŽ‹‡ ™‡ƒ–Š‡” ‘†‹–‹‘•ǣ Ž‘™‡”• Š—‹†‹–›ǡ †‹••‹’ƒ–‡• Ž‘—† ‘˜‡”ǡ
’”‡˜‡–•”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•‘‡–‹‡•”‡•—Ž–‹†—•–•–‘”•ƒ†•ƒ†•–‘”•ƒ† ƒ ƒ—•‡
•‡˜‡”‡†ƒƒ‰‡–‘ ”‘’•Ȁ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
x Khamsin/Sirocco/Simoon: ”›ǡŠ‘–ǡ•ƒ†›Ž‘ ƒŽ™‹†ǡ„Ž‘™‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡•‘—–Šǡ‹‘”–Šˆ”‹ ƒ
ƒ†”ƒ„‹ƒ‡‹•—ŽƒǤ –”‡†— ‡•Š—‹†‹–›ƒ†”ƒ‹•‡•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘Ǥ
x Loo: Š‡•‡ƒ”‡•–”‘‰ǡŠ‘–ƒ††”›•—‡”™‹†‘˜‡”™‡•–‡” †‘Ǧ ƒ‰‡–‹ Žƒ‹ǤŠ‡•‡™‹†•
”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ǡƒ†‡š’‘•—”‡–‘–Š‡•‡™‹†• ƒ‡˜‡’”‘˜‡ˆƒ–ƒŽǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘
ƒ—•‡Š‹‰Š†”›‡••ƒ‹‰–Š‡”‡‰‹‘—•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”Šƒ”‹ˆƒ†”ƒ„‹ ”‘’•Ǥ
Š—•ǡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ™‹†• Šƒ˜‡ –”‡‡†‘—• ‹’ƒ – —’‘ –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ Ž‹ƒ–‡ ™Š‹ Š ƒŽ•‘ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡• –Š‡
ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡›„Ž‘™Ǥ

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2. What is meant by tropical monsoon climate? Identifying its distribution, discuss the process of
its onset in the Indian subcontinent.
Approach:
x ”‹‡ˆŽ›†‡ˆ‹‡–”‘’‹ ƒŽ‘•‘‘ Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǥ
x ”‹–‡ƒ„‘—–‹–•†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ
x ”‹–‡ƒ„‘—–’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ‹–•‘•‡–‹–Š‡ †‹ƒ•—„ ‘–‹‡–Ǥ
x ‘ Ž—†‡ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž›Ǥ
Answer:
Š‡Tropical monsoon climate‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›–Š‡
’Š‡‘‡ƒ ‘ˆ •‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ ”‡˜‡”•ƒŽ ‘ˆ ™‹† ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š
‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ Šƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘‡ ‘ˆ ‹–•
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‹ Ž—†‡ǣ
x ‘–ŠŽ› ‡ƒ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•above 18 °C ™‹–Š
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘͵ͲǦͶͷ鋐•—‡”ƒ†
ͳͷǦ͵Ͳ鋐™‹–‡”•Ǥ
x —ƒŽ‡ƒ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ”ƒ‰‡•ˆ”‘ʹͲͲǦʹͷͲ Ǥ •‘‡”‡‰‹‘•‹–‹•ƒ”‘—†͵ͷͲ Ǥ
o ‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‘ —”•‘•–Ž›‹–Š‡•—‡”™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‹–‡”‹•†”›Ǥ
Distribution of tropical monsoon climate across the world is given below:
”‘’‹ ƒŽ‘•‘‘ Ž‹ƒ–‡‹•ˆ‘—†‘˜‡”–Š‡ †‹ƒ•—„Ǧ
‘–‹‡– ƒ† ‘—–Š ƒ•– •‹ƒ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ —”ƒǡ
Šƒ‹Žƒ†ǡ ƒ‘•ǡ ƒ„‘†‹ƒǡ ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ ‹‡–ƒ ƒ† •‘—–Š
Š‹ƒǡ ‘”–Š ƒ•–‡” ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ‘—–Š ‡”‹ ƒ ƒ†
‘”–Š‡”—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǤ
 †‹ƒ ‘–‡š–ǡ –Š‡ •—‡” ‘•‘‘ ȋ —‡ –‘
‡’–‡„‡”Ȍ ƒ—•‡•”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽƒ ”‘••–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•
–Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ’Šƒ•‡ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ –Š‡ ”‡–”‡ƒ–‹‰ ‘•‘‘ǡ ƒ—•‡•
”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹•‘—–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–‡” ‘ƒ•–‘ˆ †‹ƒ†—”‹‰™‹–‡”Ǥ
Process of onset of Indian Monsoon:
– ‹ Ž—†‡• –Š‡ ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ ™Š‹ Š †‡–‡”‹‡ –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ ‘ˆ
†‹ƒ‘•‘‘ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡–‹‡Ž‹‡‘ˆ‹–•‘•‡–‘˜‡”–Š‡ †‹ƒ•—„ ‘–‹‡–ǤŠ‡ˆƒ –‘”•„‡Š‹†
–Š‡‘”‹‰‹‘ˆ †‹ƒ‘•‘‘‹ Ž—†‡ǣ
x Š‡differential heating and cooling
‘ˆŽƒ†ƒ†™ƒ–‡” ”‡ƒ–‡•Ž‘™’”‡••—”‡
‘–Š‡Žƒ†ƒ••‘ˆ †‹ƒ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•‡ƒ•
ƒ”‘—†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Š‹‰Š
’”‡••—”‡Ǥ
x Š‡ shift of the position of Inter
Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
‹•—‡”ǡ‘˜‡”–Š‡ ƒ‰ƒ’Žƒ‹ȋ–Š‹•
‹• –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ –”‘—‰Š ‘”ƒŽŽ›
’‘•‹–‹‘‡†ƒ„‘—–ͷι‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”ȌǤ
x ”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡high-pressure area ‹
–Š‡‡ƒ•–‘ˆƒ†ƒ‰ƒ• ƒ”Ǥ
x –‡•‡heating of the Tibetan plateau†—”‹‰•—‡” ƒ—•‹‰•–”‘‰˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ —””‡–•Ǥ
x ‘˜‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ westerly jet stream –‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
tropical easterly jet stream‘˜‡”–Š‡ †‹ƒ’‡‹•—Žƒ†—”‹‰•—‡”Ǥ
Š‡•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ”‡˜‡”•ƒŽ‘ˆ™‹†‹•†—‡–‘–Š‡•Š‹ˆ–‹‰‘ˆInter-Tropical Convergence Zoneȋ Ȍǡ–Š‡
Ž‘™Ǧ’”‡••—”‡”‡‰‹‘‡ƒ”–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ
x  —Ž›ǡ™Š‡–Š‡ ‹•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡‘”–Šǡ‹– ”‡ƒ–‡•–Š‡‘•‘‘”‘—‰ŠǤŠ‹•‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡•–Š‡
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆthermal low‘˜‡”–Š‡‘”–Šƒ†‘”–Š™‡•– †‹ƒǤ—‡–‘–Š‹••Š‹ˆ–‘ˆ–Š‡ ǡ

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–”ƒ†‡™‹†•‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ ”‘••–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”„‡–™‡‡ͶͲ‘ƒ†͸Ͳ‘Ž‘‰‹–—†‡•
ƒ†•–ƒ”–„Ž‘™‹‰ˆ”‘southwest to northeast†—‡–‘–Š‡‘”‹‘Ž‹•ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ –„‡ ‘‡•Southwest
monsoonǤ
x ™‹–‡”ǡ–Š‡ ‘˜‡••‘—–Š™ƒ”†ǡƒ†•‘–Š‡”‡˜‡”•ƒŽ‘ˆ™‹†•ǡˆ”‘–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ•––‘•‘—–Š
ƒ†•‘—–Š™‡•––ƒ‡•’Žƒ ‡–Š—•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘Northeast monsoonǤ
x Š‡‘‹•–—”‡‹•’‹ ‡†—’ˆ”‘™ƒ–‡”„‘†‹‡•ǡ‘•–Ž›–Š‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒƒ†–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǤŠ‡
•Šƒ’‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ†ƒ••ƒ†‘—–ƒ‹•ȋ‡•–‡” Šƒ–•‹–Š‡•‘—–Šƒ† ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•‹–Š‡‘”–ŠȌ
‰—‹†‡–Š‡™‹†•ǯ†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ
‘•‘‘‹•–Šƒ–ƒš‹•ƒ”‘—†™Š‹ Š”‡˜‘Ž˜‡•–Š‡‡–‹”‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ › Ž‡‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ –‹•„‡ ƒ—•‡‘˜‡”
͸Ͳ’‡” ‡–’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ †‹ƒ†‡’‡†‘ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†ƒ†ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡‹–•‡Žˆ‹•„ƒ•‡†
‘–Š‡‘•‘‘Ǥ

3. What are volcanic landforms? Discuss with examples, the various types of intrusive forms.
Approach:
x ‡ˆ‹‡˜‘Ž ƒ‹ Žƒ†ˆ‘”•Ǥ
x ‹• —••™‹–Š‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‘•˜ƒ”‹‘—•–›’‡•‘ˆ‹–”—•‹˜‡ˆ‘”•Ǥ
x ‘ Ž—†‡ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž›Ǥ
Answer:
‘Ž ƒ‹ Žƒ†ˆ‘”•ƒ”‡‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†„›˜‘Ž ƒ‹ ƒ –‹˜‹–›ƒ†ƒ”‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘
‡š–”—•‹˜‡ƒ†‹–”—•‹˜‡Žƒ†ˆ‘”•„ƒ•‡†‘™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ‰ƒ ‘‘Ž•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ”—•–‘”ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡ ”—•–Ǥ
x Extrusive landforms ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”‡† ™Š‡
ƒ‰ƒ ”‡ƒ Š‡• –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• •—”ˆƒ ‡ ƒ†
•‘Ž‹†‹ˆ‹‡•Ǥ šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ ‡š–”—•‹˜‡ Žƒ†ˆ‘”•
‹ Ž—†‡ Žƒ˜ƒ ˆŽ‘™•ǡ ƒ•Š †‡’‘•‹–•ǡ ƒ† ˜‘Ž ƒ‹ 
‘‡•Ǥ
x Intrusive landforms ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”‡† ™Š‡ ™Š‡
ƒ‰ƒ ‘‘Ž•ƒ†•‘Ž‹†‹ˆ‹‡•„‡‡ƒ–Š–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•
•—”ˆƒ ‡ Š‡ Žƒ˜ƒ –Šƒ– ‘‘Ž• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ”—•–ƒŽ
’‘”–‹‘•ƒ••—‡•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ‘”•Ǥ
Different types of intrusive landforms
x Batholiths:Žƒ”‰‡„‘†›‘ˆƒ‰ƒ–‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
–Šƒ– ‘‘Ž• ‹ –Š‡ †‡‡’‡” †‡’–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”—•–
†‡˜‡Ž‘’• ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ Žƒ”‰‡ †‘‡•Ǥ Š‡› ƒ’’‡ƒ” ‘ –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘Ž› ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ †‡—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
’”‘ ‡••‡•”‡‘˜‡–Š‡‘˜‡”Ž›‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡› ‘˜‡”Žƒ”‰‡ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡƒ†ƒ––‹‡•ǡƒ••—‡ƒ†‡’–Š
–Šƒ–ƒ›„‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡‰”ƒ‹–‹ „‘†‹‡•Ǥƒ–Š‘Ž‹–Š•ƒ”‡–Š‡ ‘‘Ž‡†’‘”–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰ƒ
Šƒ„‡”•Ǥ
x Laccolith: Š‡•‡ƒ”‡Žƒ”‰‡†‘‡Ǧ•Šƒ’‡†‹–”—•‹˜‡„‘†‹‡•™‹–ŠƒŽ‡˜‡Ž„ƒ•‡ƒ† ‘‡ –‡†„›ƒ
’‹’‡ǦŽ‹‡ ‘†—‹–ˆ”‘„‡Ž‘™Ǥ –”‡•‡„Ž‡•–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡˜‘Ž ƒ‹ †‘‡•‘ˆ ‘’‘•‹–‡˜‘Ž ƒ‘ǡ‘Ž›
–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ƒ–†‡‡’‡”†‡’–Š•Ǥ – ƒ„‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ‹œ‡†•‘—” ‡‘ˆŽƒ˜ƒ–Šƒ–ˆ‹†•‹–•
™ƒ›–‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡ǤŠ‡ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—‹••’‘––‡†™‹–Š†‘ƒŽŠ‹ŽŽ•‘ˆ‰”ƒ‹–‡”‘ •Ǥ‘•–‘ˆ
–Š‡•‡ǡ‘™‡šˆ‘Ž‹ƒ–‡†ǡƒ”‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆŽƒ ‘Ž‹–Š•‘”„ƒ–Š‘Ž‹–Š•Ǥ
x Lopolith:•ƒ†™Š‡–Š‡Žƒ˜ƒ‘˜‡•—’™ƒ”†•ǡƒ’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ›–‡†–‘‘˜‡‹ƒ
Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ†‹”‡ –‹‘™Š‡”‡˜‡”‹–ˆ‹†•ƒ™‡ƒ’Žƒ‡Ǥ –ƒ›‰‡–”‡•–‡†‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ‘”•Ǥ  ƒ•‡
‹–†‡˜‡Ž‘’•‹–‘ƒ•ƒ— ‡”•Šƒ’‡ǡ ‘ ƒ˜‡–‘–Š‡•›„‘†›ǡ‹–‹• ƒŽŽ‡†Ž‘’‘Ž‹–ŠǤ
x Phacolith: ™ƒ˜›ƒ••‘ˆ‹–”—•‹˜‡”‘ •ǡƒ––‹‡•ǡ‹•ˆ‘—†ƒ––Š‡„ƒ•‡‘ˆ•› Ž‹‡•‘”ƒ––Š‡–‘’
‘ˆ ƒ–‹ Ž‹‡ ‹ ˆ‘Ž†‡† ‹‰‡‘—• ‘—–”›Ǥ — Š ™ƒ˜› ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ †‡ˆ‹‹–‡ ‘†—‹– –‘ •‘—” ‡
„‡‡ƒ–Š‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ‰ƒ Šƒ„‡”•ȋ•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ•„ƒ–Š‘Ž‹–Š•ȌǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†
–Š‡’Šƒ ‘Ž‹–Š•Ǥ
x SillsǣŠ‡‡ƒ”Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ„‘†‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹–”—•‹˜‡‹‰‡‘—•”‘ •ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†•‹ŽŽ‘”•Š‡‡–ǡ†‡’‡†‹‰
‘–Š‡–Š‹ ‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤŠ‡–Š‹‡”‘‡•ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†•Š‡‡–•™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡–Š‹ Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ
†‡’‘•‹–•ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†•‹ŽŽ•

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x Dykes: Š‡ –Š‡ Žƒ˜ƒ ƒ‡• ‹–• ™ƒ› –Š”‘—‰Š ”ƒ • ƒ† –Š‡ ˆ‹••—”‡• †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ†ǡ ‹–
•‘Ž‹†‹ˆ‹‡•ƒŽ‘•–’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ”–‘–Š‡‰”‘—†Ǥ –‰‡–• ‘‘Ž‡†‹–Š‡•ƒ‡’‘•‹–‹‘–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ
™ƒŽŽǦŽ‹‡•–”— –—”‡Ǥ— Š•–”— –—”‡•ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡††›‡•Ǥ
‘•– ‘‘Ž› ˆ‘—† ‹–”—•‹˜‡ ˜‘Ž ƒ‹  ˆ‘”• ƒ”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ™‡•–‡” ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒ ƒ”‡ƒǤ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡
‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š‡ˆ‡‡†‡”•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡”—’–‹‘•–Šƒ–Ž‡†–‘–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡ ƒ–”ƒ’•Ǥ

