Topol. Algebra Appl.

2018; 6:102–106

Research Article Open Access

Isa Yildirim* and Arslan Hojat Ansari

Some new fixed point results in b-metric

spaces
https://doi.org/10.1515/taa-2018-0009
Received August 9, 2017; accepted December 29, 2017

Abstract: In this paper, we consider, discuss, improve and generalize recent fixed point results for mappings
in b-metric space. These results are generalizations of the analogous ones recently proved by Khojasteh et al.
[12] and Demma et al. [8].

Keywords: Picard sequence, fixed point, b-metric space

MSC: 54H25, 47H10

1 Introduction and preliminaries

Banach’s contraction principle [1] is a fundamental result in the fixed point theory, which has been used and
extended in many different directions. These generalizations are made either by using contractive conditions
or by imposing some additional conditions on the ambient spaces. Also, there are several generalizations of
usual metric spaces. One of them is b-metric space [2, 7]. The notion of b-metric space, in the framework of
completes and discussion on the topological structure of it appeared in several papers, such as L.M. Blumen-
thal [3], S. Czerwik [7], N. Bourbaki [4] and Heinonen [9]. For some results of fixed and common fixed point
in the setting of b-metric spaces see [5, 6, 10, 11].
We recall some well known notions and definition of the b-metric spaces.

Definition 1.1. [2, 7] Let X be a (nonempty) set and s ≥ 1 be a given real number. A function d : X × X → [0, ∞)
is a b-metric on X if for all x, y, z ∈ X, the following conditions hold:
(b1 ) d(x, y) = 0 if and only if x = y,
(b2 ) d(x, y) = d(y, x),
(b3 ) d(x, z) ≤ s[d(x, y) + d(y, z)].

A triplet (X, d, s) is called a b-metric space.

Also, every metric space is a b-metric space but the converse is not necessarily true.

Lemma 1.2. [11] Let {x n } be a sequence in a metric type space (X, d, s) such that

d(x n , x n+1 ) ≤ λd(x n , x n−1 )

for some λ, 0 < λ < 1s , and each n = 1, 2, · · · . Then {x n } is a Cauchy sequence in (X, d, s).

*Corresponding Author: Isa Yildirim: Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum,
Turkey, E-mail: [email protected]
Arslan Hojat Ansari: Department of Mathematics, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran,
E-mail: [email protected]

Open Access. © 2018 Isa Yildirim and Arslan Hojat Ansari, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative
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 Remarks on Picard sequence | 103

The aim of this paper is to present, in the framework of b-metric spaces, some remarks on fixed point results
and Picard sequence for the single-valued mappings. Our results extend and complement some theorems
given in the recent literature, see e.g. [12] and [8].

2 Main results
Let N be the set of positive integers, R the set of real numbers and R+ the set of nonnegative real numbers.
Let (X, d, s) be a b-metric space, x0 ∈ X and f : X → X be a given mapping. The sequence {x n } with x n =
f n x0 = fx n−1 for all n ∈ N is called a Picard sequence of initial point x0 . In this section we consider a class of
Picard sequences which are Cauchy.

Proposition 2.1. Let (X, d, s) be a b-metric space and f : X −→ X be a given mapping. Assume that a Picard
sequence {x n } of initial point x0 ∈ X satisfies the following condition:
n
d(x n−1 , x n ) + d(x n−1 , x n+1 ) + d(x n , x n+1 ) + d(x n , x n+2 ) + s
d(x n , x n+1 ) ≤ d(x n−1 , x n ) (2.1)
d(x n−1 , x n ) + d(x n−1 , x n+1 ) + d(x n , x n+1 ) + d(x n , x n+2 ) + m

where m, n ∈ R+ such that n < m. Then {x n } is a Cauchy sequence.

