Design Example 1

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This example is to illustrate the design of one way and two way
spanning walls in a rectangular water tank.

Design an open overhead tank (internal dimensions 3.5 m x 6 m x 2.5

m) supported on a reinforced concrete frame structure as shown below.
Use a minimum thickness of 200 mm for walls and floor slab.

Over flow pipe

200 mm
2.5 m

3.5 m

Consider the following material properties in the design

Density of water = 9.8 kN/m3

Density of concrete = 25 kN/m3
fcu = 35 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2

effective length
lx = 6000 + ½ x 2 x 200
= 6200 mm 200 mm
2.5 m
6m
effective height
ly = 2500 + ½ x 200
= 2600 mm
200 mm

lx 6200
  2.4  2 Hence slab will span one way i.e. as a cantilever.
ly 2600
2 Design of water-retaining structures

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Maximum water pressure

2.2.2
= 9.8 x 2.5 x 1.4 BM at
= 34.3 kN/m2 Base

2500
Water load F = ½ x 34.3 x 2.5 x 1 (ULS)
= 42.875 kN/m F = 40.02
BM at base (vertical bending) kNm/m
= 42.875 x [1/3 (2.5) + 0.1] SF at
= 40.02 kNm/m Base

( 250 0) / 3
100
(ULS)
Direct tension (Vertical direction) = 0 = 42.875
BM (Horizontal direction) = 0 kN/m

The liquid level should be taken to the working top liquid level or Max. BM
2.3
overflow level. (SLS)
Maximum water pressure = 9.8 x 1.0 x 2.3 = 22.46
= 22.54 kN/m2 kNm/m
Water load = ½ x 22.54 x 2.3
= 25.92 kN/m Max. SF
Maximum vertical BM = 25.92 x [1/3 x 2.3 + 0.1] (SLS)
= 22.46 kNm/m = 25.92
Maximum shear force at Base = 25.92 kN/m kN/m

lx = 3500 + ½ x 2 x 200 3500

2500
= 3700 mm
ly = 2500 + ½ x 200
= 2600 mm

lx 3700
  1.4  2 (Two way spanning slab)
ly 2600

Maximum water pressure at ULS = 9.8 x 2.5 x 1.4

= 34.3 kN/m2

Maximum water pressure at SLS = 9.8 x 2.3

= 22.5 kN/m 2
 Design Example 1 3

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Ultimate limit state analysis of two way spanning walls

Method 1 – By elastic analysis with ULS loads (approximate method)

Method 2 - Plastic analysis using yield line theory ( exact method)

Method 1

To carry out elastic analysis of thin walls, any available method can
be used. There are design charts (T 53) available in the Reynolds’s
Hand book for different boundary conditions of the wall. The curves
given in Table 53 (RHB) can be used to calculate critical service
bending moments on vertical and horizontal strips of unit width
when the slab is fully fixed or freely supported or unsupported along
the top edge. The curves are based on elastic analyses and for a value
of Poisson’s ratio of 0.2.

Maximum water load (ULS) = f = 34.3 kN/m2

Using T53/RHB
0.015
For top edge unsupported wall slab
0.008
-0.021 -0.021 BM at ULS
lx = 3700
lz = 2600 (method 1)
k = l x / lz = 1.4 (kNm/m)

-0.055 Mm=3.48
Mm = 0.015 x 34.3 x 2.6 2 = 3.48 kNm/m
Ms = 0.055 x 34.3 x 2.62 = 12.75 kNm/m Ms=12.75
Mhm = 0.008 x 34.3 x 3.7 2 = 3.76 kNm/m Mhm=3.76
Mhs = -0.021 x 34.3 x 3.72 = 9.86 kNm/m Mhs =9.86
4 Design of water-retaining structures

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Method 2 – Yield line analysis

The ultimate moments in a wall panel subjected to triangular loading

can be determined by Yield-line method. A feature of yield line
method of designing two-way slabs is that the designer is free to
choose the ratio between the moments in each direction and between the
positive and negative units in each direction. However, in case of wall
panel subjected to triangular load distribution results from the storage
of liquid, it is more important to ensure that the choice of these ratios
is such that the formation of cracks under service loading is
minimized. This is achieved if the ratios selected correspond
approximately to those given by elastic analysis.