4. What are non-metallic minerals? Highlight their usage and distribution in India.
Approach:
x ‡ˆ‹‡‘Ǧ‡–ƒŽŽ‹ ‹‡”ƒŽ•Ǥ
x Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡”‡•‘—” ‡•‹ †‹ƒƒ†–Š‡‹”—•ƒ‰‡Ǥ
x ‘ Ž—†‡ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž›Ǥ
Answer:
‘Ǧ‡–ƒŽŽ‹ ‹‡”ƒŽ•ƒ”‡–Š‘•‡ǡ™Š‹ Š†‘‘– ‘–ƒ‹ƒ›‡–ƒŽǤŠ‡•‡ ƒ„‡ˆ—”–Š‡” ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡†
‹–‘Fuel MineralsŽ‹‡ ‘ƒŽǡ’‡–”‘Ž‡—ǡƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ•ƒ†Nonfuel mineralsŽ‹‡‹ ƒǡŽ‹‡•–‘‡ǡ•ƒŽ–ǡ
’‘–ƒ•Šǡ‰”ƒ‹–‡ǡ•ƒ†•–‘‡ǡƒ”„Ž‡‡– Ǥ
Usage and distribution of minerals
x Coal: –‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‹‡”ƒŽ•ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ‹Ž›—•‡†‹–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒŽ’‘™‡”
ƒ†•‡Ž–‹‰‘ˆ‹”‘‘”‡Ǥ
o DistributionǦŠ‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ– ‘†™ƒƒ ‘ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†•‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ”‡‹Damodar Valley,™‹–Š
Šƒ”‹ƒ„‡‹‰–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•– ‘ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›ƒ‹‰ƒŒǤŠ‡‘–Š‡””‹˜‡”˜ƒŽŽ‡›•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š
‘ƒŽƒ”‡Godavari, Mahanadi and SoneǤTertiary coals‘ —”‹••ƒǡ”—ƒ ŠƒŽ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ
‡‰ŠƒŽƒ›ƒƒ†ƒ‰ƒŽƒ†Ǥ‡•‹†‡•ǡ the brown coal or lignite‘ —”‹–Š‡ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ
ƒ‹Žƒ†—ǡ—†— Š‡””›ǡ —Œƒ”ƒ–ƒ† ƒ—ƒ†ƒ•Š‹”Ǥ
x Petroleum: –‹•ƒ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ•‘—” ‡‘ˆ‡‡”‰›ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ‹–‡”ƒŽ ‘„—•–‹‘‡‰‹‡•‹ƒ—–‘‘„‹Ž‡•ǡ
”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•ƒ†ƒ‹” ”ƒˆ–Ǥ –•—‡”‘—•„›Ǧ’”‘†— –•ƒ”‡’”‘ ‡••‡†‹’‡–”‘ Š‡‹ ƒŽ‹†—•–”‹‡•ǡ•— Š
ƒ• ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”ǡ •›–Š‡–‹  ”—„„‡”ǡ •›–Š‡–‹  ˆ‹„‡”ǡ ‡†‹ ‹‡•ǡ ˜ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ǡ Ž—„”‹ ƒ–•ǡ ™ƒšǡ •‘ƒ’ ƒ†
‘•‡–‹ •Ǥ
o Distribution-”—†‡ ’‡–”‘Ž‡— ‘ —”• ‹ sedimentary rocks of the tertiary period. 
Assamǡ‹‰„‘‹ǡƒŠƒ”ƒ–‹›ƒƒ†‘”ƒƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‘‹Ž’”‘†— ‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡ƒŒ‘”‘‹Žˆ‹‡Ž†•
‘ˆ Gujaratƒ”‡ƒŽ‡•Š™ƒ”ǡƒŽ‘Žǡ‡Š•ƒƒǡƒ™ƒ‰ƒǡ‘•ƒ„ƒƒ†—‡ŒǤ‹Žƒ†ƒ–—”ƒŽ
‰ƒ•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ˆ‘—†‹‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‘”›™‡ŽŽ•‹Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri basin ‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–
‘ƒ•–Ǥ
x Natural Gas: –‹•—•‡†ƒ•ˆ—‡Ž‹–Š‡’‘™‡”•‡ –‘”–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›ǡˆ‘”Š‡ƒ–‹‰’—”’‘•‡•‹
‹†—•–”‹‡•ǡƒ•”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹ Š‡‹ ƒŽǡ’‡–”‘ Š‡‹ ƒŽƒ†ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ•‘‡‡”‰‹‰
ƒ•ƒ’”‡ˆ‡””‡†transport fuel (CNG) and cooking fuel (PNG) for homesǤ
o Distributionǣ †‹ƒǯ•ƒŒ‘”‰ƒ•”‡•‡”˜‡•ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡—„ƒ‹ ‹‰Šƒ†ƒŽŽ‹‡†ˆ‹‡Ž†•ƒŽ‘‰
–Š‡™‡•– ‘ƒ•–™Š‹ Šƒ”‡•—’’Ž‡‡–‡†„›ˆ‹†•‹–Š‡ƒ„ƒ›„ƒ•‹ǤŽ‘‰–Š‡ƒ•–‘ƒ•–ǡ
‡™”‡•‡”˜‡•‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‹• ‘˜‡”‡†‹–Š‡”‹•ŠƒǦ ‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹„ƒ•‹Ǥ
x Micaǣ—‡–‘‹–•‡š ‡ŽŽ‡–†‹Ǧ‡Ž‡ –”‹ •–”‡‰–ŠǡŽ‘™’‘™‡”Ž‘••ˆƒ –‘”ǡ‹•—Žƒ–‹‰’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ƒ†
”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡–‘Š‹‰Š˜‘Ž–ƒ‰‡ǡ‹ ƒ‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹†‹•’‡•ƒ„Ž‡‹‡”ƒŽ•—•‡†‹electric and
electronic industriesǤ
o DistributionǦ‹ ƒ†‡’‘•‹–•ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†‘–Š‡‘”–Š‡”‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡Chota Nagpur plateau.
Koderma – Hazaribagh belt‘ˆ Šƒ”Šƒ†‹•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰’”‘†— ‡”Ǥ Rajasthanǡ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”
‹ ƒ’”‘†— ‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ‹•ƒ”‘—†Œ‡”Ǥ‡ŽŽ‘”‡‹†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•Š‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–‹ ƒ
’”‘†— ‡”‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
x Limestone: ‹‡•–‘‡ ‹• –Š‡ „ƒ•‹  ”ƒ™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡‡– ‹†—•–”› ƒ† ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘”
•‡Ž–‹‰‹”‘‘”‡‹–Š‡„Žƒ•–ˆ—”ƒ ‡Ǥ
o Distribution: ƒŒƒ•–Šƒ ‹• –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ ’”‘†— ‡” ‘ˆ Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡ ƒ ‘—–‹‰ ˆ‘” ʹͳΨ ‘ˆ –‘–ƒŽ
’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ ƒ†Š›ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Š ’”‘†— ‡• ”‘—‰ŠŽ›ͳ͵Ψ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵• Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ǥ †Š”ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ
ŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”Šǡƒ‹Žƒ†—ƒ”‡‘–Š‡”Ž‹‡•–‘‡’”‘†— ‹‰•–ƒ–‡•‹ †‹ƒǤ
 Ž‡ƒ””‘ƒ†ƒ’ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ›ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‹•‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”‹‹‰‘ˆ‹‡”ƒŽ•–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ„ƒŽƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡Ǥ
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.
5. Enumerating the suitable conditions for the formation of coral reefs, bring out the factors
leading to their decline.
Approach:
x –”‘†— ‡„”‹‡ˆŽ›„›†‡ˆ‹‹‰ ‘”ƒŽ”‡‡ˆ•Ǥ
x —‡”ƒ–‡–Š‡•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ”‡‡ˆ•Ǥ
x ‡–‹‘–Š‡ˆƒ –‘”•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘–Š‡‹”†‡ Ž‹‡Ǥ
x ‘ Ž—†‡ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž›Ǥ
Answer:
Coral reefs ƒ”‡ Žƒ”‰‡ —†‡”™ƒ–‡” •–”— –—”‡• ‘’‘•‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡Ž‡–‘• ‘ˆ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ƒ”‹‡
‹˜‡”–‡„”ƒ–‡• ƒŽŽ‡† ‘”ƒŽǤŠ‡ ‘”ƒŽ•’‡ ‹‡•–Šƒ–„—‹Ž†”‡‡ˆ•ƒ”‡‘™ƒ•Š‡”ƒ–›’‹ ǡ‘”̶Šƒ”†ǡ̶
‘”ƒŽ• „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› ‡š–”ƒ – ƒŽ ‹— ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡ ˆ”‘ •‡ƒ™ƒ–‡” –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ Šƒ”†ǡ †—”ƒ„Ž‡
‡š‘•‡Ž‡–‘ –Šƒ– ’”‘–‡ –• –Š‡‹” •‘ˆ–ǡ •ƒ ǦŽ‹‡ „‘†‹‡•Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘™ ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ‘Ž‘—”ˆ—Ž
ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ƒ†ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†‘rainforests of the sea”„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‹ Š„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›•—’’‘”–‡†„›
–Š‡Ǥ
The reef building corals survive best under following conditions:
x Water Temperature: –—•–‘–ˆƒŽŽ„‡Ž‘™ʹͲͲǤ‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‘”‡–ŠƒͻͲΨ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ”‡‡ˆ•
ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ‹‡†–‘–”‘’‹ ƒŽƒ†•—„Ǧ–”‘’‹ ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ
o ƒ” —””‡–•’”‘‘–‡–Š‡‹”‰”‘™–Š„—–™Š‡”‡–Š‡ ‘Ž† —””‡–‹•’”‡•‡–ƒ†—’Ǧ™‡ŽŽ‹‰
–Š‡›†‘‘–ˆŽ‘—”‹•ŠǤŠ‹•‡š’Žƒ‹•™Š› ‘”ƒŽ”‡‡ˆ•ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ƒ„•‡–‘™‡•–‡” ‘ƒ•–•‘ˆ
‘–‹‡–•Ǥ
x Salinity of water:‘•–”‡‡ˆǦ„—‹Ž†‹‰ ‘”ƒŽ•ƒŽ•‘”‡“—‹”‡˜‡”›•ƒŽ‹‡™ƒ–‡””ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘͵ʹ–‘Ͷʹ
’ƒ”–•’‡”–Š‘—•ƒ†Ǥ
x Depth of water: –•Š‘—Ž†‘–‡š ‡‡†ͳͺͲˆ‡‡–ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡„‡›‘†–Š‹•’‘‹–ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ•—Ž‹‰Š–
‹• –‘‘ ˆƒ‹– ˆ‘” ’Š‘–‘•›–Š‡•‹•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” •—”˜‹˜ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ ”‘• ‘’‹ 
ƒŽ‰ƒ‡Ȁœ‘‘šƒ–Š‡ŽŽƒ‡‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ•†‡’‡†Ǥ
x Water clarity:  ‡ƒ••—”˜‹˜‡„‡•–‹–Š‡‘˜‹‰‘ ‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘•‹Ž–› ‘ƒ•–•‘”—††›
‘—–Š•‘ˆ•–”‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡„‡•–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‘–Š‡•‡ƒ™ƒ”†•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‡ˆ™Š‡”‡ ‘•–ƒ–Ž›
‘˜‹‰™ƒ˜‡•ǡ–‹†‡•ƒ† —””‡–•ƒ‹–ƒ‹ƒƒ„—†ƒ–•—’’Ž›‘ˆ Ž‡ƒ”‘š›‰‡ƒ–‡†™ƒ–‡”ǡ™Š‹ Š
ƒŽ•‘„”‹‰’Š›–‘’Žƒ–‘ƒ•ˆ‘‘†•—’’Ž›Ǥ
Key factors leading to the decline of coral reefs are:
x Physical damageǣ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ†”‡†‰‹‰ǡ“—ƒ””›‹‰ǡ†‡•–”— –‹˜‡ˆ‹•Š‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†
‰‡ƒ”ǡ„‘ƒ–ƒ Š‘”•ƒ†‰”‘—†‹‰•ǡ”‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•—•‡ȋ–‘— Š‹‰‘””‡‘˜‹‰ ‘”ƒŽ•Ȍƒ† ‘”ƒŽ
Šƒ”˜‡•–‹‰ˆ‘”–”ƒ†‡Ž‡ƒ†•–‘†‡•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ”‡‡ˆ•Ǥ
x Coral bleaching: Š‡™ƒ–‡”‹•–‘‘™ƒ”ǡ ‘”ƒŽ•‡š’‡Ž–Š‡ ‘Ž‘—”ˆ—Žœ‘‘šƒ–Š‡ŽŽƒ‡Ž‹˜‹‰‹–Š‡‹”
–‹••—‡• ƒ—•‹‰–Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ–‘–—” ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›™Š‹–‡Ǥ— Š ‘”ƒŽ•ƒ”‡—†‡”•–”‡••ƒ†•—„Œ‡ ––‘
‘”–ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
x Ocean acidification:  ”‡ƒ•‡† Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹  ʹ ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ ‘ ‡ƒ ƒ ‹†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ
™Š‹ Š‹–—”–Š”‡ƒ–‡•–Š‡•—”˜‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ•„›”‡†— ‹‰–Š‡ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡‹‘•
–Šƒ––Š‡›‡‡†–‘ ‘•–”— ––Š‡‹”•‡Ž‡–‘•Ǥ
x Eutrophication: ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†—–”‹‡–•—’’‘”–•Žƒ”‰‡”ƒŽ‰ƒŽ‰”‘™–Š•ǡ„—–†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•–Š‡‘š›‰‡
Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”ǡ ƒ† „”‹‰• ‘”ƒŽ• —†‡” •–”‡••Ǥ Ž•‘ǡ Š‹‰Š‡” ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘–ƒ‹ƒ–•
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡••—• ‡’–‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ•–‘†‹•‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ
Ž–Š‘—‰Š”‡‡ˆ• ‘˜‡”‘Ž›ͲǤʹ’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘ ‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡Š‘‡–‘ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ƒ“—ƒ”–‡”‘ˆƒŽŽ
ƒ”‹‡•’‡ ‹‡•Ǥ –‹•‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–Š—†”‡†•‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž††‡’‡†‘–Š‡
ˆ‘”ˆ‘‘†ǡŒ‘„•ƒ†’”‘–‡ –‹‘ˆ”‘•–‘”•ƒ†‡”‘•‹‘ǤŠ‡“Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
2020””‡’‘”–†‘ —‡–•–Š‡Ž‘••‘ˆƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͳͶ’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǯ• ‘”ƒŽ•‹ ‡ʹͲͲͻǤ

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.
6. Give an account of the distribution of rare earth elements in the world. Also, highlight their
economic significance.
Approach:
x ‡ˆ‹‡”ƒ”‡‡ƒ”–Š‡Ž‡‡–•‹‹–”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ
x š’Žƒ‹–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ”‡‡ƒ”–Š‡Ž‡‡–•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ
x ”‹‡ˆŽ›‡–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‹ †‹ƒǤ
x š’Žƒ‹–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆ”ƒ”‡‡ƒ”–Š‡Ž‡‡–•
x ‘ Ž—†‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ
Answer:
Š‡ ”ƒ”‡ ‡ƒ”–Š ‡Ž‡‡–• ȋȌ ƒ”‡ ƒ •‡– ‘ˆ •‡˜‡–‡‡ ‡–ƒŽŽ‹  ‡Ž‡‡–•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‹ Ž—†‡ –Š‡
ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡Žƒ–Šƒ‹†‡•‘–Š‡’‡”‹‘†‹ –ƒ„Ž‡’Ž—•• ƒ†‹—ƒ†›––”‹—ǤThe distribution of rare earth
elements (REEs) is widespread in the earth's crust, but they are typically not found in
concentrated deposits, making them difficult and expensive to extract.Š‡”ƒ”‡‡ƒ”–Š•̵—‹“—‡
’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ƒ”‡—•‡†‹ƒ™‹†‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
Distribution of Rare Earth Elements (REE) in the world:
x China has the largest reserves (38%) of rare earth elementsǡ™‹–ŠͶͶ‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘•‹”‡•‡”˜‡•
ƒ†ƒ‡•–‹ƒ–‡†͹Ͳ’‡” ‡–•Šƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ”‘†— –‹‘ ‡–”‡•‘ˆ”ƒ”‡‡ƒ”–Šƒ”‡
Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹Baotou, Inner Mangolia, Jiangxi and Sichuan provinces of ChinaǤ
x Vietnam (19%) and Brazil (18%) Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ •‡ ‘† ƒ† –Š‹”† Žƒ”‰‡•– ”‡•‡”˜‡• ‘ˆ ”ƒ”‡ ‡ƒ”–Š
‡–ƒŽ•›‡––Š‡‹”’”‘†— –‹‘‹•Ž‘™Ǥ ‹‡–ƒ†‡’‘•‹–•ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†‹border with China™Š‡”‡ƒ•
ƒŒ‘”†‡’‘•‹–•‘ˆ”ƒœ‹Žƒ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹Araxa, Serra Verde, Pitinga, etc.
x Russia (10%) and India (6%)Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ˆ‘—”–Šƒ†ˆ‹ˆ–ŠŽƒ”‰‡•–”‡•‡”˜‡•”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›™‹–Šˆ‹ˆ–Š
ƒ†•‹š–ŠŽƒ”‰‡•–’”‘†— –‹‘ǤƒŒ‘”’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ‹—••‹ƒ ‘‡•ˆ”‘Murmansk region.
x ‹š–Š ƒ† •‡˜‡–Š Žƒ”‰‡•– ”‡•‡”˜‡• ‘ˆ  ƒ”‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ Australia (3.5%) and USA (1.3%)
”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ USA is the second largest producer, whereas Australia is fourth largest
producer after Myanmar.Mount Weld region in Australia and Mojave Desert in Californiaǡ
ƒ”‡ƒŒ‘”’”‘†— ‹‰”‡‰‹‘•‘ˆ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ
Distribution in India
 †‹ƒǡ‘ƒœ‹–‡‹•–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ•‘—” ‡‘ˆ”ƒ”‡‡ƒ”–Š•ǤŠ‡–‘–ƒŽ”‡•‡”˜‡‘ˆ‘ƒœ‹–‡‹ †‹ƒ‹•ͳʹǤͶ͹
‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘‡•ǤŠ‡ƒŒ‘”†‡’‘•‹–• ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†‹ǣ
x Šƒ˜ƒ”ƒ„ƒ””‹‡”„‡ƒ Šƒ†ƒ•–‡”š–‡•‹‘ǡ‘ŽŽƒ†‹•–”‹ –ǡKerala.
x ƒƒ˜ƒŽƒ—”‹ Š‹„‡ƒ Š•ƒ††‡’‘•‹–ǡƒ›ƒ—ƒ”‹ǡTamil NaduǤ
x Š‹—‹’ƒ–ƒ„‡ƒ Š•ƒ††‡’‘•‹–ǡAndhra PradeshǤ
x ‘’ƒŽ’—”„‡ƒ Š•ƒ††‡’‘•‹–ǡOdisha.
–Š‡”–Šƒ–Šƒ–ǡ‡•– ƒ‹–‹ƒ ‹ŽŽ•ƒ†ƒ•–Šƒ•‹ ‹ŽŽ•†‹•–”‹ –•‘ˆMeghalayaƒ†ƒ”‡”†‹•–”‹ –‘ˆ
RajasthanŠƒ˜‡„‡‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†™‹–Š‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”Ǥ
Economic significance of Rare Earth Elements
x Manufacturing permanent magnets‹•–Š‡•‹‰Ž‡Žƒ”‰‡•–ƒ†‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–‡†—•‡ˆ‘”•Ǥ
ŽŽ‘›• ‘ˆ ‡‘†›‹— ȋ†Ȍ ƒ† •ƒƒ”‹— ȋȌ ƒ „‡ —•‡† –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ •–”‘‰ ƒ‰‡–• –Šƒ–
™‹–Š•–ƒ†Š‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ǡƒ‹‰–Š‡ideal for modern electronics such as cell phones,
televisions, computers, electric vehicles, wind turbines, jet aircraft and many other
products.
x •ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘—•‡†™‹†‡Ž›‹high technology and “green” productsǤ‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”—‹“—‡
’Š›•‹ ƒŽǡ Š‡‹ ƒŽǡ ƒ‰‡–‹ ǡ Ž—‹‡• ‡– ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǡ –Š‡•‡ ‡Ž‡‡–• Š‡Ž’ –‘ ƒ‡ ƒ›
–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡• •— Š ƒ• performing at reduced energy consumption, greater
efficiency, miniaturization, speed, durability and thermal stabilityǤ
o  ”‡ ‡– ›‡ƒ”•ǡ –Š‡‹” †‡ƒ† ‹• ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ‘ ”‹•‡ ‹ energy efficient gadgets ȋ‰”‡‡
–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ȍ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ˆƒ•–‡”ǡŽ‹‰Š–‡”ǡ•ƒŽŽ‡”ƒ†‘”‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ǥ
x ‡”‹—ˆ‹†•ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‹polishing of glass items such as lenses, display screens of LCD
panelsǤ