Proof. Let x0 ∈ X be an arbitrary point, and let {x n } be a Picard sequence of initial point x0 . If x n0 = x n0 −1 for
some n0 ∈ N, then x n0 is a fixed point of f and so {x n } is a Cauchy sequence.
Assume that (2.1) holds for the sequence {x n }. If x n ≠ x n−1 for all n ∈ N, from (2.1), we deduce that the
sequence {d(x n−1 , x n )} is decreasing. Thus there exists a non negative real number r such that d(x n−1 , x n ) →
r. Then we claim that r = 0. If r > 0, on taking limit as n → +∞ on both side of (2.1), we obtain

r + r + r + r + ns
r≤ r<r
r+r+r+r+m
which is a contradiction. It follows that r = 0.
Now, we prove that {x n } is a Cauchy sequence. Let λ ∈ [0, s−1 ). Since r = 0, then there exists n(λ) ∈ N
such that
d(x n−1 , x n ) + d(x n−1 , x n+1 ) + d(x n , x n+1 ) + d(x n , x n+2 ) + ns
≤ λ for all n ≥ n(λ).
d(x n−1 , x n ) + d(x n−1 , x n+1 ) + d(x n , x n+1 ) + d(x n , x n+2 ) + m
This implies that
d(x n , x n+1 ) ≤ λd(x n−1 , x n ) for all n ≥ n(λ)

and by Lemma 1.2 we deduce again that {x n } is a Cauchy sequence.

The proof that {x n } is a Cauchy sequence if (2.1) holds is the same.

As a consequence of the previous result, we establish the following result of existence of fixed points.

Theorem 2.2. Let (X, d, s) be a b-metric space and f : X −→ X be a given

d(x, fy) + d(x, f 2 y) + d(y, fx) + d(y, f 2 x) + n

sd(fx, fy) ≤ d(x, y) (2.2)
d(x, fx) + d(x, f 2 x) + d(y, fy) + d(y, f 2 y) + m

for all x, y ∈ X, where m, n ∈ R+ such that n < m. Then

(i) f has a fixed point z ∈ X;
(ii) every Picard sequence converges to a fixed point of f ;
ms−n
(iii) if z, w ∈ X are two different fixed points of f , then d(z, w) ≥ 4 .

Proof. Let x0 ∈ X be an arbitrary point and let {x n } be a Picard sequence of initial point x0 . If x n = x n−1 for
some n ∈ N, then x n is a fixed point of f . If x n ≠ x n−1 for all n ∈ N, using the contractive condition (2.2) with

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x = x n−1 and y = x n , we get

d(x n−1 , x n+1 ) + d(x n−1 , x n+2 ) + d(x n , x n+1 ) + n

s d(x n , x n+1 ) ≤ d(x n−1 , x n )
d(x n−1 , x n ) + d(x n , x n+1 ) + m
s[d(x n−1 , x n ) + d(x n , x n+2 )] + d(x n−1 , x n+1 ) + d(x n , x n+1 ) + n
≤ d(x n−1 , x n )
d(x n−1 , x n ) + d(x n−1 , x n+1 ) + d(x n , x n+1 ) + d(x n , x n+2 ) + m
s[d(x n−1 , x n ) + d(x n , x n+2 ) + d(x n−1 , x n+1 ) + d(x n , x n+1 )] + n
≤ d(x n−1 , x n )
d(x n−1 , x n ) + d(x n−1 , x n+1 ) + d(x n , x n+1 ) + d(x n , x n+2 ) + m

that is, condition (2.1) holds for the sequence {x n }. Then, by Proposition 2.1, {x n } is a Cauchy sequence. Since
X is a complete b-metric space, the sequence {x n } converges to some z ∈ X. Now, we prove that z is a fixed
point of f . Using (2.2) with x = x n and y = z, we obtain

d(x n , fz) + d(x, f 2 z) + d(z, fx n ) + d(z, f 2 x n ) + n

s d(x n+1 , fz) = s d(fx n , fz) ≤ d(x n , z) (2.3)
d(x n , fx n ) + d(x n , f 2 x n ) + d(z, fz) + d(z, f 2 z) + m
d(x n , fz) + d(x n , f 2 z) + d(z, x n+1 ) + d(z, x n+2 ) + n
= d(x n , z).
d(x n , x n+1 ) + d(x n , x n+2 ) + d(z, fz) + d(z, f 2 z) + m

