CHAPTER 2

SOLUTIONS
GIST OF THE LESSON
• Solution: A homogeneous mixture of two or more chemically non-reactive
substances whose concentration can be varied within certain limits.
• Solubility: The amount of the solute present in 100g of the solvent in a saturated
solution at a given temperature.
• Saturated Solution: A solution which cannot dissolve any more of the solute at a
particular temperature.
• Unsaturated Solution: A solution in which more of the solute can be dissolved at
a particular temperature.
• Super Saturated Solution: A solution in which the amount of solute present in
100g of the solvent at a particular temperature is more than its normal solubility at
that temperature.

• Mass Percent: Mass of solute per 100g of solution.

• Molarity: Number of moles of solute per litre of solution.
• Molality: Number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
• Mole Fraction: Ratio of number of moles of component to total number moles.
• Parts per million: The number of parts by mass of solute per million parts by mass
of solution.

Gas in Liquid solution:

o Solubility of gas in liquid decreases with rise in temperature
o Henry’s law: At a given temperature, mole fraction of a gas is proportional to the
partial pressure of the gas over the solution.
o p = KH χ
o KH α Temperature, KH α 1/Solubility

Liquid in Liquid solution:

o Vapour Pressure: The pressure developed above the liquid at particular
temperature at the equilibrium point.
o Raoult’s Law: In solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each
component is directly proportional to its mole fraction.
pA = p0A χA , pB = p0B χB ,Total pressure p = pA + pB

• Ideal Solution: The liquid-liquid solution which obey Raoult’s law at all
concentrations.
Forces of attraction between A-A, B-B is similar to A-B
ptotal = pA + pB, ΔHmix =0; ΔVmix
= 0.
• Non−Ideal Solution: The liquid-liquid solution which do not obey Raoult’s law.
Show positive or negative deviations from Raoult’s law.

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• Azeotrope: The mixture of liquids which boils at constant temperature like pure
liquid and has same composition of component in liquid as well as vapour phase.

• Types of azeotropes:

(i) Minimum boiling azeotrope: The solutions which show a large positive
deviation from Raoult’s law form minimum boiling azeotrope. Eg: ethanol-
water mixture
(ii) Maximum boiling azeotrope: The solutions that show large negative deviation
from Raoult’s law form maximum boiling azeotrope at a specific composition.
Eg: Nitric acid and water mixture.

• Colligative Properties: The properties of the solution which are independent of

nature of solute but depend upon the concentration of solute particles.
• Lowering of Vapour Pressure: It is the difference in the vapour pressure of the
pure solvent and that of solution which are added with non-volatile solute.
• Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure: The ratio of the lowering of vapour
pressure to the vapour pressure of pure solvent.
• Molal Elevation Constant (Kb): The elevation in the boiling point of the
solution when its molality is unity. It is also called molal ebullioscopic constant.
• Molal Depression Constant (Kf): The depression in the freezing point when the
molality of the solution is unity. It is also called molal cryoscopic constant.
• Osmosis Pressure: The excess pressure that must be applied to the solution side
to prevent the flow of solvent into solution through a semi−permeable membrane.
• Isotonic Solutions: Two solutions having same osmotic pressure at a given
temperature are called isotonic solutions. They have same molar concentration.
When such solutions are separated by semipermeable membrane no osmosis
occurs between them.
• Osmotic pressure associated with the fluid inside the blood cell is equivalent to
that of 0.9% (mass/ volume) sodium chloride solution, called normal saline
solution and it is safe to inject intravenously. On the other hand, if we place the
cells in a solution containing more than 0.9% (mass/volume) sodium chloride,
water will flow out of the cells and they would shrink. Such a solution is called
hypertonic. If the salt concentration is less than 0.9% (mass/volume), the solution
is said to be hypotonic. In this case, water will flow into the cells if placed in this
solution and they would swell.
• Reverse Osmosis: If the pressure applied on the solution side is more than
osmotic pressure of the solution then the solvent particles will move from
solution to solvent side. This process is reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis is used
in desalination of sea water. Cellulose acetate is permeable to water but
impermeable to impurities and ions present in sea water.
• Molar masses that are lower or higher than expected values when calculated
(generally using colligative properties) are called abnormal molar masses.

Association of molecules leads to decrease in the number of particles in the solution resulting
in a decrease in the value of colligative property. Colligative property is inversely related to
the molecular mass.

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Dissociation leads to increase in the number of solute particles in the solution resulting in an
increase in the value of colligative property.

