INDIAN INSTITUTE

VIGNANA BHARATHI OF TECHNOLOGY

INSTITUTE ROORKEE
OF TECHNOLOGY, Hyderabad

Online Presentation
on

“Unit-IV”
Presented by
Dr. Vadthya Jagan,
B. Tech (JNTUH), M. Tech & Ph. D (IIT Roorkee)
Associate Professor,
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Deptt.,
Vignana Bharathi Institute Technology (A),
Hyderabad, Telangana State.
Outline of Presentation

✓ AC Voltage Controllers

✓ Single-phase Voltage Controllers

✓ Single-phase Half-wave (Unidirectional) AC Voltage Converter
✓ (a) Single-phase Half-wave AC Voltage Converter with R Load

✓ (b) Single-phase Half-wave AC Voltage Converter with R-L Load

✓ Single-phase Full-wave (Bidirectional) AC Voltage Converter

✓ (a) Single-phase Full-wave AC Voltage Converter with R Load

✓ (b) Single-phase Full-wave AC Voltage Converter with R-L Load

✓ Cycloconverters
✓ Single-phase to Single-phase Cycloconverter with Mid-point and Bridge type Configuration

✓ Three-phase Cycloconverters
✓ (a) Three-phase to Single-phase Cycloconverter

✓ (b) Three-phase to Three-phase Cycloconverter

✓ Numerical Problems and References.

01 September, 2018

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AC Voltage Controller
➢ AC voltage controller or AC voltage regulator is a static power electronic converter (PEC)
which converts fixed AC input voltage to a variable AC output voltage with constant frequency
PEC
.
Fixed AC Input Variable AC Output
(Constant voltage and (Variation in voltage only
constant frequency) with constant frequency)
Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
V0 I0
Vm I0
0 π 2π 3π wt π
0 2π 3π wt

Fig. 4. 1. Circuit diagram of AC voltage controller.

➢ Applications of AC voltage controllers.

✓ Speed control of poly-phase induction motors.

✓ Domestic and Industrial Heating.

✓ Light controls.

✓ On-load transformer tap changing and

✓ Static Reactive Power Compensators

Source: Power Electronics-M.D. Singh & Kanchandani.

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1. Single-phase Half-wave (Unidirectional) AC Voltage Controller

T
A K
T
G A K

G
I0
K A R
230V, 50Hz D (or) I0
R-L
1-Φ AC Vac V0 K A
Vin L
Supply
o 230V, 50Hz D
a
1-Φ AC Vac R Load V0
d Vin
Supply

Transformer
Fig. 4. 2. Circuit diagram of single-phase half AC voltage controller.
Transformer
(a) Single-phase Half-wave AC Voltage Controller with R load
Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
Operating Principle:
Vm
Mode-1 (0 ≤ wt ≤ π) π 2π 3π 4π
0 wt
Thyristor T anode is connected to +ve terminal and Gate
cathode is connected to -ve terminal of the supply therefore, pulse Firing angle
α
the Thyristor T is in forward biased condition and it will start π+α

conducting from wt = α onwards. Where as diode D anode is 0 wt

V0 V0
connected to -ve terminal and cathode is connected to +ve I0
I0
terminal of the supply therefore, the D is in reverse biased
condition and it will be in OFF state during this interval. 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt

Mode-2 (π ≤ wt ≤ 2π) VT
(1-2)V Drop

Diode D anode is connected to +ve terminal and

π 2π 3π 4π
cathode is connected to -ve terminal of the supply therefore, 0 wt

diode D is in forward biased condition and it will start VD

conducting from wt = π onwards. And T is in RB condition, it 0 π 2π

(1-2)V Drop
3π 4π wt
in OFF state during this interval.
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Contd..

➢ Derivation of average and RMS Output Voltages:

➢ (i) Derivation of average Output Voltage:

The average value of the output voltage is given by

1 2 Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
V0( avg ) =  Vm sin wtd ( wt )
2  Vm
Due to non-symmetrical waveforms during positive 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
Gate
and negative half cycles, pulse Firing angle
1  2
 α
V0( avg ) =  V sin wtd ( wt ) +  V sin wtd ( wt ) π+α
2   
m m

V
V0( avg ) = m  − cos wt  +  − cos wt  
 2 0 wt
V0 V0
2 I0
I0
V
V0( avg ) = m  − cos  + cos  − cos 2 + cos  
2 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
V
V0( avg ) = m  cos  − 1 VT
2 (1-2)V Drop

Average output current, I 0( avg ) = V0( avg ) = Vm  cos  − 1 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt

R 2 R
VD

Where, 𝑉𝑚 = 2𝑉𝑆 0 π 2π
(1-2)V Drop
3π 4π wt

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Contd..