Moreover, from
d(z, fz) − s d(x n , z) ≤ s d(x n , fz) ≤ s2 [d(x n , z) + d(z, fz)]

as n → +∞, we deduce that

d(z, fz) ≤ lim inf s d(x n , fz) ≤ lim sup s d(x n , fz) ≤ s2 d(z, fz). (2.4)

On taking lim inf, as n → +∞, on both sides of (2.3), by (2.4) we get

d(z, fz) + d(z, f 2 z) + n

d(z, fz) ≤ lim inf s d(x n+1 , fz) ≤ lim sup d(x n , z) = 0.
d(z, fz) + d(z, f 2 z) + m

This implies that d(z, fz) = 0, that is, z = fz and hence z is a fixed point of f . Thus (i) and (ii) hold.
If w ∈ X, with z ≠ w, is another fixed point of f , then using (2.2) with x = z and y = w, we get

d(z, fw) + d(z, f 2 w) + d(w, fz) + d(w, f 2 z) + n

s d(z, w) = s d(fz, fw) ≤ [ ]d(z, w)
m
4d(z, w) + n
= d(z, w)
m
ms−n
and hence d(z, w) ≥ 4 , that is, (iii) holds.

In the following result we consider a weak contractive condition.

Theorem 2.3. Let (X, d, s) be a b-metric space and f : X −→ X be a given

d(x, fy) + d(x, f 2 y) + d(y, fx) + d(y, f 2 x) + n

sd(fx, fy) ≤ d(x, y) + Ld(y, fx) (2.5)
d(x, fx) + d(x, f 2 x) + d(y, fy) + d(y, f 2 y) + m

for all x, y ∈ X, where m, n, L ∈ R+ such that n < m. Then

(i) f has a fixed point z ∈ X;
(ii) every Picard sequence converges to a fixed point of f ;
(iii) if z, w ∈ X are two different fixed points of f , then d(z, w) ≥ max{ m(s−L)−n
4 , 0} .

Proof. Let x0 ∈ X be an arbitrary point and let {x n } be a Picard sequence of initial point x0 . If x n = x n−1 for
some n ∈ N, then x n is a fixed point of f . If x n ≠ x n−1 for all n ∈ N, using the contractive condition (2.5) with

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 Remarks on Picard sequence | 105

x = x n−1 and y = x n , we get

 
d(x n−1 , x n+1 ) + d(x n−1 , x n+2 ) + d(x n , x n+1 ) + n
s d(x n , x n+1 ) ≤ d(x n−1 , x n ) + Ld(x n , x n ),
d(x n−1 , x n ) + d(x n , x n+1 ) + m
s[d(x n−1 , x n ) + d(x n , x n+2 )] + d(x n−1 , x n+1 ) + d(x n , x n+1 ) + n
≤ d(x n−1 , x n )
d(x n−1 , x n ) + d(x n−1 , x n+1 ) + d(x n , x n+1 ) + d(x n , x n+2 ) + m
s[d(x n−1 , x n ) + d(x n , x n+2 ) + d(x n−1 , x n+1 ) + d(x n , x n+1 )] + n
≤ d(x n−1 , x n )
d(x n−1 , x n ) + d(x n−1 , x n+1 ) + d(x n , x n+1 ) + d(x n , x n+2 ) + m

that is, condition (2.1) holds for the sequence {x n }. Then, by Proposition 2.1, {x n } is a Cauchy sequence. Since
X is a complete b-metric space, the sequence {x n } converges to some z ∈ X. Now, we prove that z is a fixed
point for f . Using (2.5) with x = x n and y = z, we obtain
" #
d(x n , fz) + d(x n , f 2 z) + d(z, fx n ) + d(z, f 2 x n ) + n
s d(x n+1 , fz) = s d(fx n , fz) ≤ d(x n , z) + Ld(z, fx n )
d(x n , fx n ) + d(x n , f 2 x n ) + d(z, fz) + d(z, f 2 z) + m
(2.6)
2
 
d(x n , fz) + d(x n , f z) + d(z, x n+1 ) + d(z, x n+2 ) + n
= d(x n , z) + Ld(z, x n+1 )
d(x n , x n+1 ) + d(x n , x n+2 ) + d(z, fz) + d(z, f 2 z) + m