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x ‹š‡† •ƒŽ–• ‘ˆ ‡”‹— ‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ ‡Ž‡‡–• ƒ”‡ —•‡† ‹ medicines, non-irritating antiseptic
dressings, waterproofing agents etc.
x  ƒ†‹—‹•—•‡†ƒ‹Ž›‹aluminium alloys for sporting goodsǤ
x ”„‹——•‡†ƒ•fibre opticŠƒ•‡‡”‰‡†ƒ•ƒŒ‘”–‘‘Žˆ‘” ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ
x —”‘’‹— ‹• „‡‹‰ —•‡† ƒ• ƒ ™ƒ› –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡ „‹ŽŽ• ˆ‘” –Š‡ —”‘ „‹ŽŽ •—’’Ž› ƒ† –‘
dissuade counterfeitingǤ
 ˆ‹†• ‹’‘”–ƒ– ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‡”‰‹‰ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ† Š‡ ‡ †‹ƒ ‡‡†• –‘
‡š’Ž‘”‡ ƒ† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‹‡”ƒŽ• –‘ ”‡†— ‡ ‹–• †‡’‡†‡ ‡ ‘ ƒ Šƒ†ˆ—Ž ‘ˆ
‘—–”‹‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰Š‹ƒǤ

7. What are the factors influencing the temperature of the oceans? Highlight the horizontal and
vertical distribution of temperature in the oceans.
Approach:
x ”‹‡ˆŽ›‹–”‘†— ‡™‹–Š˜ƒ”‹‡†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹–Š‡‘ ‡ƒ•‘ˆ™‘”Ž†Ǥ
x ‹• —••–Š‡ˆƒ –‘”•ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ‘ ‡ƒ•Ǥ
x Š‘™ ƒ•‡–Š‡Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽƒ†˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ–‡’‹–Š‡‘ ‡ƒ•Ǥ
x ‘ Ž—†‡ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž›Ǥ
Answer:
Š‡ ‘ ‡ƒ •—”ˆƒ ‡ ™ƒ–‡” ‹• ™ƒ”‡•– ‹ Ž‘™ Žƒ–‹–—†‡ ”‡‰‹‘•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‹– ‹• — Š ‘Ž†‡” ƒ– ’‘Ž‡•Ǥ –
‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–Žƒ–‹–—†‡•ǡ™ƒ–‡”‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘ ‡ƒ„ƒ•‹•‹• ‘Ž†‡”–Šƒ–Š‡™ƒ–‡”‘–Š‡
™‡•–‡”•‹†‡Ǥ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š•—”ˆƒ ‡™ƒ–‡” ƒ„‡“—‹–‡™ƒ”ǡ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ–‡”‹–Š‡‘ ‡ƒ•‹•†‡‡’‡”ǡ
‘Ž†‡”™ƒ–‡”ǡ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‹”‡‘ ‡ƒ‹•ƒ„‘—–ͶͲǤ
Factors affecting the temperature distribution of Oceans:
x Latitude: Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ •—”ˆƒ ‡ ™ƒ–‡” †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‘” –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ’‘Ž‡•
„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•’‘Ž‡™ƒ”†Ǥ
x Unequal distribution of land and waterǣŠ‡‘ ‡ƒ•‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡‘”‡
Š‡ƒ–†—‡–‘–Š‡‹” ‘–ƒ –™‹–ŠŽƒ”‰‡”‡š–‡–‘ˆŽƒ†–Šƒ–Š‡‘ ‡ƒ•‹–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ
x Prevailing windǣ
o Š‡™‹†•„Ž‘™‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡Žƒ†–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‘ ‡ƒ•†”‹˜‡™ƒ”•—”ˆƒ ‡™ƒ–‡”ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘
–Š‡ ‘ƒ•–”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹–Š‡—’™‡ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆ ‘Ž†™ƒ–‡”ˆ”‘„‡Ž‘™Ǥ
o ‘–”ƒ”›–‘–Š‹•ǡ–Š‡‘•Š‘”‡™‹†•’‹Ž‡—’™ƒ”™ƒ–‡”‡ƒ”–Š‡ ‘ƒ•–ƒ†–Š‹•”ƒ‹•‡•–Š‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
x Ocean currentsǣƒ” ‡ƒ —””‡–•ȋ•— Šƒ• —Žˆ•–”‡ƒȌ”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡
™ƒ–‡”‹ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ ‘Ž† —””‡–•ȋ•— Šƒ•ƒ„”ƒ†‘” —””‡–Ȍ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Ǥ
x Other Factors:Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•Šƒ’‡‘ˆƒ”‡ƒǡ’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ”‹†‰‡•‘”Ž‘ ƒŽ™‡ƒ–Š‡” ‘†‹–‹‘••— Šƒ•
•–‘”•ǡ › Ž‘‡•ǡŠ—””‹ ƒ‡•ǡˆ‘‰ǡ Ž‘—†‹‡••ǡ‡– ǤƒŽ•‘ƒˆˆ‡ ––Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡
‘ ‡ƒ•
Š‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ‘ ‡ƒ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• ‘–—‹ˆ‘”Ǥ – ˜ƒ”‹‡•ˆ”‘ Žƒ–‹–—†‡ –‘ Žƒ–‹–—†‡ ƒ† ˆ”‘
•—”ˆƒ ‡–‘„‘––‘Ǥ
Horizontal Distribution of Temperature (surface water):
x Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ•—”ˆƒ ‡™ƒ–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘ ‡ƒ•‹•ƒ„‘—–ʹ͹郐†‹–gradually decreases
from the equator towards the poles.
o Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡™‹–Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Žƒ–‹–—†‡‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ͲǤͷι’‡”Žƒ–‹–—†‡Ǥ
o Š‡highest temperature is not recorded at the equator„—–•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›–‘™ƒ”†•‘”–Š‘ˆ‹–ǡ
„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆŽ‡••‡” Ž‘—†‹‡••‹•—„–”‘’‹ ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•–Šƒ‡“—ƒ–‘”Ǥ
x Š‡oceans in the northern hemisphere record relatively higher temperature (around 19°
C) than in the southernŠ‡‹•’Š‡”‡ȋ16° C)ǤŠ‹•˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹•†—‡–‘—‡“—ƒŽ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆŽƒ†
ƒ†™ƒ–‡”Ǥ

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Vertical Distribution of Temperature (from surface water to bottom):
‘Žƒ”‡‰‹‘•‘Ž›‘‡Žƒ›‡”‘ˆ ‘Ž†™ƒ–‡”‹•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥ –‡š–‡†•ˆ”‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡–‘–Š‡„‘––‘Ǥ
Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǧ†‡’–Š’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ˆ‘”‘ ‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹‘–Š‡””‡‰‹‘• ƒ„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†™‹–Šthe 3-layer
approach.
x 1st Layerǣ – ”‡’”‡•‡–• –Š‡ –‘’ Žƒ›‡” ‘ˆ ™ƒ” ™ƒ–‡”
ƒ•• ™‹–Š ƒ –Š‹ ‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ’’”‘šǤ ͷͲͲ ƒ† ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”ƒ‰‹‰„‡–™‡‡ʹͲι–‘ʹͷιǤŠ‹•Žƒ›‡”
‹•’”‡•‡–™‹–Š‹–Š‡–”‘’‹ •–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡›‡ƒ”„—–‹–
†‡˜‡Ž‘’• ‹ ‹††Ž‡ Žƒ–‹–—†‡• ‘Ž› †—”‹‰ •—‡”
•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ
x 2nd LayerǣŠ‡—’’‡”ƒ†Ž‘™‡” ‘ ‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”ƒ••‡•
ƒ”‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†„›ƒ–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ƒŽœ‘‡ ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡”‘ Ž‹‡
‡š–‡†‹‰ „‡–™‡‡ ͵ͲͲ  –‘ ͳͲͲͲ  †‡’–ŠǤ – ‹•
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡† „› ”ƒ’‹† ˆƒŽŽ ‹ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ™‹–Š
‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰†‡’–ŠǤ
x 3rd Layerǣ Š‡ Ž‘™‡” Žƒ›‡” ‡š–‡†• „‡›‘† ͳͲͲͲ 
†‡’–Š—’–‘–Š‡‘ ‡ƒ„‘––‘•ǤŠ‹•Žƒ›‡”‹•˜‡”› ‘Ž†
ƒ†”‡’”‡•‡–•†‡•‡”‘ ‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”ƒ••Ǥ
Š‡†‡‡’‡”‘ ‡ƒ ‘–ƒ‹•ƒ„‘—–ͻͲΨ‘ˆƒŽŽ‘ ‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ
Š‡›†‘‘–‹‰Ž‡— Š™‹–Š–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡Žƒ›‡”•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡›†‘‹š‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›‘˜‡”Š—†”‡†•‘ˆ
›‡ƒ”•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‘˜‡‡–•‘ˆƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‘ ‡ƒ —””‡–ȋƒ’ƒ––‡” ƒŽŽ‡†thermohaline circulationȌǤ

8. What is temperature inversion? Mentioning its various types, discuss its implications.
Approach:
x ‡ˆ‹‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹˜‡”•‹‘Ǥ
x ‡–‹‘–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹˜‡”•‹‘Ǥ
x ‹• —••‹–•‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘–Š‡‡ƒ”–ŠǤ
Answer:
‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹˜‡”•‹‘‹•ƒ”‡˜‡”•ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‘”ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹–Š‡–”‘’‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ‹
™Š‹ ŠƒŽƒ›‡”‘ˆ ‘‘Žƒ‹”ƒ––Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‹•‘˜‡”Žƒ‹„›ƒŽƒ›‡”‘ˆ™ƒ”‡”ƒ‹”Ǥ†‡”‘”ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡—•—ƒŽŽ›†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•™‹–ŠŠ‡‹‰Š–ǡ„—–‹ ƒ•‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹˜‡”•‹‘ǡ–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‰‡–•
”‡˜‡”•‡†ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•–ƒ”–•‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰™‹–ŠŠ‡‹‰Š–”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ǥ
Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹˜‡”•‹‘ƒ”‡Ž‘‰‹‰Š–•™‹–Š Ž‡ƒ”•‹‡•ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š ƒŽƒ†
•–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ‹”ǡ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•‘˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ‹š‹‰ƒ–Ž‘™‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹˜‡”•‹‘‘ —”•‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽ
‘†‹–‹‘•”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘‰”‘—†•—”ˆƒ ‡–‘‰”‡ƒ–Š‡‹‰Š–•Ǥ
Š—•ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‹†•‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹˜‡”•‹‘•ǡ•— Šƒ•ǣ
x Frontal or cyclonic inversionǣŠ‡–Š‡™ƒ”ƒ† ‘Ž†ˆ”‘–•‡‡–ǡ–Š‡™ƒ”ˆ”‘–”‹•‡•—’
ƒ†„‡‹‰Š‡ƒ˜‹‡”ǡ–Š‡ ‘Ž†ˆ”‘–•‹•†‘™Ǥ –”‡•—Ž–•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‘–ƒŽ‹˜‡”•‹‘ǤŠ‹•
‹†‘ˆ‹˜‡”•‹‘Šƒ•ƒ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡•Ž‘’‡ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”•‹‘•ƒ”‡‡ƒ”Ž›Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽǤ
x Valley inversionǣ‘‡–‹‡•‹Š‹‰Š‘—–ƒ‹•‘”†‡‡’˜ƒŽŽ‡›•ǡ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘™‡”
Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆƒ‹”‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰™‹–Š‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰ƒ•Ž‘’‹‰•—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ
‡”‡ǡ –Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡• Š‡ƒ– „ƒ  –‘•’ƒ ‡ ”ƒ’‹†Ž› ƒ† ‘‘Ž• †‘™ƒ– ƒ ˆƒ•–‡” ”ƒ–‡ –Šƒ –Š‡
—’’‡”Žƒ›‡”•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡Ž‘™‡” ‘Ž†Žƒ›‡”•‰‡– ‘†‡•‡†ƒ†„‡ ‘‡Š‡ƒ˜›Ǥ
Š‡ •Ž‘’‹‰ •—”ˆƒ ‡ —†‡”‡ƒ–Š ƒ‡• –Š‡ ‘˜‡ –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ „‘––‘ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ‘Ž† Žƒ›‡”
•‡––Ž‡•†‘™ƒ•ƒœ‘‡‘ˆŽ‘™–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡—’’‡”Žƒ›‡”•ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›™ƒ”‡”Ǥ
x Surface inversion:  ‰”‘—† ‹˜‡”•‹‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’• ™Š‡ ƒ‹” ‹• ‘‘Ž‡† „› ‘–ƒ – ™‹–Š ƒ ‘Ž†‡”
•—”ˆƒ ‡—–‹Ž‹–„‡ ‘‡• ‘‘Ž‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‘˜‡”Ž›‹‰ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǤŠ‹•‘ —”•‘•–‘ˆ–‡‘ Ž‡ƒ”
‹‰Š–•ǡ™Š‡–Š‡‰”‘—† ‘‘Ž•‘ˆˆ”ƒ’‹†Ž›„›”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ˆ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ•—”ˆƒ ‡ƒ‹”†”‘’•
„‡Ž‘™‹–•†‡™’‘‹–ǡˆ‘‰ƒ›”‡•—Ž–Ǥ –‹•˜‡”› ‘‘‹–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡”Žƒ–‹–—†‡•ƒ†‹Ž‘™‡”ƒ†
‹††Ž‡Žƒ–‹–—†‡•ǡ‹–‘ —”•†—”‹‰ ‘Ž†‹‰Š–•ƒ†‰‡–•†‡•–”‘›‡††—”‹‰†ƒ›–‹‡Ǥ