In the case of dissociation

And in the case of association

Thus, equations for colligative properties can be modified as follows after inclusion of Van’t
Hoff factors.

Relative lowering of vapour pressure of solvent

Elevation of boiling point

Depression of Freezing point,

Osmotic pressure of solutions,

(1) Mass Percentage:

Mass % of component =
(2) Volume Percentage:

Volume % of component =
(3) Parts Per million:

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(4) Molarity (M)

If volume of solution is in ml then divide it by 1000 to change into liters

(5) Molality (m)

(6) Mole fraction

(7) Henry’s law

OR
(8) Roult’s law

Vapour pressure of component in solution

Vapour pressure of pure component

Mole fraction of component

(9) Relative lowering of vapour pressure

OR

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 (10) Elevation in Boiling Point

(11) Depression in freezing point

(12) Osmotic pressure

(13) Vant Hoff Factor (i)

(14) Degree of association/dissociation

Ex – In case of Association

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Ex. In case of Dissociation

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Osmotic pressure of a solution is 0.0821 atm at a temperature of 300 K. The
concentration in moles/lit will be:
(a) 0.33
(b) 0.666
(c) 0.0033
(d) 3

2. The value of Henry’s Law constant is:

(a) larger for gases with higher solubility
(b) larger for gases with lower solubility
(c) constant for all gases
(d) not related to the solubility of gases

3. The elevation in boiling point of 0.01 M BaCl2 solution is about than that of 0.01 M
solution of glucose.
(a) Same
(b) two times
(c) three times
(d) four times
4. Considering the formation, breaking and strength of Hydrogen bond, predict which
of the following mixtures will show a positive deviation from Roult’s law?
(a) Methanol and Acetone
(b) Chloroform and Acetone
(c) Nitric Acid and Water
(d) Phenol and Aniline

5. If a molecule AB undergoes dimerization in Benzene, its Van’t Hoff factor is found to

be 0.60. The degree of dissociation of AB is
(a) 20%
(b) 60%
(c) 80%
(d) 50%

6. Density of a 2.05 M solution of acetic acid in water is 1.02 g/mL. The molality of the
solution is
(a) 3.28 mol kg– 1
(b) 2.28 mol kg– 1
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 (c) 0.44 mol kg– 1
(d) 1.14 mol kg– 1
7. At certain temperature, a 5.12% solution of cane sugar is isotonic with a 0.9% solution
of an unknown solute. The molar mass of solute is
(a) 60
(b) 46.67
(c) 120
(d) 90

8. Which is not a colligative property?

(a) Osmotic pressure
(b) Lowering of vapour pressure
(c) Depression in freezing point
(d) Molal elevation constant

9. 12g of Urea is dissolved in 1L of water and 68.4g sucrose is dissolved in 1L of water.

Relative lowering of vapour pressure of Urea solution is:
(a) Greater than sucrose solution
(b) Less than sucrose solution
(c) Double that of sucrose solution
(d) Equal to that of sucrose solution

10. Ethylene glycol is used as an antifreeze in a cold climate. Mass of Ethylene glycol
which should be added to 4kg water to prevent it from freezing at -60C will be (Kf for
water = 1.86Kkg/mol-1, Molar mass of Ethylene glycol = 62g/mol)
(a) 204.30g
(b) 800g
(c) 304.60g
(d) 400g

11. The depression in freezing point for 1M Urea, 1M Glucose and 1M NaCl are in the
ratio
(a) [Link]
(b) [Link]
(c) [Link]
(d) None of these

12. The solution that forms maximum boiling azeotropes is

(a) Carbon disulphide – Acetone
(b) Benzene - Toluene
(c) Acetone – Chloroform
(d) n-Hexane – n-Hectane.

13. The type of intermolecular interaction present in a solution of n- Hexane and n-Octane
is:
(a) London dispersion forces
(b) Dipole-dipole interaction
(c) Hydrogen bonding
(d) Ion-dipole interaction

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14. Which among the following is least soluble in water?
(a) Phenol
(b) Toluene
(c) Ethylene glycol
(d) Pentanol

15. Which of the following is dependent on temperature?

(a) Molality
(b) Molarity
(c) Mole Fraction
(d) Mass percentage

ANSWER KEY
1. c 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. c
6. b 7. a 8. d 9. d 10. b
11. a 12. c 13. a 14. b 15. b

ASSERTION -REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

In the following questions, two statements (Assertion) A and Reason (R) are given.
Mark
(a) If A and R both are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) If A and R both are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true

1. Assertion: When a blood cell is placed in hypertonic solution, it shrinks.

Reason: Blood is isotonic with 0.9% NaCl solution.