➢ Derivation of average and RMS Output Voltages:

➢ (ii) Derivation of RMS Output Voltage:

The rms value of the output voltage is given by

1 2 2 2 Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
V0( rms ) =  Vm sin wtd ( wt )
2  Vm
Due to non-symmetrical waveforms during positive 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
and negative half cycles, 2 Gate
Vm
V0( rms ) =  sin wtd ( wt )
2
pulse Firing angle
2  α π+α

 1 − cos 2 wt 
2 2 2 0 wt
V Vm V0
V0( rms ) = m    d ( wt ) =  1d ( wt ) −  cos 2wtd ( wt )
V0
I0
2  2  2  
I0

Vm 1 π
 wt  sin 2wt 
2 2 0 2π 3π 4π wt
V0( rms ) = −
2  
2 VT
(1-2)V Drop

Vm 1 Vm 1
V0( rms ) =  2 −   − sin 4 − sin 2  =  2 −   + sin 2 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
2  2 2  2 V D

V0( rms ) Vm 1
RMS output current, I 0( rms ) = =  2 −   + sin 2 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
R 2R  2 (1-2)V Drop

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1. Single-phase Half-wave (Unidirectional) AC Voltage Controller

(b) Single-phase Half-wave AC Voltage Controller with R-L load:
T
A K

I0
K A
230V, 50Hz D
1-Φ AC Vac V0
Vin R-L Load
Supply

Operating Principle:
Transformer
Mode-1 (0 ≤ wt ≤ π)
Thyristor T anode is connected to +ve terminal and cathode is connected to -ve terminal of the
supply therefore, the Thyristor T is in forward biased condition and it will start conducting from wt
= α to wt = β . Where as diode D anode is connected to -ve terminal and cathode is connected to +ve
terminal of the supply therefore, the D is in reverse biased condition and it will be in OFF state
during this interval.

Mode-2 (π ≤ wt ≤ 2π)
Diode D anode is connected to +ve terminal and cathode is connected to -ve terminal of the
supply therefore, diode D is in forward biased condition and it will start conducting from wt = π+ α
to 2π. And T is in RB condition, it in OFF state during this interval.
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Contd..

(b) Single-phase Half-wave AC Voltage Controller with R-L load:

T
A K

G
Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
Vm
I0
K A 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
230V, 50Hz D
V0 Gate
1-Φ AC Vac Vin R-L Load
Supply
pulse Firing angle
α π+α

0 wt
Transformer V0 V0
Fig. 4. 3. Circuit diagram of single-phase half wave AC voltage controller I0
I0
with R-L load.
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
(i) Derivation of average output voltage: α γ
 +
1 VT β
V0( avg ) =  V sin wtd ( wt )
2
m (1-2)V Drop


Due to non-symmetrical waveforms during positive and 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt

VD
negative half cycles, π
1  +   Vm 
  
 +
V0( avg ) = = −
2π 4π

0 3π wt
 V sin wtd ( wt )   cos wt  (1-2)V Drop
2    2 
m

Vm V
 − cos( +  ) + cos   = m cos  + cos  
V0( avg ) =
2 2
V0( avg ) V
Average output current, I = = m  cos  + cos  
2 Z
0( avg )
Z
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Contd..

(b) Single-phase Half-wave AC Voltage Controller with R-L load:

(ii) Derivation of RMS output voltage: Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
Vm
 +
1
V0( rms ) =  V sin wtd ( wt )
2 2 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
2
m
 Gate
pulse Firing angle
Due to non-symmetrical waveforms during positive and negative α π+α
half cycles,
0 wt
V0 V0
Vm  +
 1 − cos 2 wt  I0
V0( rms ) =    d ( wt )
I0
2   2 
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
V  +  + α γ
V0( rms ) = m  1d ( wt ) −  cos 2wtd ( wt ) VT β
2   (1-2)V Drop

V 1
V0( rms ) = m  wt  − sin 2 wt 
 +  + 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
2  2 VD
V 1 π
V0( rms ) = m  +  −   − sin 2( +  ) − sin 2  0 2π 3π 4π wt
2  2 (1-2)V Drop

V 1
V0( rms ) = m  +  −   − sin 2  − sin 2 
2  2
V Vm 1
Rms output current, I 0( rms ) = 0( rms ) =  +  −   − sin 2 − sin 2 
Z 2Z  2
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Numerical Problems
Problem 4.1: A single-phase 230V, 50Hz supply half-wave AC voltage controller feeds
power to a resistive load of R = 20Ω. The thyristor is fired at an angle of 450. Calculate, the
following factors: (i) average output voltage and current, (ii) root mean square output
voltage and current, and (iii) input power factor of the converter. [May 2019]
Solution: Given parameters: supply voltage, 𝑉𝑚 = 230 ∗ 2, firing angle, 𝛼 = 450 and 𝑅 = 20Ω.
Vm
(i) average output voltage V0( avg ) =  cos  − 1
2
230 ∗ 2
∴ 𝑉0 𝑎𝑣𝑔 = cos 450 − 1 = −15.16 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
2𝜋
𝑉0 𝑎𝑣𝑔 −15.16
The average output current is given as 𝐼0 𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑅
=
20
= −0.758𝐴
Vm 1
(ii) The rms output voltage V0( rms ) =  2 −   + sin 2
2  2
230∗ 2 𝜋 1
∴ 𝑉0 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 2 ∗ 1800 − 450 ∗ + sin 2 ∗ 45 = 224.5 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
2 𝜋 180 2