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x Subsidence inversionǣ  •—„•‹†‡ ‡ ‹˜‡”•‹‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’• ™Š‡ ƒ ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† Žƒ›‡” ‘ˆ ƒ‹”
†‡• ‡†•ǤŠ‡Žƒ›‡”‹• ‘’”‡••‡†ƒ†Š‡ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹ ’”‡••—”‡ǡ
ƒ†ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡Žƒ’•‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•”‡†— ‡†Ǥ ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹”ƒ•••‹•Ž‘™‡‘—‰Šǡ–Š‡ƒ‹”
ƒ–Š‹‰Š‡”ƒŽ–‹–—†‡•„‡ ‘‡•™ƒ”‡”–Šƒƒ–Ž‘™‡”ƒŽ–‹–—†‡•ǡ’”‘†— ‹‰ƒ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹˜‡”•‹‘Ǥ
Implications of temperature inversion on the earth:
x ˜‡”•‹‘•’Žƒ›ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹determining cloud forms, precipitation, and visibilityǤ
x Intense thunderstorms and tornadoes ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ‹˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
„‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‡•‡ ‡‡”‰› –Šƒ– ‹• ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡† ƒˆ–‡” ƒ ‹˜‡”•‹‘ „Ž‘ • ƒ ƒ”‡ƒǯ• ‘”ƒŽ
‘˜‡–‹‘’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ
x —‡ –‘ ‹˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ air pollutants •— Š ƒ• †—•– ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ƒ† •‘‡ do not
disperse‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ
x Visibility may be greatly reduced „‡Ž‘™ –Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹‘ †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ ——Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ †—•– ƒ†
•‘‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•Ǥ ‡ ƒ—•‡ ƒ‹” ‡ƒ” –Š‡ „ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‹˜‡”•‹‘ –‡†• –‘ „‡ ‘‘Žǡ ˆ‘‰ ‹• ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›
’”‡•‡––Š‡”‡Ǥ
x ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹˜‡”•‹‘ ƒŽ•‘ Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ atmospheric stability –Šƒ– •–‘’• –Š‡ †‘™™ƒ”† ƒ†
—’™ƒ”†‘˜‡‡–‘ˆƒ‹”Ǥ
x —‡ –‘ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹˜‡”•‹‘ǡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‹” ƒ– –Š‡ ˜ƒŽŽ‡› „‘––‘ ”‡ƒ Š‡• „‡Ž‘™ –Š‡
ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰’‘‹–ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡ƒ‹”ƒ–Š‹‰Š‡”ƒŽ–‹–—†‡”‡ƒ‹• ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›™ƒ”Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡
trees along the lower slopes are bitten by frostǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•those at higher levels are free from
itǤ

9. Highlighting the conditions necessary for precipitation to occur, mention its different forms and
types.
Approach:
x –”‘†— ‡„›„”‹‡ˆŽ›‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
x ‡–‹‘–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘–‘‘ —”Ǥ
x š’Žƒ‹‹„”‹‡ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”•ƒ†–›’‡•‘ˆ’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Answer:
”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ƒ› ’”‘†— – ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘†‡•ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹  ™ƒ–‡” ˜ƒ’‘—” –Šƒ– ˆƒŽŽ• —†‡”
‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’—ŽŽˆ”‘ Ž‘—†•ǤŠ‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘
‹ Ž—†‡ǣ
x Š‡”‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡sufficient amount of evaporationˆ”‘–Š‡™ƒ–‡”„‘†‹‡••‘–Šƒ–ƒ‹”ƒ••—•–
„‡saturated ™‹–Š™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—”Ǥ
x Š‡”‡—•–„‡sufficient nuclei’”‡•‡––‘ƒ‹† ‘†‡•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
x Weather conditions must be good for condensation‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—”–‘–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡Ǥ
x Š‡’”‘†— –•‘ˆ ‘†‡•ƒ–‹‘must reach the earth‹ƒ›ˆ‘”‘ˆ’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ–ƒ‡ƒ›ˆ‘”•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ
x Rain: –‘ —”•ƒ•Ž‹“—‹††”‘’Ž‡–•ˆƒŽŽ–‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡ǤŠ‡†”‘’Ž‡–•‰”‘™ƒ†”‡ƒ Šƒ•‹œ‡–Šƒ–‹•–‘‘
Š‡ƒ˜›–‘‡‡’—’˜‹ƒ†”ƒ‰Ǥ
x Snow: –‘ —”•ƒ••ƒŽŽˆ”‘œ‡ˆŽƒ‡•ˆƒŽŽ–‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡ǤŠ‡ Ž‘—†ƒ†ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡—•–„‡„‡Ž‘™
ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡•‘™ˆŽƒ‡–‘ˆ‘”ƒ†”‡ƒ Š–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ
x Sleet: – ‘ —”• ƒ• •ƒŽŽ ‹ ‡ ’‡ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ ‘™ˆŽƒ‡• ”‡ƒ Š ƒ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ –Šƒ– ‹• ƒ„‘˜‡
ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰ƒ†‡Ž–„—–”‡ˆ”‡‡œ‡ƒ•–Š‡›‡ ‘—–‡”ƒ‘–Š‡”•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡–Šƒ–‹•„‡Ž‘™
ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰ǤŠ‡•‡‡™Ž›ˆ”‘œ‡’‡ŽŽ‡–•ˆƒŽŽ–‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡ǡ‘ˆ–‡–‹‡•ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š•‘™‘”ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰
”ƒ‹Ǥ
x Freezing rain: –‘ —”•ƒ•Ž‹“—‹††”‘’Ž‡–•–Šƒ–™‡”‡‡Ž–‡†„›ƒ•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡–Šƒ–
‹•ƒ„‘˜‡ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰„—––Š‡•‡ –‹‘‘ˆƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡„‡Ž‘™ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰„‡Ž‘™‹•–‘‘–Š‹–‘”‡ˆ”‡‡œ‡–Š‡
”ƒ‹ †”‘’Ž‡–•Ǥ Š‡› ˆƒŽŽ ƒ• Ž‹“—‹† ƒ† ˆ”‡‡œ‡ ƒ• –Š‡› ‘‡ ‹ ‘–ƒ – ™‹–Š –Š‡ „‡Ž‘™Ǧˆ”‡‡œ‹‰
•—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ
x Hail: –‹•ˆ‘”‡†ƒ•–Š‡‹ ‡‹–Š‡–‘’•‘ˆ–Š—†‡”•–‘”•„‡ ‘‡•–‘‘Š‡ƒ˜›ˆ‘”–Š‡—’†”ƒˆ––‘
•—’’‘”–ǤŠ‡Šƒ‹Ž–Š‡ˆƒŽŽ•‹Šƒ‹Ž•–‘‡•Ǥ ƒ‹Ž‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›‘ —”•‹™ƒ”‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡›‡ƒ”Ǥ
ϵǁǁǁ͘ǀŝƐŝŽŶŝĂƐ͘ŝŶΞsŝƐŝŽŶ/^
 Free Upsc Premium Channel [Link]/premium

.
x Drizzle: –‹•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ™‹–Š†”‘’Ž‡–••ƒŽŽ‡”–ŠƒͲǤͷƒ†‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š
‘‘Ž‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡›‡ƒ”ǡ•— Šƒ•Žƒ–‡ˆƒŽŽƒ†‡ƒ”Ž›•’”‹‰‹‘†‡”ƒ–‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡•Ǥ
x Sun Shower: –‹•ƒ’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘‡˜‡––Šƒ–‹•”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†™Š‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ•™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•—•Š‹‡•Ǥ –
‰‹˜‡•”‹•‡–‘”ƒ‹†”‘’•‹–‘ƒƒ”‡ƒ™‹–Š‘—– Ž‘—†•Ǥ –‹•‘ˆ–‡ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†„›ƒ”ƒ‹„‘™Ǥ
x Snow Grains: Š‡› ƒ”‡ ˜‡”› •ƒŽŽ ™Š‹–‡ ƒ† ‘’ƒ“—‡ ‰”ƒ‹• ‘ˆ ‹ ‡ ƒ† ƒ”‡ ˆƒ‹”Ž› ˆŽƒ– Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ
†‹ƒ‡–‡”‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›Ž‡••–ŠƒͳǤ
x Diamond Dust: –‹•‡š–”‡‡Ž›•ƒŽŽ‹ ‡ ”›•–ƒŽ•—•—ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”‡†ƒ–Ž‘™Ž‡˜‡Ž•ƒ†ƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•
„‡Ž‘™Ǧ͵ͲιǤ –•Š‘™•–Š‡•’ƒ”Ž‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –†—‡–‘”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆŽ‹‰Š–‘–Š‡‹ ‡ ”›•–ƒŽ•‹–Š‡ƒ‹”Ǥ
Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆ’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘‹ Ž—†‡ǣ
x Cyclonic PrecipitationǣŠ‡ › Ž‘‹ ’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘‹• ƒ—•‡††—‡–‘–Š‡‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ‘‹•–ƒ‹”
ƒ••–‘–Š‹•”‡‰‹‘„›–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹’”‡••—”‡Ǥ –‹•‘ˆ–™‘–›’‡•ǣˆ”‘–ƒŽȋ ƒ—•‡††—‡–‘–Š‡
‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ‹” ‡ƒ” –Š‡ ˆ”‘–ƒŽ •—”ˆƒ ‡Ȍ ƒ† ‘Ǧˆ”‘–ƒŽ ’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ ȋ ‘Ž† ‘‹•– ƒ‹” ƒ••
„‘—†ƒ”›–Šƒ–‘˜‡•ƒ†”‡•—Ž–•‹’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ȌǤ
x Convective Precipitation: Š‡ƒ‹”ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡Žƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ‰‡–•Š‡ƒ–‡†—’†—‡–‘•‘‡ ƒ—•‡Ǥ‘•–
‘ˆ–Š‹•™ƒ”‡”ƒ‹””‹•‡•—’ǡ ‘‘Ž•ǡƒ†’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‡•Ǥ‘˜‡ –‹˜‡’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘‹••Š‘™‡”›„›ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ —”•‹˜ƒ”›‹‰‹–‡•‹–‹‡•Ǥ
x Orographic Precipitation: Š‡–Š‡‘˜‹‰ƒ‹”ƒ••‡••–”‹‡–Š‡„ƒ””‹‡”••— Šƒ•‘—–ƒ‹•ǡ
–Š‡›”‹•‡—’ ƒ—•‹‰ ‘†‡•ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–‘ —”•‹•‰”‡ƒ–‡”‘
–Š‡™‹†™ƒ”†•‹†‡Ǥ

10. Give a brief note on the propagation of earthquake waves. How do they help in the study of the
earth's interior?
Approach:
x –”‘†— ‡„›‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡™ƒ˜‡•Ǥ
x ”‹‡ˆŽ›‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡™ƒ˜‡•Ǥ
x š’Žƒ‹–Š‡‹”•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‹ƒ “—‹”‹‰‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–ŠǤ
Answer:
•‡‹•‹ ™ƒ˜‡‹•ƒ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡‘”‡‡”‰›’ƒ ‡––Šƒ– ƒ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡ˆ”‘’‘‹––‘’‘‹–
‹–Š‡ƒ”–ŠǤ Š‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡„ƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ›‘ˆ–™‘–›’‡•ǣ„‘†›™ƒ˜‡•ƒ†•—”ˆƒ ‡™ƒ˜‡•Ǥ
Š‡•‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡™ƒ˜‡•’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ
x Body waves:Š‡›ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡††—‡–‘–Š‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ‡‡”‰›ƒ–
–Š‡ˆ‘ —•ƒ†‘˜‡‹ƒŽŽ†‹”‡ –‹‘•–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡„‘†›
‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–ŠǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•ǣ
o P waves ™Š‹ Š ‡š‡”– ’”‡••—”‡ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹ –Š‡
†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡› ”‡ƒ–‡†‡•‹–›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•
‹–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ
o ‘–Š‡”–›’‡‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡™ƒ˜‡‹•S wave™Š‘•‡†‹”‡ –‹‘
‘ˆ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡‹•’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ”–‘–Š‡™ƒ˜‡†‹”‡ –‹‘
‹–Š‡˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ’Žƒ‡ǤŠ‡› ”‡ƒ–‡–”‘—‰Š•ƒ† ”‡•–•‹–Š‡
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–Š”‘—‰Š™Š‹ Š–Š‡›’ƒ••Ǥ
x Surface waves:Š‡„‘†›™ƒ˜‡•‹–‡”ƒ –™‹–Š–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡”‘ •
ƒ† ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ‡™ •‡– ‘ˆ ™ƒ˜‡• ƒŽŽ‡† •—”ˆƒ ‡ ™ƒ˜‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡
™ƒ˜‡•‘˜‡ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡ǤŠ‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡• Šƒ‰‡•ƒ•
–Š‡› –”ƒ˜‡Ž –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ™‹–Š †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– †‡•‹–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡
†‡•‡” –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡” ‹• –Š‡ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›Ǥ Š‡‹” †‹”‡ –‹‘
ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ‰‡• ƒ• –Š‡› ”‡ˆŽ‡ – ‘” ”‡ˆ”ƒ – ™Š‡ ‘‹‰ ƒ ”‘••
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‡•‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‡› ƒ„‡ǣ
o Love waves, ™Š‹ Š Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‘–‹‘ ƒ• Ǧ™ƒ˜‡• „—–
™‹–Š‘—––Š‡˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ǤŠ‡›‘˜‡–Š‡‰”‘—†ˆ”‘•‹†‡–‘•‹†‡‹ƒŠ‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ
’Žƒ‡„—–ƒ–”‹‰Š–ƒ‰Ž‡•–‘–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o ƒ›Ž‡‹‰Š™ƒ˜‡•ǡƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•‰”‘—†”‘ŽŽǡ•’”‡ƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‰”‘—†ƒ•”‹’’Ž‡•ǡ•‹‹Žƒ”–‘
”‘ŽŽ‹‰™ƒ˜‡•‘–Š‡‘ ‡ƒǤ
ϭϬǁǁǁ͘ǀŝƐŝŽŶŝĂƐ͘ŝŶΞsŝƐŝŽŶ/^
 Free Upsc Premium Channel [Link]/premium

.
Š‡’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆƒ•‡‹•‹ ™ƒ˜‡†‡’‡†•‘†‡•‹–›ƒ†
‡Žƒ•–‹ ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹—ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡–›’‡‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡ǤŠ‡”‡ ‘”†‡†
†ƒ–ƒ‘”•‡‹•‘‰”ƒ• ƒ„‡—•‡†–‘•–—†› –Š‡‡ƒ”–Š̵•‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ†
„—‹Ž†‘†‡Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Šǯ•‹–‡”‹‘”•–”— –—”‡Ǥ
x  ƒ†  ™ƒ˜‡• –”ƒ˜‡Ž ˜‡”› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž› –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ƒ”–ŠǤ Š‡
˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›–‡†•–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡™‹–Š†‡’–Š–Š”‘—‰Šƒ”–Š̵• ”—•–ƒ†
ƒ–Ž‡ǡ„—–†”‘’••Šƒ”’Ž›‰‘‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ–Ž‡–‘ƒ”–Š̵•‘—–‡”
‘”‡Ǥ
x ‹–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ†™ƒ˜‡•–”ƒ˜‡Ž‹ƒŽŽ†‹”‡ –‹‘•ˆ”‘–Š‡‡’‹ ‡–”‡
‘ˆ ƒ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ ‘—–™ƒ”†•Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ”‡ˆ”ƒ –‡† ƒ• –Š‡› –”ƒ˜‡Ž
ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡’‹ ‡–”‡ ƒ† ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ ƒ” •Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ  ™ƒ˜‡• ƒ‘–
–”ƒ˜‡Ž–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡Ž‹“—‹†‘—–‡” ‘”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–ŠǤ
x Š‡Ǧ™ƒ˜‡•™‡”‡”‡ ‘”†‡†ƒ–‘•–•‡‹•‘‰”ƒ’Š•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›
Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘’ƒ••–Š”‘—‰Š„‘–Š•‘Ž‹†ƒ†Ž‹“—‹†Žƒ›‡”•ǡ„—–
”‡ˆ”ƒ –‹‘ ƒ—•‡†–Š‡–‘̵„‡†̵ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘ƒ”‡ƒ•„‡–™‡‡ͳͲͲ
ƒ†ͳͷͲ†‡‰”‡‡•ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡‡’‹ ‡–”‡Ǥ
x Š‡•‡seismic shadow zones™‡”‡ ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆǦ
™ƒ˜‡•–‘’ƒ••–Š”‘—‰ŠŽ‹“—‹†•™Š‹ Š’”‘˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ
–Š‡ ƒ”–Š —•– ‘–ƒ‹ ƒ Žƒ›‡” ‘ˆ Ž‹“—‹† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ —”–Š‡”ǡ „›
ˆ‹†‹‰–Š‡ƒ‰Ž‡•ƒ–™Š‹ Š–Š‡ƒ†™ƒ˜‡•„‘–Š†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ǡ–Š‡
”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹“—‹† ‘”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š ‘—Ž†„‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†Ǥ