On taking lim inf as n → +∞ on both sides of (2.6), by (2.4) we get

d(z, fz) ≤ lim inf s d(x n+1 , fz)

s2 d(z, fz) + d(z, f 2 z) + n
 
≤ lim sup d(x n , z) + lim inf Ld(z, x n+1 ) = 0.
d(z, fz) + d(z, f 2 z) + m

This implies that d(z, fz) = 0, that is, z = fz. Hence z is a fixed point of f . Thus (i) and (ii) hold.
If w ∈ X, with z ≠ w, is another fixed point of f , then using (2.5) with x = z and y = w, we get

d(z, fw) + d(w, fz) + d(z, f 2 w) + d(w, f 2 z) + n

s d(z, w) = s d(fz, fw) ≤ [ ]d(z, w) + Ld(w, fz)
m
4d(z, w) + n
=[ ]d(z, w) + Ld(z, w)
m
4d(z,w)+n
and hence s ≤ m + L, that is, (iii) holds.
If in two above theorems let n = 0, m = 1 we have the following corollaries.

Corollary 2.4. Let (X, d, s) be a b-metric space and f : X −→ X be a given

d(x, fy) + d(x, f 2 y) + d(y, fx) + d(y, f 2 x)

sd(fx, fy) ≤ d(x, y)
d(x, fx) + d(x, f 2 x) + d(y, fy) + d(y, f 2 y) + 1
for all x, y ∈ X. Then
(i) f has a fixed point z ∈ X;
(ii) every Picard sequence converges to a fixed point of f ;
ms−n
(iii) if z, w ∈ X are two different fixed points of f , then d(z, w) ≥ 4 .

Corollary 2.5. Let (X, d, s) be a b-metric space and f : X −→ X be a given

d(x, fy) + d(x, f 2 y) + d(y, fx) + d(y, f 2 x)

sd(fx, fy) ≤ d(x, y) + Ld(y, fx)
d(x, fx) + d(x, f 2 x) + d(y, fy) + d(y, f 2 y) + 1
for all x, y ∈ X, where L is a positive real numbers. Then
(i) f has a fixed point z ∈ X;
(ii) every Picard sequence converges to a fixed point of f ;
(iii) if z, w ∈ X are two different fixed points of f , then d(z, w) ≥ max{ m(s−L)−n
4 , 0} .

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106 | Isa Yildirim and Arslan Hojat Ansari

n
Also if in two above theorems let s < 1, m = 1, we have the following refinements.

Corollary 2.6. Let (X, d, s) be a b-metric space and f : X −→ X be a given

d(x, fy) + d(x, f 2 y) + d(y, fx) + d(y, f 2 x) + n

sd(fx, fy) ≤ d(x, y)
d(x, fx) + d(x, f 2 x) + d(y, fy) + d(y, f 2 y) + 1

for all x, y ∈ X. Then

(i) f has a fixed point z ∈ X;
(ii) every Picard sequence converges to a fixed point of f ;
ms−n
(iii) if z, w ∈ X are two different fixed points of f , then d(z, w) ≥ 4 .

Corollary 2.7. Let (X, d, s) be a b-metric space and f : X −→ X be a given

d(x, fy) + d(x, f 2 y) + d(y, fx) + d(y, f 2 x) + n

sd(fx, fy) ≤ d(x, y) + Ld(y, fx)
d(x, fx) + d(x, f 2 x) + d(y, fy) + d(y, f 2 y) + 1

for all x, y ∈ X, where L is a positive real numbers. Then

(i) f has a fixed point z ∈ X;
(ii) every Picard sequence converges to a fixed point of f ;
(iii) if z, w ∈ X are two different fixed points of f , then d(z, w) ≥ max{ m(s−L)−n
4 , 0} .

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