𝑉0 𝑟𝑚𝑠 224.5
The rms output current, 𝐼0 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = == = 11.225𝐴
𝑅 20
V0( rms ) 1 1
(iii) input power factor of the converter =  2 −   + sin 2 = 0.95(lagging )
VS 2  2

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2. Single-phase Full-wave (Bidirectional) AC Voltage Controller

T1
A K
T1
G
A K

G
G I0
K A R G
230V, 50Hz T2
(or) I0
R-L
1-Φ AC Vac V0 K A
Vin L
o
Supply a
230V, 50Hz T2
1-Φ AC Vac R Load V0
d Vin
Supply

Transformer

Fig. 4. 4. Circuit diagram of single-phase full wave AC voltage controller. Transformer

(a) Single-phase Full-wave AC Voltage Controller with R load Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
Vm
Operating Principle: π 2π 3π 4π
0 wt
Mode-1 (0 ≤ wt ≤ π)
Thyristor T1 anode is connected to +ve terminal and Pulse, Gate
α
Firing angle
α
cathode is connected to -ve terminal of the supply therefore, T1
the Thyristor T1 is in forward biased condition and it will start Gate0 Firing angle
wt

conducting from wt = α onwards. Where as T2 anode isPulse, π+α α

T2
connected to -ve terminal and cathode is connected to +ve 0 V0 wt
I0
terminal of the supply therefore, the T2 is in reverse biased VI 0
0

condition and it will be in OFF state during this interval. 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt

Mode-2 (π ≤ wt ≤ 2π) VT1
(1-2)V Drop

Thyristor T2 anode is connected to +ve terminal and 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt

cathode is connected to -ve terminal of the supply therefore,
T2 is in forward biased condition and it will start conducting VT2
from wt = π +α onwards. And T1 is in RB condition, it in OFF 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
state during this interval.
(1-2)V Drop

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Contd..

➢ Derivation of average and RMS Output Voltages:

➢ (i) Derivation of average Output Voltage:

The average value of the output voltage is given by

1 2
V0( avg ) =  Vm sin wtd ( wt )
2 0
Due to symmetrical waveforms during positive and negative half cycles,
Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
Vm
1   2
 π
V0( avg ) =  + 
0 2π 3π 4π wt
V sin wtd ( wt ) V sin wtd ( wt )
2   
m m
 + Gate Firing angle
Pulse, α α
V T1
= m  − cos wt  +  − cos wt  + 
 2
V0( avg )
2
0 wt
Gate Firing angle
Pulse, π+α α
T2
Vm
 − cos  + cos  − cos 2 + cos( +  ) = 0
V0
V0( avg ) =
0 wt
V0 I0
2 I0
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
Where, 𝑉𝑚 = 2𝑉𝑆 VT1
(1-2)V Drop

0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
V0( avg )
Average output current, I 0( avg ) = =0 VT2
R
0 π 2π 3π 4π
(1-2)V Drop
wt

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Contd..

➢ Derivation of average and RMS Output Voltages:

➢ (ii) Derivation of RMS Output Voltage:

The rms value of the output voltage is given by

1 2 2 2
V0( rms ) =
 Vm sin wtd ( wt )
2 0
Due to symmetrical waveforms during positive and negative half cycles,

1 Vm 
V0( rms ) =  V sin wtd ( wt ) =
2 2
 sin wtd ( wt )
2
Thus, by varying firing
 m
 

angle α from 0 to 𝜋, 𝑉0(𝑎𝑣𝑔) is

Vm 
 1 − cos 2 wt  Vm  
V0( rms ) =    d ( wt ) =  1d ( wt ) −  cos 2wtd ( wt )
  2  2  zero always due to
symmetrical waveforms and
V 1
V0( rms ) = m  −   − sin 2 − sin 2 
2 2
𝑉𝑜(𝑟𝑚𝑠) varies from
𝑉𝑚
to
2
Vm 1
V0( rms ) =  −   + sin 2 zero.
2 2
V0( rms ) Vm 1
RMS output current, I 0( rms ) = =  −   + sin 2
R R 2 2
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2. Single-phase Full-wave (Bidirectional) AC Voltage Controller