The following design procedure is thus suggested.

1. Determine the proportion of the horizontal moments at mid span

Mhm and at the supports Mhs, and the vertical moment at the base
Ms to the vertical moment at mid span Mm from the appropriate
chart on T53/RHB.
2. Then if i4 = Ms / M m ,  = Mhm / Mm and i1 = i3 = Mhs /
Mm , determine , i1, i3 and i4
3. Calculate lyr from
2l y
l yr 
(1  i1 )  1  i3
and if the slab is supported at top edge, calculate lxr from
2l x
l xr 
(1  i2 )  1  i4
4. Finally, with f, lx (or lxr), lyr and i, determine M from the scale on
Table 58 (RHB) if the slab is supported at top edge and from the
chart T 61 otherwise.

In the given example. From T 53 – top edge unsupported

lx = 3700
lz = 2600 f = 24.5 kN/m2
k = lx / lz = 1.4 Mm = 0.015 x 24.5 x 2.6 2= 2.48 kNm/m
Ms = 0.055 x 24.5 x 2.62 = 9.12 kNm/m
Mhm = 0.008 x 24.5 x 3.72 = 2.68 kNm/m
Mhs = -0.021 x 24.5 x 3.72 = 7.04 kNm/m
 Design Example 1 5

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The most suitable values for , i1, i3 and i 4

M s 9.12
i4    3.6
M m 2.48
M hm 2.68
   1.08
M m 2.48
M hs 7.04
i1  i3    2.63
M m 1.08 x 2.48
2l y 2  3.7
l yr 
(1  i1 )  1  i3

 1  2.63  2  1.94
l yr 1.94
  0.75
lx 2.6
From T61 /RHB M  0.013 (for i4 = 3, lyr / lx = 0.8) BM at ULS
flx 2 (method 2)
(kNm/m)
M = Mm = 0.013 x 34.3 x 2.6 2 = 3.01 kNm/m Mm=3.01
Ms = i4 x Mm = 3.6 x 3.01 = 10.84 kNm/m Ms=10.84
Mhm = 1.08 x Mm = 1.08 x 3.07 = 3.25 kNm/m Mhm=3.25
Mhs = 2.63 x 1.08 x 3.01 = 8.55 kNm/m Mhs=8.55

Maximum water pressure = 2.3 x 9.8 = 22.54 kN/m2

T 53 can be used although there is no water on the top 200 mm. BM at SLS
(kNm/m)
Mm = 0.015 x 22.54 x 2.62 = 2.29 kNm/m Mm= 2.29
Ms = -0.055 x 22.54 x 2.62 = -8.38 kNm/m Ms = 8.38
Mhm = 0.008 x 22.54 x 3.72 = 2.47 kNm/m Mhm= 2.47
Mhs = -0.021 x 22.54 x 3.72 = -6.48 kNm/m Mhs = 6.48
6 Design of water-retaining structures

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Short wall
R2
Ly = 3.7 m
Lx = 2.6 m
K = ly / lx = 1.42 < 2 3500
R1 2500 R3

Total water load =

½ x 34.3 x 3.5 x 2.5
R4
Assuming total load is uniformly distributed
Intensity of load (w) = ½ x 34.3 = 17.15 kN/m2

From T63 /RHB

R1 = R3 = ½ K (1 - ¼ K) w lx2
= ½ x 1.42 (1 – 1.42/4) x 17.15 x 2.6 2
= 52.3 kN (total load carried by the shorter side)

 Direct tension carried by long wall = 52.3/2.6 = 20.12 kN/m

Maximum water pressure = 22.54 kN/m 2

W = ½ x 22.54 = 11.27 kN/m 2
From T63/RHB
R1 = R3 = ½ x 1.42 (1 – 1.42/4) x 11.27 x 2.62
= 34.9 kN
 Direct tension carried by
long wall (SLS) = 34.9/2.6 = 13.41 kN/m