11. What are footloose industries? Discuss the factors responsible for the location of these
industries.
Approach:
x š’Žƒ‹™Šƒ–›‘——†‡”•–ƒ†„›ˆ‘‘–Ž‘‘•‡‹†—•–”‹‡•‹–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ
x ‹• —••–Š‡ˆƒ –‘”•”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ
x ‹˜‡ƒ„”‹‡ˆ ‘ Ž—•‹‘Ǥ
Answer:
‘‘–Ž‘‘•‡‹†—•–”‹‡•ƒ”‡–Š‘•‡‹†—•–”‹‡•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡not tied to a particular location ƒ† ƒ„‡•‡–
—’ ƒ›™Š‡”‡Ǥ šƒ’Ž‡• ‹ Ž—†‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ ƒ† ‘•—Ž–‹‰
•‡”˜‹ ‡•ǤThey have the following features:
x Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–†‡’‡†‡–‘ƒ›•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ™‡‹‰Š–Ž‘•‹‰‘”‘–Š‡”™‹•‡Ǥ
x Š‡›ƒ”‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž›†‡’‡†‡–‘ ‘’‘‡–’ƒ”–•™Š‹ Š ƒ„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†ƒ›™Š‡”‡Ǥ
x Š‡›’”‘†— ‡‹•ƒŽŽ“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•ƒ†ƒŽ•‘‡’Ž‘›ƒ•ƒŽŽŽƒ„‘—”ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ
x Š‡•‡ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›‘–’‘ŽŽ—–‹‰‹†—•–”‹‡•ƒ†Šƒ˜‡ƒ‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ ƒ”„‘ˆ‘‘–’”‹–Ǥ
Factors responsible for the location of the footloose industries are:
x Access to skilled laborǣ ‘‘–Ž‘‘•‡‹†—•–”‹‡•”‡“—‹”‡ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ›•‹ŽŽ‡†™‘”ˆ‘” ‡ǡ•‘–Š‡›–‡†–‘
Ž‘ ƒ–‡‹ƒ”‡ƒ•™‹–ŠƒŽƒ”‰‡’‘‘Ž‘ˆ‡†— ƒ–‡†™‘”‡”•Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ–Š‡ ‹†—•–”›‹ †‹ƒ‹•
‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡†‹ƒ‰ƒŽ‘”‡ǡ ›†‡”ƒ„ƒ†ǡ‡– Ǥ
x Communication infrastructure: ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡•— Šƒ• ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡•ǡ
’‘™‡”ǡ™ƒ–‡”ǡƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆƒ –‘”•‹ƒ––”ƒ –‹‰ˆ‘‘–Ž‘‘•‡‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ
x Cost of living and doing business: ‘‘–Ž‘‘•‡‹†—•–”‹‡•’”‡ˆ‡”–‘Ž‘ ƒ–‡‹ƒ”‡ƒ•™‹–ŠŽ‘™‡” ‘•–
‘ˆŽ‹˜‹‰ƒ†Ž‘™‡”„—•‹‡•• ‘•–•ǡƒ•‹–‡ƒ„Ž‡•–Š‡–‘‡‡’–Š‡‹”‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ‘•–•Ž‘™Ǥ
x Quality of lifeǣ‰‘‘†“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒ‰‘‘†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†ƒ ‡••–‘ƒ‡‹–‹‡•ǡ ƒ
ƒ––”ƒ –Š‹‰ŠŽ›•‹ŽŽ‡†™‘”‡”•–‘ƒŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
x Government incentivesǣ ‘˜‡”‡–‹ ‡–‹˜‡••— Šƒ•–ƒš„”‡ƒ•ǡ‰”ƒ–•ǡƒ†•—„•‹†‹‡• ƒ
ƒŽ•‘„‡ƒˆƒ –‘”‹–Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ‘‘–Ž‘‘•‡‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ
x Transportation infrastructure:  ‡••‹„‹Ž‹–›„›–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‡–™‘”‡ƒ„Ž‡•–Š‡™‘”‡”•–‘
‘—–‡Šƒ••Ž‡ˆ”‡‡Ǥ ‘‘†–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘Ž‹•ƒ”‡–Š—•‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”ˆ‘‘–Ž‘‘•‡‹†—•–”‹‡•ǡƒ•–Š‡›
‡‡†–‘ ‘‡ –™‹–Š Ž‹‡–•ƒ†•—’’Ž‹‡”•‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›Ǥ

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x Market demand: ‘‘–Ž‘‘•‡ ‹†—•–”‹‡• ƒŽ•‘ ‘•‹†‡” ƒ”‡– †‡ƒ† ™Š‡ Š‘‘•‹‰ –Š‡‹”
Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‘’ƒ‹‡•–‡†–‘Ž‘ ƒ–‡‹”‡‰‹‘•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘•
‘ˆ–‡ ŠǦ•ƒ˜˜› ‘•—‡”•Ǥ
x Capital availabilityand ancillary services: ‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡•‡‹†—•–”‹‡•–‡†–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’™Š‡”‡
ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡•ƒ”‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡ǡƒ•–Š‡›‡‡† ƒ’‹–ƒŽ–‘•–ƒ”–ƒ„—•‹‡••ƒ†’”‘ —”‡„ƒ•‹ 
‹’—–•Ǥ
–Š‡”minor factors ƒ”‡†‡•‹”ƒ„Ž‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ –‘‹’”‘˜‡‡’Ž‘›‡‡‘”ƒŽ‡ƒ†’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•
’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ‡•—”‡ ƒ •‡ —”‡ ‹˜‡•–‡–Ǥ ‘‘–Ž‘‘•‡ ‹†—•–”‹‡• ƒ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡– ‹
ƒ”‡ƒ•–Šƒ–Žƒ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡••— Šƒ•’‘”–ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡƒ ‡••–‘™‡‹‰Š–Ž‘•‹‰”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ••— Š
ƒ• ‘ƒŽǡ ‹”‘ ‘”‡ǡ Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡ ‡– Ǥ Š—•ǡ ‹’‡–—• •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ‰‹˜‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ˆ‘‘–Ž‘‘•‡
‹†—•–”‹‡•‹•— Šƒ”‡ƒ•–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‡’Ž‘›‡–‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•Ǥ

12. What is weathering? Discuss the different types of weathering processes.

Approach:
x ‡ˆ‹‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ƒ†•–ƒ–‡‹–•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡Ǥ
x š’Žƒ‹–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•–›’‡•‘ˆ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥ
x ‘ Ž—†‡ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž›Ǥ
Answer:
‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ ‹• †‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ• mechanical disintegration and chemical decomposition of rocks
–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ –‹‘•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ™‡ƒ–Š‡”ƒ†
Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǥ
–‹•”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”„”‡ƒ‹‰†‘™–Š‡”‘ •‹–‘•ƒŽŽ‡”
ˆ”ƒ‰‡–• ƒ† ’”‡’ƒ”‹‰ –Š‡ ™ƒ› ˆ‘” ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘–
‘Ž› ”‡‰‘Ž‹–Š ƒ† •‘‹Ž•ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ‡”‘•‹‘ ƒ† ƒ••
‘˜‡‡–•ǡ ™Š‹ Š —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
˜ƒ”‹‘—•Žƒ†ˆ‘”•Ǥ
‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ ‡”‹ Š‡– ƒ† ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ
‡”–ƒ‹ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‘”‡• •— Š ƒ• ‹”‘ǡ ƒ‰ƒ‡•‡ǡ
ƒŽ—‹‹—ǡ ‘’’‡”ǡ‡– Ǥ
Following are the three major types of weathering
processes:
x Chemical weathering processes:
o Solution:‘ ˆ‘”‹‰‹‡”ƒŽ•Ž‹‡‹–”ƒ–‡•ǡ•—Ž’Šƒ–‡•ǡ’‘–ƒ••‹—‡– Ǥƒ”‡”‡ƒ†‹Ž›•‘Ž—„Ž‡‹
™ƒ–‡”ǤŠ‡›Ž‡ƒ Š‘—–™‹–Š‘—–Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰ƒ›”‡•‹†—‡‹”ƒ‹› Ž‹ƒ–‡•ƒ†ƒ ——Žƒ–‡‹†”›
”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ‡ ƒ›‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹ ƒ––‡”• ”‡ƒ–‡• ƒ”„‘‹ ƒ ‹†ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡Ž’•‹†‹••‘Ž˜‹‰”‘ ••— Š
ƒ•Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ǥ
o Carbonation:ƒ”„‘†‹‘š‹†‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ†•‘‹Žƒ‹”‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ„•‘”„‡†„›™ƒ–‡”–‘
ˆ‘” ƒ”„‘‹ ƒ ‹†ǤŠ‡ƒ ‹††‹••‘Ž˜‡•”‘ • ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ ƒŽ ‹— ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡•ƒ†ƒ‰‡•‹—
ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡•ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ ƒ˜‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Hydration: ‹‡”ƒŽ• –ƒ‡ —’ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ† ‡š’ƒ†Ǣ –Š‹• ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ƒ—•‡• ƒ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ –Š‡
˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹–•‡Žˆ‘””‘ Ǥ‘–‹—‡†”‡’‡–‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•’”‘ ‡•• ƒ—•‡•ˆƒ–‹‰—‡‹–Š‡
”‘ •ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†•–‘–Š‡‹”†‹•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘””‘ Ǧˆ”ƒ –—”‹‰Ǥ
o Oxidation and reductionǣ‘ • ‘–ƒ‹‹‰‹”‘ǡƒ‰ƒ‡•‡ƒ†•—Ž’Š—”‰‡–‘š‹†‹•‡†™Š‡
–Š‡”‡‹•”‡ƒ†›ƒ ‡••–‘–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ†‘š›‰‡ƒ–‡†™ƒ–‡”•ǤŠ‡‘š‹†‹•‡†‹‡”ƒŽ•ƒ”‡
’Žƒ ‡†‹ƒ‡˜‹”‘‡–™Š‡”‡‘š›‰‡‹•ƒ„•‡–ǡ”‡†— –‹‘–ƒ‡•’Žƒ ‡Ǥ— Š ‘†‹–‹‘•‡š‹•–
—•—ƒŽŽ›„‡Ž‘™–Š‡™ƒ–‡”–ƒ„Ž‡ǡ‹ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ•–ƒ‰ƒ–™ƒ–‡”ƒ†™ƒ–‡”Ž‘‰‰‡†‰”‘—†Ǥ
x Physical weathering processes:
o Unloading and expansion: ‡‘˜ƒŽ ‘ˆ ‘˜‡”Ž›‹‰ ”‘  Ž‘ƒ† „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ‘–‹—‡† ‡”‘•‹‘
ƒ—•‡• ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ ’”‡••—”‡ ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– –Šƒ– –Š‡ —’’‡” Žƒ›‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‘  ‡š’ƒ†
’”‘†— ‹‰†‹•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‘ ƒ••‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡„›‡šˆ‘Ž‹ƒ–‹‘†‘‡•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†Ǥ

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o Temperature changes and expansionǣ‹‡”ƒŽ•‡š’ƒ†™‹–Š–Š‡”‹•‡‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†
‘–”ƒ –™Š‡‹–ˆƒŽŽ•Ǥ †”› Ž‹ƒ–‡•ƒ†Š‹‰Š‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘•™Š‡”‡†‹—”ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ Šƒ‰‡•
ƒ”‡†”ƒ•–‹ ǡ–Š‡›ƒ‡–Š‡”‘ ™‡ƒ†—‡–‘ ‘–‹—‡†ˆƒ–‹‰—‡Ǥ‘”•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡††—‡–‘•— Š
‡šˆ‘Ž‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Freezing, thawing and frost wedging: ”‘•–™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰‘ —”•†—‡–‘‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ‹ ‡™‹–Š‹
’‘”‡•ƒ† ”ƒ •‘ˆ”‘ •†—”‹‰”‡’‡ƒ–‡† › Ž‡•‘ˆˆ”‡‡œ‹‰ƒ†‡Ž–‹‰ǤŠ‹•’”‘ ‡••‹•‘•–
‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ–Š‹‰Š‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘•‹‹†ǦŽƒ–‹–—†‡•™Š‡”‡ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰ƒ†‡Ž–‹‰‹•‘ˆ–‡”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ǥ
o Salt weathering: ‘ • ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ •ƒŽ–• Ž‹‡ ƒŽ ‹—ǡ •‘†‹—ǡ ƒ‰‡•‹—ǡ ’‘–ƒ••‹— ƒ†
„ƒ”‹— Šƒ˜‡ ƒ –‡†‡ › –‘ ‡š’ƒ† †—‡ –‘ –Š‡”ƒŽ ƒ –‹‘ ȋƒ„‘˜‡ ͵Ͳ †‡‰”‡‡• ‡Ž•‹—•Ȍǡ
Š›†”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ – Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ ‰”ƒ—Žƒ” †‹•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ
’‘Ž›‰‘ƒŽ ”ƒ •‘˜‡”–Š‡Š‡ƒ˜‡†•—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ
x Biological weathering:
o Burrowing and wedging: —””‘™‹‰ƒ†™‡†‰‹‰„›‘”‰ƒ‹••Ž‹‡‡ƒ”–Š™‘”•ǡ–‡”‹–‡•ǡ
”‘†‡–• ‡– Ǥǡ Š‡Ž’ ‹ ‡š’‘•‹‰ –Š‡ ‡™ •—”ˆƒ ‡• –‘ Š‡‹ ƒŽ ƒ––ƒ  ƒ† ƒ••‹•–• ‹ –Š‡
’‡‡–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘‹•–—”‡ƒ†ƒ‹”Ǥ
o Human action: —ƒ„‡‹‰•„›†‹•–—”„‹‰˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ’Ž‘—‰Š‹‰ƒ† —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‰•‘‹Ž•ǡƒŽ•‘
Š‡Ž’ ‹ ‹š‹‰ ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ‡™ ‘–ƒ –• „‡–™‡‡ ƒ‹”ǡ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ† ‹‡”ƒŽ• ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ
o Decaying plant and animal matter: Š‡› Š‡Ž’ ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ Š—‹ ǡ ƒ”„‘‹  ƒ†
‘–Š‡”ƒ ‹†•ǡ™Š‹ Š‡Šƒ ‡•†‡ ƒ›ƒ†•‘Ž—„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ•‘‡‡Ž‡‡–•Ǥ
o Plant roots: Š‡•‡ ‡š‡”– ƒ –”‡‡†‘—• ’”‡••—”‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• „› ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽŽ›
„”‡ƒ‹‰–Š‡ƒ’ƒ”–Ǥ
‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰’”‘ ‡••‡•”ƒ”‡Ž›‡˜‡”‘’‡”ƒ–‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›„›–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ„—–“—‹–‡‘ˆ–‡ƒ†‘‹ƒ ‡‘ˆ
‘‡’”‘ ‡•• ƒ„‡•‡‡Ǥ

13. Explaining the meaning of land subsidence, discuss the factors that may have led to the
subsidence observed at Joshimath in Uttarakhand.
Approach:
x š’Žƒ‹–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆŽƒ†•—„•‹†‡ ‡Ǥ
x ‹˜‡ƒ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡•—„•‹†‡ ‡‘„•‡”˜‡†ƒ– ‘•Š‹ƒ–Šƒ††‹• —••–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆƒ –‘”•–Šƒ–
ƒ›Šƒ˜‡Ž‡†–‘Žƒ†•—„•‹†‡ ‡‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘Ǥ
x ‘ Ž—†‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ
Answer:
Land subsidence ‹• †‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ• ƒ ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽ •‡––Ž‹‰ ‘” •—††‡ •‹‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š̵• •—”ˆƒ ‡ †—‡ –‘
”‡‘˜ƒŽ‘”†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ•—„Ǧ•—”ˆƒ ‡‡ƒ”–Šƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ –‹•ƒ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••–Šƒ– ƒ„‡ ƒ—•‡†
„› ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡˜‡–• •— Š ƒ• ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ǡ •‘‹Ž ‘’ƒ –‹‘ǡ ‡”‘•‹‘ǡ •‹Š‘Ž‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ƒ††‹‰
™ƒ–‡”–‘ˆ‹‡•‘‹Ž•†‡’‘•‹–‡†„›™‹†Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ•‘ ƒ—•‡†„›ƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡••— Šƒ•”‡‘˜ƒŽ
‘ˆ‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”ǡ‘‹Žǡ‘”ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š‹‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ
‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ ‘•Š‹ƒ–Š‹––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†Šƒ•„‡‡†‡ Žƒ”‡†ƒlandslide-subsidence zoneƒ•Žƒ”‰‡ ”ƒ •
•–ƒ”–‡† –‘ ƒ’’‡ƒ” ‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰• ƒ† ”‘ƒ†•Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡ • ‹‡–‹•–• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †‹ƒ •–‹–—–‡ ‘ˆ ‡‘–‡
‡•‹‰‘„•‡”˜‡†–Šƒ– ‘•Š‹ƒ–Šƒ†–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•‹‹‰ƒ–ƒ”ƒ–‡‘ˆ͸Ǥͷ ȋʹǤͷ
‹ Š‡•Ȍ’‡”›‡ƒ”„ƒ•‡†‘•ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡†ƒ–ƒˆ”‘ —Ž›ʹͲʹͲ–‘ƒ” ŠʹͲʹʹǤ
Š‡Žƒ†•—„•‹†‡ ‡‹ ‘•Š‹ƒ–Š‹•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘„‡ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ„‘–Šƒ–—”ƒŽƒ†ƒǦ
ƒ†‡”‡ƒ•‘•ǤThey are:
x Built on an ancient landslide material:š’‡”–•Šƒ˜‡’‘‹–‡†‘—––Šƒ– ‘•Š‹ƒ–Š ‹–›Šƒ•„‡‡
„—‹Ž–‘ƒƒ ‹‡–Žƒ†•Ž‹†‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ‡ƒ‹‰‹–”‡•–•‘ƒ†‡’‘•‹–‘ˆ•ƒ†ƒ†•–‘‡ǡƒ†‘–
”‘ ǡ™Š‹ Š†‘‡•‘–Šƒ˜‡Š‹‰ŠŽ‘ƒ†Ǧ„‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ǤŠ‹•ƒ‡•–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‡š–”‡‡Ž›˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡
–‘–Š‡‡˜‡”Ǧ„—”‰‡‘‹‰‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ƒ†’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
x Geographic faultǣ ‘–Š‡” ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ˆƒ –‘” ˆ‘” Žƒ† •—„•‹†‡ ‡ ƒ”‰—‡† „› ‡š’‡”–• ‹• –Š‡ re-
activation of a geographic fault. –‹•ƒˆ”ƒ –—”‡‘”œ‘‡‘ˆˆ”ƒ –—”‡•„‡–™‡‡–™‘„Ž‘ •‘ˆ”‘ •
™Š‡”‡–Š‡ †‹ƒŽƒ–‡Šƒ•’—•Š‡†—†‡”–Š‡—”ƒ•‹ƒŽƒ–‡ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•Ǥ