(b). Single-phase Full-wave AC Voltage Controller with R-L load:
T1
A K

G
I0
K A
230V, 50Hz T2
1-Φ AC Vac V0
Vin R-L Load
Supply

Operating Principle:
Transformer
Mode-1 (0 ≤ wt ≤ π)
Thyristor T1 anode is connected to +ve terminal and cathode is connected to -ve terminal of
the supply therefore, the Thyristor T1 is in forward biased condition and it will start conducting
from wt = α onwards. Where as T2 anode is connected to -ve terminal and cathode is connected to
+ve terminal of the supply therefore, the T2 is in reverse biased condition and it will be in OFF state
during this interval.
Mode-2 (π ≤ wt ≤ 2π)
Thyristor T2 anode is connected to +ve terminal and cathode is connected to -ve terminal of
the supply therefore, T2 is in forward biased condition and it will start conducting from wt = π +α
onwards. And T1 is in RB condition, it in OFF state during this interval.
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Contd..

(b). Single-phase Full-wave AC Voltage Controller with R-L load:

T1
A K Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
G
Vm
G
I0 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
K A
230V, 50Hz T2
1-Φ AC Vac V0 Gate
Vin R-L Load Firing angle
Supply Pulse, α α
T1
0 wt
Transformer Gate Firing angle
Fig. 4. 5. Diagram of single-phase full wave AC voltage controller Pulse, π+α α
T2
with R-L load. V0
0 wt
(i) Derivation of average output voltage: V0 I0
I0
1 2
V0( avg ) =  Vm sin wtd ( wt ) π
2 0
0 2π 3π 4π wt
α γ
VT1 β
To calculate the average output voltage, consider (1-2)V Drop

0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
complete one cycle,
1   +
 V
Vm sin wtd ( wt )  = m  − cos wt  +  − cos wt  +  VT2
  +
V0( avg ) =   V sin wtd ( wt ) + 
2   2  
m
 +
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
V
= m  − cos  + cos  − cos( +  ) + cos( +  )  = 0
(1-2)V Drop
V0( avg )
2
V
Average output current, I 0( avg ) = 0( avg ) = 0
R
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Contd..

(b). Single-phase Full-wave AC Voltage Controller with R-L load:

Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
(ii) Derivation of RMS output voltage: Vm

0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
2
1
=  V
2 2
V0( rms ) sin wtd ( wt )
2
m
Gate Firing angle
Pulse, α α
T1
Due to symmetrical waveforms during positive and negative half
0 wt
cycles, Gate Firing angle
Pulse, π+α α
  T2
1 Vm  1 − cos 2 wt 
V0( rms ) =  Vm sin wtd (wt ) = 
2 2
 d ( wt ) 0 V0 wt
    2  V0 I0
I0
 
Vm Vm 1 π
 wt  − sin 2wt 
  0 2π 3π 4π wt
V0( rms ) =
2
 1d (wt ) −  cos 2wtd (wt ) =
  2 2 VT1
α
β
γ
(1-2)V Drop

0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
Vm 1
V0( rms ) =  −  − sin 2 − sin 2 
2 2
VT2
Vm 1
V0( rms ) =   −   + sin 2 − sin 2  0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
2 2 (1-2)V Drop

V0( rms ) Vm 1
Rms output current, I 0( rms ) = =   −   + sin 2 − sin 2 
R R 2 2
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Numerical Problems
Problem 4.2: A single-phase full-wave AC voltage controller feeds power to a
resistive load of R = 20Ω with 230V, 50Hz supply. Calculate the following factors, if the
thyristors are fired at an angle of 450: (i) rms value of output voltage and load power, (ii)
Input power factor, and (iii) average and rms current of thyristors. [May 2019].
Solution: Given parameters: supply voltage, 𝑉𝑚 = 230 ∗ 2, firing angle, 𝛼 = 450 and 𝑅 = 20Ω.
Vm 1
(i) The rms output voltage V0( rms ) =  −   + sin 2
2 2
230∗ 2 𝜋 1
∴ 𝑉0 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 1800 − 450 ∗ + sin 2 ∗ 45 = 219.30𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
2𝜋 180 2
𝑉0 𝑟𝑚𝑠
The rms output current, 𝐼0 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 10.965Amps
𝑅

Then, the load power, P0( load ) = I 0(2 rms ) .R = 2404.71W

V0( rms ) 1 1
(ii) input power factor =  −   + sin 2 = 0.9547(lagging )
VS 2 2

(iii) average and rms current of thyristors.