ULS SLS
Mm Ms Mhm Mhs T Mrm Ms Mlm Mhs T
(KNm/m) KN/m (KNm/m) KN/m
Long
- 40.02 - - 20.12 - 22.46 - - 13.41
wall
Short 3.01 10.84 3.25 8.55 -
wall Method 2
2.39 8.38 2.47 6.48 -
Short 3.48 12.75 3.76 9.86
wall Method 1
 Design Example 1 7

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2.7.6 Thickness of the wall = 200 mm Cover = 40

Assume main bars to be 20 mm and distribution bars to be 12 mm.

d = 200 – 40 – 12 – 20/2
= 138 mm 40
M = 40.02 KNm/m
12 Ø
K’ = 0.156 No. redistribution
20 Ø
M 40.02  10 6
K  3  0.06  K '
bd 2 f cu 10  138 2  35 Hence no
3.4.4.4/ compression r/f 200
BS8110 is reqd
 K 
Z  d 0.5  0.25  
 0.9 
= 0.93 d = 0.93 x 138 = 128.3 mm

M 40.02  106
As    779mm 2 / m
0.87 f y Z 0.87  460  128.3

20.12  10 3
T = 20.12 KN/m As   50.3mm 2 /m
0.87  460

There are two methods available to calculate r/f under SLS

Method 1 – Based on limiting steel stress

Method 2 – Based on crack width limitation
8 Design of water-retaining structures

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Considering the method 1

M (SLS) = 22.46 KNm/m

M 22.46  103
  1.2
bd 2 103  138 2

T 3.1 Allowable steel stress fst = 130 N/mm2 (for c.w =0.2mm ,deformed
bars) From design chart T 118 (Reynold’s HB)
 = 0.011
fcr = 6.5 N/mm 2 (Maximum compressive stress of concrete)
As
   0.011
bd
 As = 0.011 x 10 3 x 138 = 1518 mm 2/m

B2 Ultimate stress of concrete = 0.45 fcu

= 0.45 x 35
= 15.8 N/mm2
> fcr = 6.5 N/mm 2
Hence concrete Stress is not near ultimate.

Note: Method of obtaining As by calculating crack width (method 2)

will be illustrated later.

T 3.1 Allowable steel stress = 130 N/mm2

T 13.41  103
Ast    103.2mm 2 / m
f st 130

2.6.2.3

A.2
Minimum steel ratio in each surfaces zone is given by
T A.1 f
 crit  ct  0.0035
fy
Fig. A.1 As
  0.0035 h ‘ – Depth of surface zone
bh'
 Design Example 1 9

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10 Design of water-retaining structures

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R/f to carry ult. BM (u1) - 779 mm2/m (U1)

R/f to carry serv. BM (S1) - 1518 mm2/m (S1)
R/f to shrinkage and thermal movement - 400 mm2/m (S3) per
each layer.(S3)

U1 - 771
S3 - 400 S1 - 1518 ( Y20 @ 200 )
S3 - 400

200

R/f to carry ult. tension - 50.3/2 per layer (U2)

R/f to carry serv. tension - 103.2/2 per layer (S2)
R/f to shrinkage and thermal movement - 400 per layer (S3)

U2 - 50.3/2
U2 - 50.3/2 S2 - 103.2/2
S2 - 103.2/2 S3 - 400 ( Y12@275 )
S3 - 400

200

Maximum spacing – lesser of 300 mm and thickness of the

2.6.2.3
member (200mm). Therefore max. spacing = 200 mm

Y12@200 Y20@200

Y12@200 Y12@200
 Design Example 1 11

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3.5.5

Ultimate Shear force at the base = 42.875 KN/m

V 42.875  10 3
   0.31 N / mm 2
bd 10 3  138
0.8 f cu  0.8 35  4.73 N / mm 2
3.4.5.2
   5 or 0.8 f cu . Hence OK

100 As 100  1570

  1.14
bd 1000  138
3.4.5.4
T3.9 /BS 8110 indicates Vc > v (=0.31) Hence No. shear r/f are
required.
Note: This is the normal situation.