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x Prone to extreme weather eventsǣŽ‹ƒ–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡–‘™Ž‹‡•‹ƒ”‡‰‹‘–Šƒ–”‡ ‡‹˜‡•˜‡”›
Š‹‰Š”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ™Š‹ ŠŽ‡ƒ†•–‘Š‡‹‰Š–‡‡†‡”‘•‹‘ƒ•™‹–‡••‡††—”‹‰–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘†•‘ˆʹͲͳ͵
ƒ†ʹͲʹͳǤ
x Lack of proper drainage systemǣ’Žƒ‡†ƒ†—ƒ—–Š‘”‹•‡† ‘•–”— –‹‘Šƒ•„Ž‘ ‡†–Š‡
ƒ–—”ƒŽˆŽ‘™‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ–‡”ǡ™Š‹ ŠŽ‡ƒ†•–‘ˆ”‡“—‡–Žƒ†•Ž‹†‡•ƒ†ƒ›ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡ ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘
Žƒ†•—„•‹†‡ ‡Ǥ
x Hydel power activities:Š‡–—‡ŽŽ‹‰™‘”„‡‹‰ ƒ””‹‡†‘—–ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆŠ›†‡Ž’‘™‡”
Ž‹‡Tapovan Vishnugad Hydro Power Projectƒ›Šƒ˜‡Š‹–ƒ††”ƒ‹‡†ƒƒ“—‹ˆ‡”ǤŠ‹•™‘—Ž†
Šƒ˜‡ ƒ—•‡†–Š‡Žƒ†–‘•—„•‹†‡Ǥ
x Administrative apathy:Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆŽƒ†•—„•‹†‡ ‡ƒ†‹–•”‡•—Ž–ƒ–‡ˆˆ‡ –•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡˜‹•‹„Ž‡
•‹ ‡ Ž‘‰ ƒ† –Š‡ M.C. Mishra Committee Šƒ† ™ƒ”‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹•– —• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ƒ† Š‡ƒ˜›
‘•–”— –‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ†—‡–‘‹ƒ –‹‘ǡ—ƒ„ƒ–‡† ‘•–”— –‹‘™ƒ•™‹–‡••‡†‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǤ
Š‡‡˜‡–•‘ˆ ‘•Š‹ƒ–Š‹––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†Šƒ˜‡’‘•‡†•‘ ‹ƒŽǡ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽǡ–‡ Š‹ ƒŽǡƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ 
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† •–ƒ–‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–•Ǥ Š‡› ”ƒ‹•‡ –Š‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ „ƒŽƒ ‡
„‡–™‡‡‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ’”‘–‡ –‹‘Ǥ
’ƒ”– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ ”‡Ž‹‡ˆ ƒ† ”‡Šƒ„‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒˆˆ‡ –‡† ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ ƒ Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡” ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘Œ‡ –••— Šƒ•–Š‡Šƒ”Šƒ ‹‰Š™ƒ›ƒ† ›†‡Ž’”‘Œ‡ –•‹––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†
ƒ†‘–Š‡”Š‹ŽŽ›•–ƒ–‡•‡‡†•–‘„‡–ƒ‡„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•Ǥ

14. Provide an account of the various challenges that India faces in realising the potential of solar
energy.
Approach:
x ‡–‹‘ †‹ƒ̵•‰‘ƒŽˆ‘””‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡‡‡”‰›„›ʹͲ͵Ͳƒ†–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ•‘Žƒ”‡‡”‰›‹–Š‹• ‘–‡š–Ǥ
x ‹• —••–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‡ ‘—–‡”‡†‹”‡ƒŽ‹•‹‰–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ•‘Žƒ”‡‡”‰›Ǥ
x —‰‰‡•–ƒ™ƒ›ˆ‘”™ƒ”†–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡•‡‹••—‡•Ǥ
Answer:
†‹ƒ‹•‹–Š‡‹†•–‘ˆƒ—’”‡ ‡†‡–‡†”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡‡‡”‰›‡š’ƒ•‹‘ƒ†Šƒ••‡–‹–•‡Žˆƒ–ƒ”‰‡––‘
ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ͷͲͲ ‘ˆ”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡‡‡”‰›„›ʹͲ͵ͲǤŠ‹Ž‡ †‹ƒŠƒ•ƒ‹•–ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ’ƒ ‹–›͸ʹ ‘ˆ•‘Žƒ”
‹ʹͲʹʹǡ‹–’Žƒ•–‘‡š’ƒ†‹––‘͵ͲͲ „›ʹͲ͵Ͳ”‡“—‹”‹‰ƒ††‹–‹‘‘ˆ͵Ͳ  ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‡ƒ Š›‡ƒ”Ǥ
˜‡”ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ †‹ƒǯ•–‡””ƒ‹‹••—›ƒ†•‡‹Ǧƒ”‹†ǡ”‡ ‡‹˜‹‰ͳǡͲͲͲ‘ˆ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‘”Ž‡••‡˜‡”››‡ƒ”
ƒ‹‰‹––‘‘†”›–‘•—’’‘”– ‘–‹—‘—• ƒ‘’›ǤŠ‹•‰‹˜‡• †‹ƒƒ‹‡•‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡
•‘Žƒ”’‘™‡”Ǥ
However, there are multiple challenges that prohibit India from utilising its potential, such as:
x High import dependency:  ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ •‘Žƒ” ‡‡”‰› ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ ͺͲ ’‡” ‡– ‘ˆ †‹ƒǯ• •‘Žƒ”
’Š‘–‘˜‘Ž–ƒ‹ ‘†—Ž‡ƒ”‡–‹•„‡‹‰ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†„›‹’‘”–•ˆ”‘Š‹‡•‡•—’’Ž‹‡”•ǤŠ‹•‹•†‡•’‹–‡
‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡• Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ”‘†— –‹‘ ‹‡†  ‡–‹˜‡• ȋ •Ȍ ƒ† ‹’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ•‹  —•–‘• —–›
ȋȌ–‘•—’’‘”–Ž‘ ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡Ǥ
x Financing of solar energy:‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•—„•‹†‹‡•ƒ†–ƒš —–•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡•—’’‘”–‡†•‘Žƒ”‡‡”‰›
’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ”‡‰‘‹‰–‘‰‡–†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹ƒ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–•ƒ†
†‹• ‘• ƒ”‡ •–”‡••‡†Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡ ‹– ™‘—Ž† –ƒ‡ ƒ Ž‘‰ –‹‡ –‘ „”‹‰ ‘’Ž‡–‡ ’ƒ”‹–› ™‹–Š –Š‡
‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ•‘—” ‡••— Šƒ•–Š‡”ƒŽ’‘™‡”Ǥ
x High T&D (Transmission and Distribution): Š‡ ‘•– ‘ˆ Ƭ Ž‘••‡• ‹• ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͶͲΨǡ
ƒ‹‰‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘–Š”‘—‰Š•‘Žƒ”‡‡”‰›•‘—” ‡•Š‹‰ŠŽ›—ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡Ǥ
x No solar waste management policy: ‡•’‹–‡ƒ„‹–‹‘—••‘Žƒ”‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘–ƒ”‰‡–•ǡ †‹ƒ†‘‡•‘–
Šƒ˜‡ƒ’‘Ž‹ ›ˆ‘”ƒƒ‰‹‰‹–••‘Žƒ”™ƒ•–‡Ǥ
x Issues with rooftop solar plants:ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‹‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‘‘ˆ–‘’•‘Žƒ”’Žƒ–•ƒ†
–Š‡‹” ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‰”‹† ‹ ƒ ‘•–Ǧ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ‡” ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‡–Ǧ‡–‡”‹‰ ƒ”‡
Šƒ’‡”‹‰–Š‡•— ‡••‘ˆ–Š‹•‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ
x Land acquisition with clear titling: ‘Žƒ” ’Žƒ–•”‡“—‹”‡ Žƒ”‰‡ ‘’‡ •’ƒ ‡• ™Š‹ Š Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡
†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– –‘ ƒ “—‹”‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡ ‡˜‡ ’Žƒ‡† ’”‘Œ‡ –• ƒ”‡ ‰‡––‹‰ †‡Žƒ›‡† ƒ† ‘•– ‘˜‡””—• ƒ”‡
‘„•‡”˜‡†Ǥ
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‡•’‹–‡–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡Ǧ‡–‹‘‡† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡‡‡”‰›ƒ†•‘Žƒ”‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‹• ”‹–‹ ƒŽˆ‘” †‹ƒ
–‘’”‘‰”‡••–‘™ƒ”†•‹–•‡–Ǧœ‡”‘‰‘ƒŽǤ›‘„‹Ž‹•‹‰ˆ‹ƒ ‡•ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡˆ‘ —•‹‰‘‡Šƒ ‡†
‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘—†‡”–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘Žƒ”ŽŽ‹ƒ ‡ǡ”‡‘˜‹‰„‘––Ž‡‡ •‹’‘Ž‹ ›‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘
ƒ† ƒ†‘’–‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ ‘•›•–‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡ †‹ƒ ƒ –ƒ‡ ˆ‹” •–‡’ –‘™ƒ”†• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ •‘Žƒ” ‡‡”‰›
’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†”‡ƒŽ‹•‹‰‹–•ƒ‹‘ˆ‰”‡‡‰”‘™–ŠǤ

15. Explain the phenomenon of heat budget of the earth. Also, enumerate the factors controlling the
distribution of temperature on the earth's surface.
Approach:
x –ƒ”–„›†‡ˆ‹‹‰–Š‡ ‡ƒ–—†‰‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–ŠǤ
x •‹‰†‹ƒ‰”ƒǡ‡š’Žƒ‹Š‘™ ‡ƒ–—†‰‡–‘ˆƒ”–Š™‘”•Ǥ
x Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡‘–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•ˆƒ –‘”• ‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šǯ••—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ
x ‘ Ž—†‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ
Answer:
Š‡earth as a whole does not accumulate or loose heat. ƒ”–Šƒ‹–ƒ‹•‹–•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ†–Š‹•
ƒŠƒ’’‡‘Ž›‹ˆ–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–”‡ ‡‹˜‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘‡“—ƒŽ•–Š‡ƒ‘—–Ž‘•–„›–Š‡
‡ƒ”–Š–Š”‘—‰Š–‡””‡•–”‹ƒŽ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ǤThe mechanism by which this is maintained is termed as Heat
Budget of the Earth.
Mechanism in Heat Budget:
x Short Wave Solar Radiationǣ••—‹‰ͳͲͲ—‹–•ƒ””‹˜‡ˆ”‘–Š‡—ǡ͵ͷƒ”‡”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†„ƒ ‹
–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆŽ„‡†‘ƒ†”‡ƒ‹‹‰͸ͷ—‹–•ƒ”‡ƒ„•‘”„‡†ȋͳͶ—‹–•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ†ͷͳ
—‹–•„›–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šǯ••—”ˆƒ ‡ȌǤ
x Long Wave Earth Radiationǣ
Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡• „ƒ  ͷͳ
—‹–•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ–‡””‡•–”‹ƒŽ
”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ˆ –Š‡•‡ǡ ͳ͹ —‹–•
ƒ”‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡†–‘•’ƒ ‡†‹”‡ –Ž›
ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡ƒ‹‹‰ ͵Ͷ —‹–•
ƒ”‡ ƒ„•‘”„‡† „› –Š‡
ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‡ Ͷͺ —‹–•
ƒ„•‘”„‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡
ȋͳͶ—‹–•ˆ”‘‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘Ϊ͵Ͷ
—‹–• ˆ”‘ –‡””‡•–”‹ƒŽ
”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘Ȍ ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡†
„ƒ ‹–‘•’ƒ ‡Ǥ
x Š—•ǡ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘”‡–—”‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šƒ†–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›‹•ͳ͹ΪͶͺα͸ͷ
—‹–•™Š‹ Š„ƒŽƒ ‡–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ͸ͷ—‹–•”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•—Ǥ
Factors controlling temperature distribution on the Earth’s surface:
x LatitudeǣŠ‡Žƒ–‹–—†‡• Ž‘•‡”–‘–Š‡
‡“—ƒ–‘” ƒ”‡ Š‘––‡” –Šƒ ‘’ƒ”‡†
–‘ –Š‡ ’‘Žƒ” ‘‡•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• „‡ ƒ—•‡
–Š‡ •— ”ƒ›• „‡ ‘‡ ‘”‡ ƒ†
‘”‡ ‹ Ž‹‡† –‘™ƒ”†• ’‘Ž‡• ˜‹•ǦǦ
˜‹• ‡“—ƒ–‘” ƒ† Š‡ ‡ –Š‡ ƒ‘—–
‘ˆ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘‹‹‹œ‡•’‘Ž‡™ƒ”†Ǥ
x Altitudeǣ • –Š‡ ƒ”–Š ‹• Š‡ƒ–‡†
ˆ”‘ „‡Ž‘™ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ
–‡””‡•–”‹ƒŽ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡’Žƒ ‡•‡ƒ”
–Š‡ •‡ƒǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ”‡ ‘”† Š‹‰Š‡”
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ –Šƒ –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡•
•‹–—ƒ–‡†ƒ–Š‹‰Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

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x Continentality:‘’ƒ”‡†–‘Žƒ†ǡ–Š‡•‡ƒ‰‡–•Š‡ƒ–‡†•Ž‘™Ž›ƒ†Ž‘•‡•Š‡ƒ–•Ž‘™Ž›ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ
–Š‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘˜‡”–Š‡•‡ƒ‹•Ž‡•• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘Žƒ†Ǥ
x Air-mass and Ocean currentsǣŠ‡’Žƒ ‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š ‘‡—†‡”–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ™ƒ”ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•
‘” ™ƒ” ‘ ‡ƒ —””‡–• ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ Š‹‰Š‡” –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡• –Šƒ– ‘‡ —†‡” –Š‡
‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ ‘Ž†ƒ‹”Ǧƒ••‡•‘” ‘Ž†‘ ‡ƒ —””‡–•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ž‘™–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
x Other factorsǣ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‘–Š‡” ˆƒ –‘”• Ž‹‡ ™‹†•ǡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘‹Žǡ •Ž‘’‡ ƒ† ƒ•’‡ – ‘ˆ –Š‡
•—”ˆƒ ‡ǡ ‡– Ǥ –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ †ƒ”Ǧ
‘Ž‘—”‡†•‘‹Žƒ„•‘”„•‘”‡‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–Ǧ ‘Ž‘—”‡†•‘‹ŽǤ
Š‡ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ– „—†‰‡– Š‡Ž’• —• reflect upon dynamic nature of the Earth’s
functioning. ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ”‡ ‡– ‡˜‡–• Ž‹‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ™ƒ”‹‰ ƒ† ‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡
’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘†‹•–‘”––Š‹•†‡Ž‹ ƒ–‡„ƒŽƒ ‡ƒ†ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ ƒ”‡—•–„‡–ƒ‡–‘™ƒ”†•”‡•–‘”‹‰‹–Ǥ