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4. Configurations of Single-phase AC Voltage Controllers

TRAIC
T1 G
A K

G MT2 MT1
I0
G R
I0 (or)
230V, 50Hz R-L
K A R 1-Φ AC Vac V0
(or)
Vin L
230V, 50Hz o
T2 R-L Supply a
1-Φ AC Vac V0
Vin L d
o
Supply a
d

Transformer

Transformer (b)
(a)
T1 D2 D1 D3
A K A K
K A K A
G
T
G A K I0 G A K I0
K A R K A R
(or) (or)
230V, 50Hz T2 D1 R-L 230V, 50Hz D4 D2 R-L
1-Φ AC Vac V0 V0
Vin L 1-Φ AC Vac Vin L
o o
Supply a Supply a
d d

Transformer Transformer

(c) (d)
Fig.4.6: Configurations of ac voltage controllers: (a) two antiparallel thyristors; (b) TRIAC; (c) two-diodes and two-
thyristors (d) bridge configuration with single SCR.

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Cycloconverter

➢ Cycloconverter is a static power electronic converter (PEC) which converts fixed AC input
voltage and frequency to a variable AC output voltage with variation in frequency also.
PEC

Fixed AC Input Variable AC Output

(Constant voltage and (Variation in voltage
constant frequency) and frequency)
Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt V0
V0 I0
Vm I0

0 π 2π 3π 4π wt 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
fs=50Hz f0=25Hz

Based on the relationship between input frequency and output frequency, the
cycloconverters are classified into two types.
(i) Step-down cycloconverter (𝑓0 < 𝑓𝑠 )
(ii) Step-up cycloconverter (𝑓0 > 𝑓𝑠 )

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5. Single-phase to single-phase Cycloconverter

Based on the relationship between input frequency and output frequency, the
cycloconverters are classified into two types.
(i) Step-down cycloconverter (𝑓0 < 𝑓𝑠 )
(ii) Step-up cycloconverter (𝑓0 > 𝑓𝑠 )

Based on the circuit configurations, the cycloconverter is classified as mid-point type and
bridge type. Both these cycloconverters can operate as step-down or step-up

(a) Mid-point type CC Note-1: SCRs P1 to P4 (b) Bridge type CC

A K (or) P1 and P2 are triggered
P1 G
G to achieve positive output K G K G A A
P I0 N3 N1
P1 P3
K
N1
A voltage waveform.
A A R G K G K
V0 (or)
I0 P R-L P
230V, 50Hz
R (or) RL-Load L V0
1-Φ AC Supply
Note-2: SCRs N1 to N4 N
o
a N
K G K G d A A
P2
A K (or) N1 and N2 are triggered N2 N4
N P4 P2
G
to achieve negative output A A G K G K
1:2 G N2
Transformer
K A
voltage waveform.
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Contd..

(a) Mid-point type configuration with R Load

A K

P1 G
G

K A
(i) Step-down Cycloconverter N1
(ii) Step-up Cycloconverter
230V, 50Hz R Load I0
(𝒇𝟎 < 𝒇𝒔 ) 1-Φ AC
Supply
Vac
Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
(𝒇𝟎 > 𝒇𝒔 )
V0
P2
Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt A K Vm
Vm G
0 π/3 2π/3 π 4π/3 5π/3 2π wt
1:2 G N2
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt Transformer
K A Gate α=0 Firing angle
Pulse,
Gate Firing angle
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟓𝟎𝑯𝒛 P1 𝒇𝒔 = 𝟓𝟎𝑯𝒛
Pulse, α Fig. 4. 7. Circuit diagram of
P1 π/3 2π/3 π 4π/3 5π/3 2π
single-phase to single- Gate0 wt
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
Gate phase mid-point type Pulse,
Pulse, π+α P2
P2 cycloconverter with R load. 0 π/3 2π/3 π 4π/3 5π/3 2π wt
0 Gate
wt
Gate Pulse,
Pulse, 3π+α N1
N1 π/3 2π/3 π 4π/3 5π/3 2π
0 wt
π 2π 3π 4π Gate
0 wt
Gate Pulse,
Pulse, 2π+α N2
N2 0 π/3 2π/3 π 4π/3 5π/3 2π wt
0 π 2π 3π 4π V0
V0 wt V0 I0
V0
I0
I0
𝒇𝟎 = 𝟐𝟓𝑯𝒛 I0
π
0 π/3 2π/3 4π/3 5π/3 2π wt
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
𝒇𝟎 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝑯𝒛
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Contd..