3.12.8.3
Bond stress fb  fbu (design ult anchorage bond stress)
Fs 0.87 f y . . 2 0.217 f y 
fb   4   f bu
3.12.8.4  .l  .l l
f bu   f cu  0.5  35  0.7
T 3.28 ( BS 8110)
 2.07 N / mm 2

The design ultimate anchorage bond stress for horizontal bars in

sections under direct tension should not be greater than 0.7 times the
values in 3.12.8.4/BS8110.
f b  f bu
0.217  460  12
 2.07
l
l  579mm
Anchorage length for 12Ø bars = 580 mm
12 Design of water-retaining structures

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Use lap length required according to (Cl. 3.12.8.9 / 3.12.8.11 /

3.12.8.13 and T 3.29)

Simplified rules for curtailment given in Cl. 3.12.10.3 of BS 8110 do

not apply as the wall is not subjected to a UDL.

Bars should extend beyond the point at which it is no longer required for
a distance equal to an anchorage length.

In this particular example it is not possible to curtail the bars as it

violates the maximum bar spacing requirement.

The hand book for the previous code of practical (BS 5337) states that
deflection at the top of wall need not be checked for open structures.. But
when the reservoir is roofed, or supported at top, the criteria has to be
checked.

Cl. 3.5.7 / BS 8110 , Cl 2.1/ BS 8007 give the procedure to check

deflection. Example 2 explains the applications of these clauses.

This is repetition of step a.1.3 (done by limiting steel stress method)

To calculate crack width following procedure is necessary.

(a) Calculate serviceability BM

(b) Calculate depth of N.A, lever arm and steel stress by elastic theory.
(c) Calculate surface strain allowing for stiffening effect of concrete.
(d) Calculate the crack width.

Consider long wall,

h = 200 mm, d = 138 mm
M = 22.46 kNm/m
 Design Example 1 13

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(As) provided = 1570 mm 2/m (Y 20 @ 200)

As 1570
ρ   3  0.0114
bd 10  138

Es = 200 kN/mm2
Ec = ½ x static modulus
= ½ x 27(T.7.2 / BS 8110: Part 2)
= 13.5 N/mm2

Es 200 200
αe    αeρ   0.0114  0.169
E c 13.5 13.5

x  α ρ  1  2  1 
d e
αeρ
 
 2 
 0.169  1   1   0.436
 0.169 
X = 0.436 x 138 = 59.4 mm
59.4
Z  d  x 3  138   118.2mm
3

Check stress levels

Ms 22.46  10 6
fs    121 N/mm 2
Eq. (4) Z.A s 118.2  1570
 0.8  460 N/mm 2
2M s 2  22.46  10 6
f cb   3  6.4 N/mm 2
bxZ 10  59.4  118.2
Eq. (5)
 0.45  35
Hence O.K. N/mm 2
fs h  x 
ε 1   d  x 
Es
121  200  59.4  3
 3    1.08  10
200  10  138  59.4 
14 Design of water-retaining structures

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b t (h  x)(a1  x)
ε 2 
3 E s A s(d  x)
1000(200  59.4)(200  59.4)

3  200  10 3  1570(138  59.4)
 0.267  10  3
200

ε m  ε 1  ε 2  0.815  10 3
3 acr . ε m Ø20
w
 a  C min 
1  2  cr 
 h x 
Cmin = 40 + 12 = 52 mm acr acr

Cmin

12
40

(acr + 10) 2 = 622 + 100 2

acr = 107.7 mm

3  107.7  0.815  10 3
 w
 107.7  52 
1  2 
 200  59.4 
Wmax
 0.15mm  0.2mm
Hence O.K.

Note:
Since the crack width is not close to the design crack width it is
possible to reduce the reinforcement. Therefore by adopting this method
an economical solution can be achieved.