Personality
Lecture no 7
Evaluation:
• Freud and his personality theory has
been subjected to harsh, bitter and
sharp criticism from every aspect and
angle.
• Freud was pessimistic in his approach he
saw humans as animals; who are
aggressive and selfish.
• His writings have influence on literature,
art philosophy.
• Freud gave the first theory of personality
and many theories evolved as a reaction
to it.
Recap
• The psychoanalytic theory of personality of
Sigmund Freud is based entirely on his
extensive clinical observation of his patients as
well as his own self-analysis.
• Freud proposed three levels of consciousness-
the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious-
to describe the degree to which mental events
vary in accessibility to awareness.
• The most significant mental events take place in
the unconscious.
Recap
• In Freudian theory, human psychological
makeup comprises three structural
components- id, ego, and superego.
• The id, representing the instinctual core of
the person, is irrational, impulsive, and
obedient to the pleasure principle.
• Reflex actions and primary process
thinking are used by the id in 0btaining
gratification of instinctual urges.
Recap
• The ego represents the rational component of
personality and is governed by the reality
principle.
• Its task, through secondary process thinking, is
to provide the individual with a suitable plan of
action in order to satisfy the demands of the id
within the restrictions of the social world and the
individual's conscience.
• The superego, the final structure developed,
represents the moral branch of personality.
• It has two subsystems, the conscious and the
ego-ideal.
Recap
• Freud's motivational theory is based on
the concept of instinct, LIFE AND DEATH
INSTINCTS.
Recap
• Freud conceived of personality
development as proceeding through the
following stages: oral, anal, phallic, and
genital.
Recap
• Freud recognized three types of anxiety: reality,
neurotic, and moral.
• He proposed that anxiety serves as a warning
signal to the ego of impending danger from
instinctual impulses.
• In response, the ego employs a number of
defense mechanisms, including, sublimation,
projection, displacement, rationalization, reaction
formation, and regression.
Recap
• A number of Freudian concepts have yet
to be submitted to rigorous empirical
assessment by psychologists.
• However, illustrative studies related to
repression, dreams, humor suggest that
certain psychoanalytic constructs are open
to scientific inquiry
Applications of psychoanalytic concepts to
everyday life are numerous:
1-One of the most significant of these,
psychoanalytic therapy, uses well-developed
methods such as free association, interpretation
of resistance, dream analysis, and analysis of
transference to probe the unconscious
2- With the aim of making possible a deeper
understanding of the self.
3-These self-insights are then converted into a
person's everyday life through the method of
emotional reeducation.
Carl Jung’s Analytical Theory
Neo-Freudians
Who are the Neo-Freudians?
• Neo-Freudians are followers of Freud
who developed their own competing
theories of psychoanalysis.
– Jung developed an Analytical theory.
The focus is on the
1-Personal unconscious:
Jung’s name for the unconscious
mind as described by Freud.
Menu
Neo-Freudians
Complex:
– A complex is a cluster of ideas
connected together by a common
feelings or emotions.
2-Collective unconscious:
Jung’s name for the memories shared
by all members of the human species.
• Archetypes:
Jung’s collective, universal human
memories.
Carl Jung
• Concepts of Theory
• Libido Equivalence Entropy Opposites
• Components of Personality
• Ego The Personal Un-conscious The Collective Un-
conscious Persona Anima Animus Shadow
Self
• The Psychological Types
• Introverts Extroverts
• Stages of Development
• Childhood Young Adulthood Middle Ages
• Life after Retirement
• Life Goal
• Causality Teleology
• Research Techniques
•
Theory of Carl Jung
Biographical Sketch
Concepts of the Theory
1-Libido is the driving force of the
personality.
It is the general biological life energy that
is concentrated in solving different
problems as they arise.
2-Equivalence
3-Entropy
4-Opposites
Components of Personality:
1-Ego is our every conscious experience.
It is our thinking, feeling, remembering,
perceiving.
So it is responsible for every thing, we do.
• 2-The Personal Un-conscious consists of
repressed or forgotten or not very vivid or
clear memories.
• It consists of clusters of emotionally
loaded thoughts which Jung labeled as
complexes.
• A complex is a cluster of ideas connected
together by a common feelings or
emotions.
• The Collective Un-conscious It refers to
our ancestral experiences, memories from
untold millions of years, so it is fragments
of all human history that we inherit from
our forefathers.
• Jung labeled these ancestral experiences
as archetypes.
• Fragments of all human history that we inherit
from our forefathers.
• Jung labeled these ancestral experiences as
archetypes.
Which are following:
– Persona
– Anima
– Animus
– Shadow
– Self
The Psychological Types:
• Types refer to orientation or the way an
individual interacts with other people:
• Introverts
• Extroverts
Stages of Development:
– Childhood
– Young Adulthood
– Middle Ages
– Life after Retirement
Life Goal:
• The goal of life is the harmony of the
psyche that is combining various parts of
the personality in to one.