(b) Bridge type configuration with R Load

K G K G A A

P1 P3 I0 N3 N1

(i) Step-down Cycloconverter A A G K G K

(ii) Step-up Cycloconverter
P P
R Load V0
(𝒇𝟎 < 𝒇𝒔 ) N
G G
N (𝒇𝟎 > 𝒇𝒔 )
K K A A
Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt N2 N4 Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
P4 P2
Vm A A G K G K Vm
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt 0 π/3 2π/3 π 4π/3 5π/3 2π wt

Gate Firing angle Gate α=0 Firing angle

Pulse, α 𝒇𝒔 = 𝟓𝟎𝑯𝒛 Pulse, 𝒇𝒔 = 𝟓𝟎𝑯𝒛
P1&P2
Fig. 4. 8. Circuit diagram ofP1&P2
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
single-phase to single- 0 π/3 2π/3 π 4π/3 5π/3 2π wt
Gate Gate
phase bridge type Pulse,
Pulse, π+α
P3&P4 cycloconverter with R load. P3&P4
0 π/3 2π/3 π 4π/3 5π/3 2π wt
0 wt
Gate Gate
Pulse, Pulse,
3π+α
N1&N2 N1&N2
0 π/3 2π/3 π 4π/3 5π/3 2π wt
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt Gate
Gate
2π+α Pulse,
Pulse,
N3&N4
N3&N4
0 π/3 2π/3 π 4π/3 5π/3 2π
π 2π 4π wt
0 V0
3π wt V0
V0 I0
V0 I0
I0 𝒇𝟎 = 𝟐𝟓𝑯𝒛 I0
π
0 π/3 2π/3 4π/3 5π/3 2π wt
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
𝒇𝟎 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝑯𝒛
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Contd..

➢Derivation of average and RMS Output Voltages for step-down Cycloconverter:

(i) Derivation of average output voltage:

Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
4
1 Vm
V0( avg ) =  Vm sin wtd ( wt )
4 0 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt

Gate Firing angle

To calculate the average output voltage, consider Pulse, α
P1&P2
complete one cycle at the output side, 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
Gate
Pulse, π+α
1   2 3 4
 P3&P4
V0( avg ) = 
4  Vm sin wtd ( wt ) +  Vm sin wtd ( wt ) +  Vm sin wtd ( wt ) +  Vm sin wtd ( wt ) 
 + 2 + 3 +  Gate
0 wt

Pulse, 3π+α
N1&N2
Vm 
 − cos wt  +  − cos wt  + +  − cos wt 2 + +  − cos wt 3 + 
 2 3 4 π
V0( avg ) = 0 2π 3π 4π wt
4  Gate
Pulse, 2π+α
N3&N4
Vm 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
V0( avg ) =  − cos  + cos − cos 2 + cos( +  ) − cos3 + cos(2 +  ) − cos 4 + cos(3 +  ) = 0 V0
V0
I0
4 I0
V0( avg ) = 0 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
V0( avg )
Average output current, I 0( avg ) = =0
R
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Contd..

➢Derivation of average and RMS Output Voltages for Step-down Cycloconverter:

(ii) Derivation of RMS output voltage:
2
1
= V
2
V0( rms ) sin 2 wtd ( wt )
2
m


Due to symmetrical waveforms during positive and negative half cycles, only positive half
cycle is considered
 
1 Vm  1 − cos 2 wt 
V0( rms ) =  Vm sin wtd (wt ) =   2  d (wt )
2 2

  

 
Vm Vm 1
 wt  − sin 2wt 
 
V0( rms ) =
2
 1d (wt ) −  cos 2wtd (wt ) =
 2 2

Vm 1
V0( rms ) =  −   − sin 2 − sin 2 
2 2

Vm 1
V0( rms ) =  −   + sin 2 
2 2

V0( rms ) Vm 1
Rms output current, I 0( rms ) = =  −   + sin 2 
R R 2 2
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Contd..

(a) Mid-point type configuration with R-L Load

Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟓𝟎𝑯𝒛
Vm
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt

A K Gate Firing angle

P1 G Pulse, α
G P1
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
K
N1
A Gate
Pulse, π+α
230V, 50Hz R-L Load I0 P2
1-Φ AC Vac 0 wt
Supply Gate
V0
P2 Pulse, 3π+α
A K N1
G 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
1:2 G N2 Gate
Transformer Pulse, 2π+α
K A N2
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
Fig. 4. 9. Circuit diagram of single-phase to single-phase V0
V0 I0
mid-point type cycloconverter with R-L load. I0
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
γ
β
𝒇𝟎 = 𝟐𝟓𝑯𝒛
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Contd..

(b) Bridge configuration with R-L Load

Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt 𝒇𝒔 = 𝟓𝟎𝑯𝒛
Vm
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt

Gate Firing angle

Pulse, α
P1&P2
K G K G A A 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
Gate
P1 P3 I0 N3 N1 π+α
Pulse,
A A G K G K P3&P4
P P 0 wt
V0
R-L Load Gate
N
K G K G
N Pulse, 3π+α
A A
N1&N2
P4 P2 N2 N4
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
A A G K G K Gate
Pulse, 2π+α
N3&N4
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
Fig. 4. 9. Circuit diagram of single-phase to single-phase V0
V0 I0
bridge type cycloconverter with R-L load.
I0
0 γ π 2π 3π 4π wt
β
𝒇𝟎 = 𝟐𝟓𝑯𝒛
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Contd..