16. What are glacial lakes? Discuss the various factors behind glacial lake outburst floods.
Approach:
x –Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘ǡ‡š’Žƒ‹‰Žƒ ‹ƒŽŽƒ‡•Ǥ
x ‹• —••–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•ˆƒ –‘”•„‡Š‹†‰Žƒ ‹ƒŽŽƒ‡‘—–„—”•–ˆŽ‘‘†•Ǥ
x ‘ Ž—†‡„›•–ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‹”‹’ƒ –ƒ†ƒƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡™ƒ›ˆ‘”™ƒ”†Ǥ
Answer:
Glacial lakes are bodies of water–Šƒ–‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•ˆ”‘‰Žƒ ‹‡”•Ǥ ––›’‹ ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”•ƒ––Š‡ˆ‘‘–‘ˆƒ
‰Žƒ ‹‡”ǡ„—–ƒ›ˆ‘”‘ǡ‹ǡ‘”—†‡”‹–ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ ‘‘ƒ”‘—†–Š‡„‘”†‡”•‘ˆ‰Žƒ ‹‡”•ƒ†‹ ‡
•Š‡‡–• ƒ† ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ –™‘ ƒ‹ ‰”‘—’•ǣ ice contact lakes and distal lakesǤ ‡
‘–ƒ –Žƒ‡•ƒ”‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ‰Žƒ ‹‡”‹ ‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‰‹Žƒ‡™ƒ–‡”ƒ††‹•–ƒŽ
Žƒ‡•ƒ”‡•‘‡™Šƒ–†‹•–ƒ–ˆ”‘„—–•–‹ŽŽ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ‰Žƒ ‹‡”•ƒ†Ȁ‘”‹ ‡•Š‡‡–•Ǥ
ˆ–‡ ‰Žƒ ‹ƒŽ Žƒ‡• ƒ—•‡ glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs).   ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –Š‡ ˆŽ‘‘†‹‰ –Šƒ–
‘ —”•™Š‡–Š‡™ƒ–‡”†ƒ‡†„›ƒ‰Žƒ ‹‡”‘”ƒ‘”ƒ‹‡‹•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†•—††‡Ž›Ǥ  •Šƒ˜‡–Š”‡‡
ƒ‹ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‹Ǥ‡Ǥ–Š‡›‹˜‘Ž˜‡•—††‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ǡ–Š‡›–‡†–‘„‡”ƒ’‹†‡˜‡–•ƒ†–Š‡›”‡•—Ž–
‹ Žƒ”‰‡ †‘™•–”‡ƒ ”‹˜‡” †‹• Šƒ”‰‡•Ǥ  ʹͲʹͳǡ Šƒ‘Ž‹ †‹•–”‹ – ‹ ––ƒ”ƒŠƒ† ™‹–‡••‡† ˆŽƒ•Š
ˆŽ‘‘†•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡•—•’‡ –‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ƒ—•‡†„›  •ǤŠ‡‡†ƒ”ƒ–Š–”ƒ‰‡†›‹ʹͲͳ͵ǡ™Š‹ Š
Ž‡ˆ–ƒ„‘—–ͷͲͲͲ†‡ƒ†™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ƒ‰Žƒ ‹ƒŽŽƒ‡„”‡ƒ ŠǤ
Factors behind glacial lake outburst floods:
x Heavy rainfall:‡”›Š‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‘–Š‡—’•–”‡ƒ‘ˆ‰Žƒ ‹‡”Ž‡ƒ†•–‘’‹Ž‹‰—’‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹‰Žƒ ‹ƒŽ
Žƒ‡•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ›–”‹‰‰‡”„”‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‡„‘—†ƒ”›™Š‹ Š‹•ˆ‘”‡†„›‘”ƒ‹‡•ǤŽ‘—†„—”•–ǡ
ƒ ‘‘’Š‡‘‡‘‹Š‹ŽŽ•ǡ‹•ƒŽ•‘‘‡ˆƒ –‘”–Šƒ– ƒ–”‹‰‰‡”  •Ǥ
x Snowmelt:—‡–‘‰Ž‘„ƒŽ™ƒ”‹‰ǡ‰Žƒ ‹‡”•ƒ”‡‡Ž–‹‰”ƒ’‹†Ž›–Š—• ”‡ƒ–‹‰‘”‡‰Žƒ ‹ƒŽŽƒ‡•
ƒ†”‡Ž‡ƒ•‹‰‘”‡™ƒ–‡”‹–‘–Š‡•‡Žƒ‡•ǤŠ‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†™ƒ–‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•ˆ‘”
 •Ǥ
x Rapid slope movement into the lake:ƒ••‘˜‡‡–•‹–‘–Š‡Žƒ‡ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ”‘ ˆƒŽŽ•ǡŽƒ†•Ž‹†‡ǡ
ƒ˜ƒŽƒ Š‡•ǡ‡– ǤȌƒ› ”‡ƒ–‡‡š–”ƒ’”‡••—”‡–‘„”‡ƒ Š–Š‡•‹†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‡Ǥ
x Earthquakes: Š‡› ƒ› –”‹‰‰‡”• •Ž‘’‡ ‘˜‡‡–• ™Š‹ Š ƒ› Ž‡ƒ† –‘ „”‡ƒ Š ‘ˆ Žƒ‡• ƒ†
‘•‡“—‡–Ž›  •Ǥ
x Blocking of subsurface outflow:—‡–‘ƒ–—”ƒŽƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ–Š”‘’‘‰‡‹ ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ„Ž‘ ƒ‰‡‘ˆ
•—„Ǧ•—”ˆƒ ‡‘—–ˆŽ‘™ƒ›Ž‡ƒ†–‘ ‘’‹Ž‹‰‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹‰Žƒ ‹ƒŽŽƒ‡•™Š‹ Š‘”‡ƒ Š‹‰Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ
–Š”‡•Š‘Ž†ƒ›–”‹‰‰‡”  •Ǥ
x Anthropogenic activities:  –‹˜‹–‹‡• •— Š ƒ• †ƒ ‘•–”— –‹‘ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡
‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ–‡Ž‡ƒ†–‘†‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•Ž‘’‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š ƒƒŽ•‘–”‹‰‰‡”„”‡ƒ Š‹‰‘ˆŽƒ‡•Ǥ
Š‡ ƒ ‰Žƒ ‹ƒŽ Žƒ‡ „—”•–•ǡ ‹–• ™ƒ–‡” ˆŽ‘™• ‹–‘ †‘™•–”‡ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ• ƒ– ‡š–”‡‡ •’‡‡†Ǥ Š‹• ƒ—•‡•
ƒ••‹˜‡†ƒƒ‰‡–‘–Š‡‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǤŠ‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ”‡™‹–‡••‹‰ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š”‡ƒ–‘ˆ‰Žƒ ‹ƒŽ
Žƒ‡‘—–„—”•–ˆŽ‘‘†‹‰ƒ†ƒ••‹˜‡†‡•–”— –‹‘–‘–Š‡‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡ™Š‹ Š ƒ Žƒ‹–Š‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆ
Ž‹˜‡•Ǥ
–Š‡™ƒ‡‘ˆ”‡ ‡–‹ ”‡ƒ•‡††‹•ƒ•–‡”•Ž‹‡–Šƒ–‘ˆŠƒ‘Ž‹ǡ–Š‡NDMA has released guidelines‘
Š‘™–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š†‹•ƒ•–‡”• ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡Ǥ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Šƒ–ǡƒ–Š”‘’‘‰‡‹ ˆ‘‘–’”‹–•‹•— ŠŠƒœƒ”†
’”‘‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‡‡†–‘„‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†ǡƒ•–Š‡”‡‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–Š”‡ƒ–‘ˆ  •Ǥ
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17. Enlisting the key factors responsible for rubber production in India, give an overview of the
rubber industry in the country.
Approach:
x –”‘†— ‡„›‰‹˜‹‰ƒ„”‹‡ˆƒ ‘—–‘ˆ”—„„‡” ”‘’Ǥ
x Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡‘–Š‡‡›ˆƒ –‘”•ˆ‘””—„„‡”’”‘†— –‹‘‹ †‹ƒǤ
x ‹˜‡ƒ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡”—„„‡”‹†—•–”›‹ †‹ƒǤ
x ‘ Ž—†‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ 
Answer:
ƒ–—”ƒŽ”—„„‡”‹•ƒcommercial plantation crop ˆ”‘–Š‡–”‡‡•’‡ ‹‡• ‡˜‡ƒ„”ƒ•‹Ž‹‡•ƒ†‹•‰”‘™
‹ –”‘’‹ ƒŽ Š—‹† Ž‹ƒ–‹  ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ —„„‡” ‹• Žƒ”‰‡Ž› ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ƒ• ƒ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹  ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ”ƒ™
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ ‘”†‡†ƒ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”†‡ˆ‡ ‡ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‡ —”‹–›ƒ†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
Factors responsible for rubber production in India include:
x Climate and geographyǣ—„„‡””‡“—‹”‡•ƒmoist and humid climate with rainfall of more
than 200 cm and temperature above 25°C. 
o †‹ƒŠƒ•ƒtropical climate –Šƒ–‹• ideal ˆ‘”‰”‘™‹‰”—„„‡”–”‡‡•Ǥ
o ‘‡ †‹ƒ”‡‰‹‘•Šƒ˜‡abundant rainfall and high humidityǡ™Š‹ Š•—’’‘”––Š‡‰”‘™–Š
‘ˆ”—„„‡”–”‡‡•Ǥ
x Socio-economic factorsǣ—„„‡”‹•Žƒ”‰‡Ž›‰”‘™„›•ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡”•ƒ†ͻͳΨ‘ˆ”—„„‡”’Žƒ–‡†
ƒ”‡ƒƒ†ͻʹΨ‘ˆ’”‘†— –‹‘‹•‹–Š‡•ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‹‰•‡ –‘”ȋ„‡Ž‘™ͳͲŠƒȌǤ
o Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ around 1.3 million rubber growers and 0.6 million workers ‹ –Š‡ ”—„„‡”
’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘•‡ –‘”‹ †‹ƒǤ
o ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‘™‡”•‹–Š‡‘Ǧ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”—„„‡”‰”‘™‹‰”‡‰‹‘•are from tribal and other
resource poor communities.
x Soil fertility:—„„‡”‹•‰”‘™‹literate or loamy soil, mostly in slope and undulated land
or slightly high elaborated flat land ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” •–ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ†
Šƒ˜‹‰™‡ŽŽ†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ
x Availability of skilled labour: †‹ƒ Šƒ• ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ ’‘‘Ž ‘ˆ •‹ŽŽ‡† ƒ† —•‹ŽŽ‡† Žƒ„‘—” –Šƒ– ‹•
‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆ”—„„‡”Ǥ
x Government support:Š‡ †‹ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–’”‘˜‹†‡•˜ƒ”‹‘—•‹ ‡–‹˜‡•ƒ†•—„•‹†‹‡•–‘–Š‡
”—„„‡”‹†—•–”›–‘’”‘‘–‡‹–•‰”‘™–Šƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
o The Rubber Act, 1947, ’”‘˜‹†‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”—„„‡” ‹†—•–”› —†‡” –Š‡
‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡‹‘Ǥ
o The Rubber Board, Š‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”‡† ƒ– ‘––ƒ›ƒǡ ‡”ƒŽƒǡ —†‡” –Š‡ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‹‹•–”›‘ˆ‘‡” ‡ƒ† †—•–”›Šƒ•„‡‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›•—’’‘”–‹‰–Š‡”—„„‡”‹†—•–”›Ǥ
Rubber industry in India:
x –‹•ƒ‹Ž›‰”‘™in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Garo
hills of MeghalayaǤ
o ‡”ƒŽƒƒ†ƒ‹Žƒ†—ƒ ‘—–ˆ‘”ƒ„‘—–ͺͳΨ‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ
x As per the National Rubber Policy 2019:
o †‹ƒ‹•ƒ‘‰•––Š‡ƒŒ‘”’”‘†— ‡”•‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ”—„„‡”‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
o †‹ƒ ‹• —””‡–Ž› –Š‡ ͸–Š Žƒ”‰‡•– ’”‘†— ‡” ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ”—„„‡” ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ™‹–Š ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
Š‹‰Š‡•–’”‘†— –‹˜‹–‹‡•ȋ͸ͻͶǡͲͲͲ–‘‡•‹ʹͲͳ͹ǦͳͺȌǤ
o Š‡ production capacity ‹ †‹ƒ ‹• around 900,000 tonnesǡ ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‘—† ͹ͷΨ ‹•
–ƒ’’‡†Ǥ
o †‹ƒ‹•–Š‡ 2nd largest consumer ‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ”—„„‡”‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
–Š‡”‡ ‡–›‡ƒ”•ǡƒ–—”ƒŽ”—„„‡”’”‘†— –‹‘‹ †‹ƒŠƒ•„‡‡™‹–‡••‹‰ƒ•Šƒ”’†‡ Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘”†‡”
–‘„‘‘•––Š‡”—„„‡”‹†—•–”›‹ †‹ƒǡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ž‹‡Ž‘™‡”’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›’‡”Š‡ –ƒ”‡ǡ ‘•–ƒ–ˆƒŽŽ‹
’”‹ ‡•‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ”—„„‡”ǡ”‹•‹‰Žƒ„‘—” ‘•–ǡ ‘ˆŽ‹ –‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡”—„„‡”‰”‘™‡”•ƒ†–›”‡
‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡŠ‹‰Š‹’—– ‘•–•ǡ‡– Ǥ‡‡†–‘„‡‘˜‡” ‘‡Ǥ

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18. What are air masses? Highlighting their different types, discuss their significance.
Approach:
x š’Žƒ‹™Šƒ–›‘——†‡”•–ƒ†„›ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•‹–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ
x ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š––Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆƒ‹”ƒ••‡•Ǥ
x ‹• —••–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆƒ‹”ƒ••‡•Ǥ
x ‘ Ž—†‡ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž›Ǥ
Answer:
ƒ‹”ƒ••‹•ƒŽƒ”‰‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆƒ‹”‹–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡–Šƒ–‹•‘•–Ž›—‹ˆ‘”‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†
‘‹•–—”‡Ǥ‹”ƒ••‡• ƒ‡š–‡†–Š‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•‹ƒ›†‹”‡ –‹‘ǡƒ† ƒ”‡ƒ Šˆ”‘‰”‘—†
Ž‡˜‡Ž–‘–Š‡•–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ȅͳ͸‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ȋͳͲ‹Ž‡•Ȍ‹–‘–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†„ƒ•‡†
‘–Š‡‹”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†Š—‹†‹–› Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡‹”‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ‘”‹‰‹Ǥ
The common types of air masses are:
x Maritime Tropical(mT):Š‡•‡ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•ƒ”‡™ƒ”ƒ†Š—‹†ǡƒ†–Š‡›‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡ˆ”‘–Š‡
‘ ‡ƒ•‹–Š‡–”‘’‹ •Ǥ
x Maritime Polar(mP):Š‡•‡ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•ƒ”‡ ‘Ž†ƒ†Š—‹†ƒ†‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‘ ‡ƒ•‹–Š‡
’‘Žƒ”Žƒ–‹–—†‡•Ǥ
x Continental Polar(cP):Š‡›ƒ”‡ ‘Ž†ǡ†”›ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‹‰ˆ”‘Žƒ†”‡‰‹‘•‹–Š‡’‘Žƒ”
Žƒ–‹–—†‡•Ǥ
x Continental Tropical(cT)ǣŠ‡•‡ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•ƒ”‡Š‘–ƒ††”›‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‹‰ˆ”‘Žƒ†‹–Š‡–”‘’‹ •Ǥ
x Continental Arctic (cA):Š‡›ƒ”‡ ‘Ž†ǡ†”›ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡‘”–Š‘Ž‡Ǥ
x Continental Antarctic(cAA):Š‡•‡ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•ƒ”‡‡š–”‡‡Ž› ‘Ž†ƒ††”›‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‹‰ˆ”‘Žƒ†
ƒ––Š‡‘—–Š‘Ž‡Ǥ
Significance of air massesǣ
x Formation of frontsǣŠ‡ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•‘˜‡ǡ–Š‡›ƒ› ‘ŽŽ‹†‡™‹–Š‘–Š‡”ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•ƒ†™Š‡ƒ
‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘‘ —”•ǡ–Š‡–™‘ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ„‘—†ƒ”› ƒŽŽ‡†ƒfrontǤ
x Temperature: Š‡™‹†•‘˜‡–Š‡ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•ǡ–Š‡› ƒ””›–Š‡‹”™‡ƒ–Š‡” ‘†‹–‹‘•ȋŠ‡ƒ–‘”
‘Ž†ǡ†”›‘”‘‹•–Ȍˆ”‘–Š‡•‘—” ‡”‡‰‹‘–‘ƒ‡™”‡‰‹‘–Š—•ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ƒ
”‡‰‹‘Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡƒ”‹–‹‡’‘Žƒ”ƒ‹”ƒ••ƒˆˆ‡ –•–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹–Š‡ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡
•—„Ǧ–”‘’‹ ƒŽƒ†” –‹ ”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ
x Air mass modificationǣ‹”ƒ••‡•Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹–Š‡‹”•‘—” ‡”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ—–ǡƒ•
ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•Ž‡ƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”•‘—” ‡”‡‰‹‘•ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘†‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘˜‡”™Š‹ Š–Š‡›
–”ƒ˜‡Žǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ‹”Ǧƒ••™‡ƒ–Š‡” Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ ‘–‹‡–ƒŽ’‘Žƒ”ƒ‹”ƒ••‘˜‹‰‘˜‡”
–Š‡ —Žˆ‘ˆ‡š‹ ‘–ƒ‡•‘–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆƒƒ”‹–‹‡–”‘’‹ ƒŽƒ‹”ƒ••Ǥ
x Precipitationǣ ˆ–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘˜‡”™Š‹ Šƒƒ‹”ƒ••‹•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹•™ƒ”‡”–Šƒ–Š‡ƒ‹”ƒ••ǡ–Š‡
Ž‘™‡”Žƒ›‡”•™‹ŽŽ„‡Š‡ƒ–‡†Ǥ ˆ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘‹•–—”‡‹•’”‡•‡–ǡ ——Ž—• Ž‘—†•ƒ†’‘••‹„Ž‡•Š‘™‡”•
ƒ›„‡ˆ‘”‡†ǤŠ‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‹š‹‰‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›”‡•—Ž–•‹‰‘‘†˜‹•‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
x DroughtǣŠ‡›ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆŠ‘–ǡ†”›ƒ‹”ƒ••™Š‹ Š ƒ†‡•–”‘›ƒ–—”ƒŽ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–”‡‡•Ǥ
‡‰‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆƒ‹”ƒ••Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†”‹•‘ˆ†‡˜ƒ•–ƒ–‹‰™‹Ž†ˆ‹”‡•Ǥ
x Variations in air-mass weatherǣ ˆ”‘–ƒŽœ‘‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‹‰ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•‡‡–ǡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡
™‡ƒ–Š‡” ‹• ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡†Ǥ Ž‘—†‹‡••ǡ ’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† •–”‘‰ ƒ† •Š‹ˆ–‹‰ ™‹†• ƒ”‡
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ‘ˆˆ”‘–ƒŽ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡•ǡ„—–‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡˆ”‘–ƒŽ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡†”›ƒ†ƒ†˜‡”•‡Ž›ƒˆˆ‡ –
ˆ‹”‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”Ǥ
Š—•ǡƒ‹”ƒ••‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘–Š‡ Ž‹ƒ–‹  ‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰‹‘‘˜‡”™Š‹ Š
–Š‡›Ž‘†‰‡ƒ† ƒ””›™‹–Š–Š‡†‹•–‹ –‹˜‡ Ž‹ƒ–‹ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•‘—” ‡”‡‰‹‘Ǥ