• This is also called the transcendent
function or life goal or the self.
•
Individuation:
• On the other hand, individuation is the
exact opposite of the life goal.
• Individuation is becoming aware of each
and every part of the psyche such as the
anima, animus, shadow, and self.
Causality and Teleology:
• According to Jung, adult personality should be
understood in terms of past experiences which
guide us, and provide solution to our problems
but our behavior is also guided by teleology that
is human behavior is always guided by past as
well as by future.
• So past experiences push us forward and future
goals pull us ahead.
Research Techniques:
Word Association Test:
He redesigned Wundt’s word association test and used it
extensively with his patient’s.
Dream Analysis:
For Jung a dream is just what it appears to be.
It provides individual with an awareness and
understanding of his problem and solution to the problem
as well.
• For Jung, personal unconscious, collective unconscious
and archetypes are very important. The unity of all these
into self is the goal of life.
Biographical Sketch:
• Carl Jung was born in 1875 in a Swiss
village.
• His eight uncles and his father was a
pastor in a Swiss church.
• His parents were most of the time fighting which
caused Jung to isolate himself from the family
which caused him to rely on his dreams vision
and fantasies.
• When Jung was 10 year’s old, he carved out a
wooden man from a ruler and kept it in a little
wooden case and dressed him in black .
• Whenever he was depressed and troubled, he
would visit him and share his secret with this
refuge figure.
• Jung believed in dual aspect of his personality,
one as a school boy and one as the wise old
man and the wise old man was about one
hundred year’s old than the school boy who was
apparently the real person.
• Jung by profession was a doctor. Jung
developed a strong relationship with Freud after
reading Freud’s book called The Interpretation of
Dreams in 1900.
• Jung began to apply Freud’s ideas in his therapy. Jung
wrote 395 letters to Freud. This points to fact his
dependence on Freud.
• Freud invited him to visit him and to accompany him to
America to deliver a series of lectures at Clark University
on Psycho-analysis.
• The relationship between Jung and Freud initially
flourished because Freud named Jung as the president
of his Psycho-analytic society.
• But the relationship soon suffered a setback when Jung
began to criticize Freud’s overemphasis on psycho-
sexual development.
• Jung advised Freud that even the liberal American
audience did not like Freud’s emphasis on sex.
• The two broke-up and Jung called it as the dark years of
his life when he began to explore his own theory of
personality with emphasis on ego, collective un-
conscious, personal un-conscious and archetypes.
• IN 1909 Freud was invited by Stanley Hall to come to
America and introduce his Psychoanalysis to the
American audience.
• Jung accompanied Freud to America .During his visit to
America Jung noted that even the liberal American
audience did not approve Freud’s over emphasis on
sexual interpretation and on unconscious motives in
each and every behavior pattern.
• All in good faith Jung advised Freud not to
emphasize on sex, unconscious and
childhood experiences, Freud ignored and
soon broke his relations with Jung and as
a punishment the president-ship of the
Psychoanalytic society was given to Adler.
• Jung was the first disciple and the first
rebel of Freud.
• After terminating his relationship with
Freud he withdrew himself from active life
and focused on exploring his own dreams
and fantasies.
• He developed his theory of personality
which resembles very little with Freud’s
theory and he kept modifying it till his
death in 1961.
Concepts of Theory
1-Libido:
Libido is the driving force of the personality. It is the
general biological life energy that is concentrated in
solving different problems as they arise.
• For Jung, Libido is the creative life force that leads to
continuous psychological growth of the person so, when
we are engaged in activities such as eating, sleeping,
studying, walking, talking, all these needs require energy
and Libido is that store house which provides energy for
all our physical, psychological and spiritual needs.
• Freud saw libido as sexual and
aggressive in nature.
• Jung saw libido as life energy involved in
each and every activity.
• For Freud, Libido is the main sexual
aggressive force or energy, while for Jung
the Libidinal energy is the life energy, not
just required for sex and aggression.
2-Equivalence:
• The principle of Equivalence is the first law of
the thermo dynamics (Thermo mean heat and
dynamics mean the movement ,so it refers to the
flow of heat).
• The first law of thermo-dynamics states that the
amount of energy in a system is fixed. It is also
called law of conservation of energy.
• Now individual possesses psychic-energy which
is Libido and the amount of Libido is fixed.
• Energy may change its form but its total amount
will remain the same.
Example:
• You may invest your energy in one activity say
studying more and sleep less while another
student may sleep more and study less.
• So libido (energy) is simply changing its form but
its total amount remains the same.
Example:
• The conscious and unconscious are the two
aspects of the individual which use energy -
libido.