➢Derivation of average and RMS Output Voltages for Step-down Cycloconverter:

Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
(i) Derivation of average output voltage: Vm
π 2π 3π 4π
1 4 0 wt
V0( avg ) =  Vm sin wtd ( wt )
4 0 Gate Firing angle
Pulse, α
P1
To calculate the average output voltage,
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
Gate
consider complete one cycle at the output side, Pulse, π+α
P2
1   + 2 +  3 + 
 0 wt
V0( avg ) =   Vm sin wtd ( wt ) +  Vm sin wtd ( wt ) +  Vm sin wtd ( wt ) +  Vm sin wtd (wt )  Gate
4   + 2 + 3 +  Pulse, 3π+α
N1
Vm 
 − cos wt  +  − cos wt  + +  − cos wt 2 + +  − cos wt 3 + 
  + 2 +  3 + 
V0( avg ) = 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
4   Gate
Pulse, 2π+α
Vm N2
V0( avg ) =  − cos  + cos  − cos 2 + cos( +  ) − cos3 + cos(2 +  ) − cos 4 + cos(3 +  ) = 0 π
4 0 V0
2π 3π 4π wt
V0 I0
V0( avg ) = 0 I0
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
V0( avg ) γ
Average output current, I 0( avg ) = =0 β
Z
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Contd..

➢Derivation of average and RMS Output Voltages for Step-down Cycloconverter:

(ii) Derivation of RMS output voltage:
2
1
= V
2
V0( rms ) sin 2 wtd ( wt )
2
m


Due to symmetrical waveforms during positive and negative half cycles, only positive half
cycle is considered
 
1 Vm  1 − cos 2 wt 
  
V0( rms ) = V 2
sin wtd ( wt ) =
2
 d ( wt )

m
 2 

 
Vm Vm 1
 wt  − sin 2wt 
 
V0( rms ) =
2
 1d (wt ) −  cos 2wtd (wt ) =
 2 2

Vm 1
V0( rms ) =   −   − sin 2 − sin 2 
2 2

Vm 1
V0( rms ) =   −   + sin 2 − sin 2 
2 2

V0( rms ) Vm 1 Where, Z = R + jX L

Rms output current, I 0( rms ) = =   −   + sin 2 − sin 2 
Z Z 2 2
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6. Three-phase Cycloconverter

The object is to consider how single-phase low frequency output voltage is

fabricated from the segments of three-phase input voltage waveforms
(a) Three-phase to single-phase Cycloconverter
R

Y
B

T1 T2 T3 T11 T21 T31

I0 I0
R
(or) L
R-L O V0
L V0 a
d
o
a
d N

(a) (b)
N

Fig. 4.10. Three-phase to single-phase cycloconverter (a) schematic diagram (b) single-line diagram
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6. Three-phase Cycloconverter
Example: To convert 50Hz 3-φ supply to 12.5Hz 1-φ output frequency, the reduction factor is 1/4

Progressive change in firing angle = reduction factor in frequency * 1200

Therefore, Progressive step variation in firing angle is = (1/4)*1200 = 300

Therefore, to get positive output voltage, α variation should be 900, 600, 300, 00,300, 600, 900
VY =Vmsin(wt+1200)
VR =Vmsinwt VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)

Vm

0
wt

Fabricated output voltage Mean output voltage

α = 900α = 600 α = 300 α = 00 α = 300 α = 600 α = 900

0 wt

Fig. 4. 11. Fabricated and mean output voltage waveforms for single-phase cycloconverter.
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6. Three-phase Cycloconverter
Example-1: To convert 50Hz to 12.5Hz output frequency, the reduction factor is 1/4
Therefore, to get positive output voltage, α variation should be 900, 600, 300, 00,300, 600, 900
Similarly, to get negative output voltage, α variation should be 900, 1200, 1500, 1800, 1500, 1200, 90
VY =Vmsin(wt+1200)
VR =Vmsinwt VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)

Vm

0
wt

Fabricated output voltage Mean output voltage 0

α = 900 α=0 0 α = 150 α = 1500 α = 900

0 α = 300 α = 300 wt
0
α = 600 α = 60
α = 900
α = 1200 α = 1800 α = 1200

Fig. 4.12. Fabricated and mean output voltage waveforms for single-phase cycloconverter.
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6. Three-phase Cycloconverter
Example-2: To convert 50Hz to 6.25Hz output frequency, the reduction factor is 1/8
Therefore, to get positive output voltage, α variation should be 900 to 00 and back to 900
Similarly, to get negative output voltage, α variation should be 900 to 1800 and back to 900

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6. Three-phase Cycloconverter
(b) Three-phase to three-phase Cycloconverter
Example-3: To convert 50Hz 3-φ supply to 12.5Hz 3-φ output frequency, the reduction factor is 1/4
R
Y
B

T1 T2 T3 T11 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T71
T21 T31 T41 T51 T61 T81 T91

L
o VB
a
d

N
VA VC
L
L

o
o

a
a

d
d

Fig. 4.12. Three-phase to three-phase cycloconverter schematic diagram.