19. Explain the factors responsible for the formation of tsunamis. What measures has India taken to
mitigate their effects?
Approach:
x –”‘†— ‡™‹–Š–Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ–•—ƒ‹Ǥ
x ‹• —••–Š‡ˆƒ –‘”•”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–•—ƒ‹•Ǥ
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x ‡–‹‘–Š‡‡ƒ•—”‡•–ƒ‡„› †‹ƒ–‘‹–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ–•—ƒ‹•Ǥ
x ‘ Ž—†‡ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž›Ǥ
Answer:
–•—ƒ‹‹•ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ‡‘”‘—•™ƒ˜‡• ”‡ƒ–‡†„›ƒ—†‡”™ƒ–‡”†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡—•—ƒŽŽ›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†
™‹–Š‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•‘ —””‹‰„‡Ž‘™‘”‡ƒ”–Š‡‘ ‡ƒǤ
The following are the factors responsible for the formation of tsunamis:
x Earthquakesǣ Š‡› ƒ „‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† „› ‘˜‡‡–• ƒŽ‘‰ ˆƒ—Ž– œ‘‡• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ’Žƒ–‡
„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ ŽŽ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡• †‘ ‘– ƒ—•‡ –•—ƒ‹•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ˆ‘—” ‘†‹–‹‘• ‹ –Š‹• ‘–‡š–
™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡ƒŠ‹‰Š’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ ƒ—•‹‰ƒ–•—ƒ‹ǣ
o Š‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡—•–‘ —”„‡‡ƒ–Š–Š‡‘ ‡ƒ‘” ƒ—•‡–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–‘•Ž‹†‡‹–‘–Š‡‘ ‡ƒǤ
o Š‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡—•–„‡•–”‘‰ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•– magnitude of 6.5‘–Š‡‹ Š–‡”• ƒŽ‡Ǥ
o Š‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡—•–”—’–—”‡–Š‡ƒ”–Šǯ••—”ˆƒ ‡ƒ†‹–—•–occur at shallow depth Ȃless
than 70 km„‡Ž‘™–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–ŠǤ
o Š‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡—•– ƒ—•‡˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”ȋ—’–‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‡–‡”•ȌǤ
x LandslidesǣŽƒ†•Ž‹†‡–Šƒ–‘ —”•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ ‘ƒ•– ƒˆ‘” ‡Žƒ”‰‡ƒ‘—–•‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹–‘–Š‡•‡ƒǡ
–Š‡”‡„›†‹•–—”„‹‰–Š‡™ƒ–‡”ƒ†‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰ƒ–•—ƒ‹Ǥ†‡”™ƒ–‡”Žƒ†•Ž‹†‡• ƒƒŽ•‘”‡•—Ž–‹
–•—ƒ‹•™Š‡–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŽ‘‘•‡‡†„›–Š‡Žƒ†•Ž‹†‡‘˜‡•˜‹‘Ž‡–Ž›ǡ’—•Š‹‰–Š‡™ƒ–‡”‹ˆ”‘–
‘ˆ‹–Ǥ
x Volcanic eruptionsǣ Ž–Š‘—‰Š ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ‹ˆ”‡“—‡–ǡ ˜‹‘Ž‡– ˜‘Ž ƒ‹  ‡”—’–‹‘• ƒŽ•‘ ”‡’”‡•‡–
‹’—Ž•‹˜‡ †‹•–—”„ƒ ‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ †‹•’Žƒ ‡ ƒ ‰”‡ƒ– ˜‘Ž—‡ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ† ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ‡š–”‡‡Ž›
†‡•–”— –‹˜‡–•—ƒ‹™ƒ˜‡•‹–Š‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡•‘—” ‡ƒ”‡ƒǤ
x Extra-terrestrial collisionǣ •—ƒ‹• ƒ—•‡† „› ‡š–”ƒǦ–‡””‡•–”‹ƒŽ ‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘ ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ƒ•–‡”‘‹†•ǡ
‡–‡‘”•Ȍ ƒ”‡ ‡š–”‡‡Ž› ”ƒ”‡ ‘ —””‡ ‡•Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š ‘ ‡–‡‘”Ȁƒ•–‡”‘‹† ‹†— ‡† –•—ƒ‹ Šƒ•
„‡‡”‡ ‘”†‡†‹”‡ ‡–Š‹•–‘”›ǡ• ‹‡–‹•–•”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡–Šƒ–‹ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‡Ž‡•–‹ƒŽ„‘†‹‡••–”‹‡–Š‡‘ ‡ƒǡƒ
Žƒ”‰‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”™‘—Ž†—†‘—„–‡†Ž›„‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡†–‘ ƒ—•‡ƒ–•—ƒ‹Ǥ
Measures taken to mitigate the effects of tsunamis in India include:
x Institutional measuresǣŠ‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒŠƒ•’—–‹’Žƒ ‡ƒEarly Warning Systemˆ‘”
‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•— Š‘ ‡ƒ‘‰‡‹ †‹•ƒ•–‡”•—†‡”–Š‡ ‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡ Indian National Centre for
Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), ›†‡”ƒ„ƒ†Ǥ
o state-of-the-art infrastructure‡ƒ„Ž‡•”‡ ‡’–‹‘‘ˆ”‡ƒŽǦ–‹‡†ƒ–ƒˆ”‘•‡•‘”•ǡƒƒŽ›•‹•
‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒǡ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‹••‡‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–•—ƒ‹ƒ†˜‹•‘”‹‡•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ•–ƒ†ƒ”†‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰
’”‘ ‡†—”‡Ǥ
o Seismic and sea-level data ƒ”‡ ‘–‹—‘—•Ž› ‘‹–‘”‡† —•‹‰ ƒ —•–‘Ǧ„—‹Ž– •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡
ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–‰‡‡”ƒ–‡•ƒŽƒ”•ȀƒŽ‡”–•‹–Š‡™ƒ”‹‰ ‡–”‡™Š‡‡˜‡”ƒ’”‡Ǧ•‡––Š”‡•Š‘Ž†
‹• ”‘••‡†Ǥ
o Tsunami warnings/watchesƒ”‡–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„ƒ•‡†‘’”‡Ǧ•‡–†‡ ‹•‹‘•—’’‘”–”—Ž‡•ƒ†
†‹••‡‹ƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‘ ‡”‡† ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” ƒ –‹‘ǡ ƒ• ’‡” –Š‡ ’”‡Ǧ†‡ ‹†‡† •–ƒ†ƒ”†
‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰’”‘ ‡†—”‡Ǥ
x Administrative measures: Š‡ National Disaster Management AuthorityŠƒ•ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡†–Š‡
Tsunami Risk Management Guidelines –‘ ‘—–Ž‹‡ ‹–‡”Ǧƒ‰‡ › ”‘Ž‡• ƒ† ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ
–•—ƒ‹”‹•’”‡’ƒ”‡†‡••ǡ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†”‡•’‘•‡ǤŠ‡ —‹†‡Ž‹‡•”‡ ‘‡†’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽƒ†
‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡™ƒ›•ˆ‘”ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ–”ƒ‹‹‰ǡƒ†”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ˆ‘”„‡––‡”–•—ƒ‹”‹•ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ
o •–”‘‰‡ Šƒ‹•Šƒ•„‡‡”‡ ‘‡†‡†ˆ‘”‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡‡”‰‡ ›”‡•’‘•‡„›‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰
Ž‘ ƒŽ ’‘Ž‹ ‡ ‡–™‘”•ǡ ‹˜‹Ž †‡ˆ‡ ‡ ˜‘Ž—–‡‡”• ™Š‡”‡˜‡” ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǡ Š‘‡ ‰—ƒ”†•ǡ –ƒ–‡
‹•ƒ•–‡” ‡•’‘•‡ ‘” ‡• ƒ† ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹•ƒ•–‡” ‡•’‘•‡ ‘” ‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡ –Š‡ —‹†‡Ž‹‡•
‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡Disaster Management Act, 2005–‘ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ–Š‡ ‘ ‡”‘ˆ
–•—ƒ‹”‹•ƒƒ‰‡‡–‹–Š‡†‹•ƒ•–‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–’Žƒ•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ
’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡ǡ‡ƒ•—”‡•Ž‹‡bio-fencing, repair of existing coastal protection infrastructure,
construction of New Sea Walls, more focus on awareness generationǡ‡– Ǥ•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ†‘’–‡†Ǥ

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20. What are western disturbances? How do they influence the weather in India?
Approach:
x ”‹‡ˆŽ›‰‹˜‡ƒ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ƒ„‘—–™‡•–‡”†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡•Ǥ
x ‹• —••Š‘™™‡•–‡”†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡–Š‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹ †‹ƒǤ
x ‘ Ž—†‡ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž›Ǥ
Answer:
™‡•–‡”†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡is an extra-tropical storm originating in the Mediterranean region–Šƒ–
„”‹‰••—††‡™‹–‡””ƒ‹–‘–Š‡‘”–ŠǦ™‡•–‡”’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ•—„ ‘–‹‡–Ǥ
Phenomenon of western disturbance: 
x The disturbance ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ †‹•–—”„‡† ‘” ”‡†— ‡† ƒ‹” ’”‡••—”‡ǡ –”ƒ˜‡Ž• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‡•–‡” –‘
‡ƒ•–‡”†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ
x ‡•–‡”†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡•ƒ”‡driven by the Westerlies,™Š‹ Šƒ”‡’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰™‹†•ˆ”‘–Š‡™‡•–
–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡ƒ•–‹–Š‡‹††Ž‡Žƒ–‹–—†‡•„‡–™‡‡͵ͲǦƒ†͸ͲǦ†‡‰”‡‡•Ǥ
x Low pressure usually forms over the Mediterranean Sea ƒ† ‘˜‡• ƒ ”‘•• ”ƒǡ ”ƒ“ǡ
ˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒǡ ƒ† ƒ‹•–ƒǤ Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”ǡ ‹– –ƒ‡• ˆ”‡•Š ‘‹•–—”‡ ˆ‡‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”ƒ„‹ƒ ‡ƒ ƒ†
ƒ—•‡•’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘‘˜‡”–Š‡‡•–‡” ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ‡‰‹‘Ǥ
x Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘˜‹‰ ‡ƒ•–™ƒ”†ǡ it causes some precipitation over Nepal, Bhutan and
Arunachal PradeshǤ
x the absence of fresh moisture feed from Arabian Seaǡ‹–‘Ž› ƒ—•‡•Ž‹‰Š–’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘‘˜‡”
Š‹‰Š‡””‡ƒ Š‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡•–‡” ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ‡‰‹‘Ǥ


   FigureǣPhenomenon of Western DisturbanceǤ
†‹ƒ‹•ƒ”ƒ‹†‡’‡†‡– ‘—–”›ǡƒ†™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‘—–ŠǦ‡•–‘•‘‘ ‘˜‡”•— Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǡ‹–
‹••‡•”‡‰‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‘”–ŠǦ‡•–Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‡™‹–‡”‘–Š•‘ˆ‘˜‡„‡”–‘ƒ” Šǡ–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡ƒ•”‡Ž›
‘•‘™ƒ†”ƒ‹ˆ”‘–Š‡™‡•–‡”†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡•Ǥ
Impact of western disturbances on the Indian weatherǣ
x Precipitation in northern India:‡•–‡”†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡•‡„‡††‡†‹–Š‡—„Ǧ–”‘’‹ ƒŽ‡•–‡”Ž›
‡– ’”‘†— ‡ ‡š–”‡‡ ’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‘˜‡” ‘”–Š‡” †‹ƒ ƒ† ƒ”‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‡Šƒ ‡† ‘˜‡” –Š‡
‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•†—‡–‘‘”‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ Žƒ†Ǧƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•Ǥ
o •’‡”–Š‡ ǡ–Š‡™‡•–‡”†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡•ƒ”‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–‘ƒ ‘—–ˆ‘”ƒ”‘—†ͷ–‘ͳͲ’‡” ‡–
‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵•–‘–ƒŽ›‡ƒ”Ž›”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǤ
x Role in snowfallǣ—”‹‰‡ ‡„‡”ǡ ƒ—ƒ”›ǡƒ† ‡„”—ƒ”›ǡ™‡•–‡”†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡•‘™ˆƒŽŽ‹•–Š‡
†‘‹ƒ–’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘‹’—––‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ†•—•–ƒ‹”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ•‘™’ƒ ǡ–Š‡”‡„›”‡’Ž‡‹•Š‹‰
”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ™ƒ–‡””‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ
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x Role in the onset of monsoon during summer in Indiaǣ‹–‡”Ǧ–‹‡’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘’”‘˜‹†‡•
”‹–‹ ƒŽƒ••‹’—––‘‡š‹•–‹‰‰Žƒ ‹‡”•ƒ†‘†—Žƒ–‡•–Š‡ƒŽ„‡†‘ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•
ƒ† ‹„‡–ƒ Žƒ–‡ƒ—ǡ –Š‡”‡„› ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰ Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡ ‹” —Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘•‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •— ‡‡†‹‰
†‹ƒ•—‡”‘•‘‘Ǥ
x Regional extent of impactǣ‡ƒ–Š‡” ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ”‡ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„›™‡•–‡”†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡•†—”‹‰–Š‡
™‹–‡” •‡ƒ•‘ —’ –‘ ƒ–ƒ ȋ‹Šƒ”Ȍǡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ˆƒ˜‘—”ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ –Š‡
•–ƒ†‹‰”ƒ„‹ ”‘’•ȋ™Š‡ƒ–ǡ„ƒ”Ž‡›ǡ—•–ƒ”†ǡ‰”ƒǡŽ‡–‹Žǡ‡– ǤȌǤ
Š‡”‡ ‡–Š‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’ƒ”–•‘ˆ †‹ƒ†—‡–‘™‡•–‡”†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡•ǡƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† › Ž‘‹ 
‹” —Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†–Š—†‡”•–‘”•Šƒ•–Š‡‹’”‹–‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ™ƒ”‹‰™”‹––‡‘˜‡”‹–Ǥ –Š‹•Ž‹‰Š–ǡ‹–‹•
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