• When you concentrate more on conscious
activities like talking , walking, socializing then
libido is being utilized in conscious but it can be
used for unconscious activity so psychical
energy is changing forms only.
3-Entropy:
This is the second law of thermo-dynamics,
which says that there is tendency towards
equalization of energy within a system, for
example, all components of the psyche have a
tendency to equalize their energy level e.g. the
conscious and the un-conscious are the
components of the psyche and there will be a
tendency that the energy levels of the two
components should be equal.
• The focus is on creating equilibrium or a
state of balance between different energy
states.
Example:
Place a hot body with a cold body heat
will flow from hot body to cold body and it
will keep flowing till the two are at same
energy level.
• For Jung there is a tendency with in the
individual to have all components of the
psyche to be at equal energy level.
Example:
• The conscious and unconscious to be at
same energy level.
4-Principles of Opposites:
• According to Newton to every action, there
is an equal opposite reaction which is the
third law of motion.
• According to Hegel everything carries its
own negation or antithesis.
Examples:
• So we can say, that the un-conscious is
the opposite of the conscious.
• The rational is the opposite of the
irrational.
• The introvert is the opposite of the
extrovert, as far as our psychical system is
concerned.
Examples:
• Birth- death
• Day- night
• Good –Bad
Concepts of Theory:
• 1-Libido is the driving force of the
personality
• 2-Equivalence
• 3-Entropy
• 4-Opposites
Components of Personality:
• Ego
• The Personal Un-conscious
• The Collective Un-conscious
– Persona
– Anima
– Animus
– Shadow
– Self
Components of Personality:
1-Ego:
• Ego is our every conscious experience. It
is our thinking, feeling, remembering,
perceiving. So it is responsible for every
thing, we do.
• Ego is responsible for our everyday
functions and activities.
• It is our sense of identity .
Example:
• All your daily activities and your personal
identity as student of VU is due to ego.
2-The Personal Un-conscious:
• The personal un-conscious consists of
repressed or forgotten or not very vivid or
clear memories.
• It consists of clusters of emotionally
loaded thoughts which Jung labeled as
complexes.
• A complex is a cluster of ideas connected
together by a common feelings or
emotions
• A complex is a cluster of ideas connected
together by a common feelings or
emotions.
• So a complex has a nucleus which acts
as a magnet to attract other ideas.
Example:
• The mother complex or the father
complex or the power complex or the
money complex is a thought which is given
a lot of importance by the person and he
would invest a lot of energy in activities
related with the mother complex or any
other which is important to him.
Application of Complex:
• Jung reformed Wundt’s word association
test.
• This test reveals and detects complexes
by studying the common response
patterns among mother and daughter,
father and son, thus showing that a family
background has an influence in forming
the concept of complex.
3-The Collective Un-conscious:
• It refers to our ancestral experiences,
memories from untold millions of years, so
it is fragments of all human history that we
inherit from our forefathers.
• Jung labeled these ancestral experiences
as archetypes.
• An archetype is an inherited
predisposition to respond to certain
aspects of the world in certain ways.
• An archetype is a universal thought that
has emotion now this thought creates an
image and a vision.
• This concept is the crowning principle of
Jung’s theory.
Jung gave us the following archetypes:
• Persona
• Anima
• Animus
• Shadow
• Self
The Persona:
• Persona is the mask. It is a Latin word which means the
mask or cover which the actors use to wear on the
stage.
• It refers to individual’s public personality. It is our very
polite and full of manner public personality.
• Persona may deceive other people but is only a small
part of our psyche.
• It should not be mistaken and taken as the complete
whole person.
• The persona and the real person that is the public
personality and the real personality should be closer to
one another for a good healthy adjustment.
• It is the role assigned by the society.
• It conceals the real nature of the person.
• Jung’s persona is similar to Freud’s super-
ego in some respects.
Anima:
• This is the female component of the male
psyche.
• It comes in to existence because of the
experiences that women have had with men
over centuries.
• It facilitates women to have the better
understanding of the other gender.
• Secondly, it provides a framework within which
males interact with females.
Animus:
• The animus is the masculine component
of the female psyche.
• The male who has a strong animus would
help him in taking care of all domestic
chores which females are competent in.
• Both of these anima and animus facilitate
each gender to respond and understand
members of the other sex.
Shadow:
• It is the darkest, deepest part of the
psyche or the animal side of the human
psyche.
• As the word shadow shows, it is the devil,
the monster, the evil, the destructive,
damaging, revengeful side of you and me.
Self:
• The self is that component of the psyche
that strives to unite, harmonize and
integrate all components of the psyche
into one whole.
• When this process takes place, we say
that the individual has self actualized or he
has achieved his life goal.
• This similar to Maslow’s self actualization.
Recap