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6. Three-phase Cycloconverter
(b) Three-phase to three-phase Cycloconverter
RYB

L
o
VB
a
d
N
VA VC
L
L

o
o

a
a

d
d

Fig. 4. 14. Three-phase to three-phase cycloconverter single-line diagram

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6. Three-phase Cycloconverter
(b) Three-phase to three-phase Cycloconverter
Example-3: To convert 50Hz 3-φ supply to 12.5Hz 3-φ output frequency, the reduction factor is 1/4
To get + o/p v/t, α should be varied from 900 to 00 and back to 900
0 0
V =V sin(wt+120 ) To get – o/p v/t, α should be varied from 90 to 180 and back to 90
0
Y m
VR =Vmsinwt VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)

Vm

0 wt

α = 900 VA α = 1500
VA α = 00 α = 1500 α = 900 α = 00

0 α = 300 α = 300 α = 300 wt

0
α = 600 α = 60 α = 600
0
α = 90
α = 1200 α = 1800 α = 1200

0
VB α = 1500 α = 1500 α = 90 α = 00 VB α = 1500 α = 1500 α = 900

0 α = 300 α = 300 wt
0
α = 60 0
α = 60
α = 1200 α = 1800 α = 1200 α = 1200 α = 1800 α = 1200
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6. Three-phase Cycloconverter
(b) Three-phase to three-phase Cycloconverter
VY =Vmsin(wt+1200)
VR =Vmsinwt VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)

Vm

0 wt

α = 900 VA α = 1500
VA α = 00 α = 1500 α = 900 α = 00

0 α = 300 α = 300 α = 300 wt

0
α = 60 0
α = 60 α = 60 0

α = 900
α = 1200 α = 1800 α = 1200
0
VB α = 1500 α = 1500 α = 90 α = 00 VB α = 1500 α = 1500 α = 900

0 α = 300 α = 300 wt
α = 600 α = 600
α = 1200 α = 1800 α = 1200 α = 1200 α = 1800 α = 1200

α = 1500 0 VC
VC α = 1500 α = 90 α = 00

0 α = 300 α = 300 α = 300 wt

α = 600 α = 600 α = 600

α = 900 α = 900
α = 1200 α = 1800 α = 1200 α = 1200
VA =Vmsinwt VB =Vmsin(wt+1200) VC =Vmsin(wt+2400)

0 wt

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6. Three-phase Cycloconverter
(b) Three-phase to three-phase Cycloconverter
Example-4: To convert 50Hz 3-φ supply to 6.25Hz 3-φ output frequency, the reduction factor is 1/8

To get + o/p v/t, α should be varied from 900 to 00 and back to 900
To get – o/p v/t, α should be varied from 900 to 1800 and back to 900

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TEXT BOOKS AND REFERENCE BOOKS

TEXT BOOKS:

[1] M. D. Singh and K. B. Kanchandhani, “Power Electronics”, Tata Mc Graw – Hill Publishing Company, 1998.

[2] M. H. Rashid, “Power Electronics : Circuits, Devices and Applications”, Prentice Hall of India, 2nd edition, 1998.

[3] V. R. Murthy, “Power Electronics”, Oxford University Press, 1st Edition 2005.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

[1] Vedam Subramanyam, “Power Electronics”, New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers, 2nd Edition 2008.

[2] Philip T. Krein, “Elements of Power Electronics”, Oxford University Press, 1997.

[3] M. S. Jamil Asghar, “Power Electronics”, PHI Private Limited, 2004.

[4] P. C. Sen, “Power Electronics”, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing, 2001.

[5] John G. Kassakian, Martin, F. Schlect, and Geroge C. Verghese, “Principles of Power Electronics”, Pearson Education, 1st Edition 2010.

[6] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, and W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design, 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2003.

[7] Muhammad. H. Rashid, Power Electronics Handbook, 3rd Edition. Elsevier Inc., 2011.

[8] N. Mohan, Power Electronics - A First Course, John Wiley and Sons, 2012.

[9] Philip Krein, Elements of Power Electronics, Second Edition, Oxford University press, 2014.

[10] Issa Batarseh, Power Electronic Circuits, NJ, Hoboken:John Wiley, 2004.

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 THANK YOU
FOR
YOUR ATTENTION…..!

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