2. Assertion: The aquatic species feel more comfortable in winter than summer
Reason: Solubility of gases increases with increase of temperature.

3. Assertion: Azeotropic mixture are formed only by non-ideal solutions.

Reason: Boiling point of an azeotropic is either higher than both the components or
lower than both the components.

4. Assertion: Soft drink and soda water bottles are sealed under high pressure.
Reason: The dissolution of gas in liquid is an endothermic process.

5. Assertion: On adding non-volatile solute to water its vapour pressure increases.

Reason: Relative lowering of vapour pressure is a colligative property

6. Assertion: Addition of ethylene glycol to water lowers the freezing point of water,
therefore, used as antifreeze.
Reason: 1, 2-Ethanediol is soluble in water because it can form H-bond with water,
therefore vapour pressure of solution is lowered.

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7. Assertion: In an ideal solution, ∆Hmix is zero.
Reason: In an ideal solution, A – B interactions are lower than A-A and B-B
interactions.

8. Assertion: Mixture of ethanol and cyclohexane forms a solution with negative deviation
from Raoult’s law.
Reason: When ethanol mixes in cyclohexane, it reduces the intermolecular force between
ethanol molecules.

9. Assertion: Van’t Hoff factor for Benzoic acid in Benzene is less than 1
Reason: Benzoic acid dimerizes in Benzene.

10. Assertion: Larger the value of cryoscopic constant of the solvent, lesser will be the
freezing point of solution.
Reason: Depression in freezing point depends on the nature of the solvent.

11. Assertion: An aqueous solution of NaCl freezes below 273 K.

Reason: Vapour pressure of the solution is less than that of the pure solvent.

12. Assertion: The sum of mole fractions of all components of a solution is unity.
Reason: Mole fraction is independent of temperature.

13. Assertion: Osmosis involves movement of solvent molecules from its lower
concentration to its higher concentration.
Reason: Solution having the same osmotic pressure are called isotonic solution.

14. Assertion: When blood cell is placed in a solution containing 1.5 % NaCl, it willshrink.

Reason: Blood is isotonic with 1.5% NaCl solution.

15. Assertion: Molarity of a solution in liquid state changes with temperature.

Reason: The volume of a solution changes with change in temperature.

ANSWER KEY
1. b 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. d
6. a 7. c 8. d 9. a 10. c
11. a 12. b 13. b 14. c 15. a

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. How does sprinkling of salt help in clearing the snow-covered roads in hilly areas?
Explain the phenomenon involved in the process.
Ans: The phenomenon involved in the melting of snow in snow covered roads is the depression
in freezing point which caused by the addition of non-volatile impurities to a liquid. Addition

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of salt (sodium chloride) lowers the freezing point temperature of water and thus, helps in the
melting of snow.
2. What is “semi permeable membrane”?
Ans: The membranes which allow only the movement of the solvent molecules through them
is called semi permeable membrane. The membranes appear to be continues sheet or flims.
here only the molecules of the solvent can pass while those of the solute which are of bigger
size, are not in a position to pass through.
3. Give an example of a material used for making semipermeable membrane for carrying
out reverse osmosis.
Ans: Polymer cellulose acetate is used for making semipermeable membrane for carrying out
reverse osmosis.
[Link] between molarity and molality.
Ans: Molarity: It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 litre of solution. It is
temperature dependent.
Molality : It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kg of the solvent and independent
of temperature.
[Link] an ideal solution and write one of its characteristics.
Ans: An ideal solution may be defined as the solution which obeys Raoult’s law exactly over
the entire range of temperature and pressure. For ideal solution Heat of mixing is zero
Volume change of mixing is zero.

6. (i) Write the colligative property which is used to find the molecular mass of
macromolecules.
(ii) In non-ideal solution, what type of deviation shows the formation of minimum
boiling azeotropes?
Ans (i) Osmotic pressure
(ii) Minimum boiling azeotropes show positive deviation from Raoult’s law.

[Link] why on addition of 1 mol of NaCl to 1 litre of water, the boiling point of water
increases, while addition of 1 mol of methyl alcohol to one litre of water decreases its
boiling point.
Ans: Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a non-volatile solute. When added to water taken in a beaker,
the solute occupies some surface area. As a result, the vapour pressure decreases and the boiling
point of solution increases. On the other hand, methyl alcohol is more volatile than water. The
addition of methyl alcohol to water increases the total vapour pressure of the solution. The
boiling point of the solution decreases.

[Link] type of intermolecular attractive interaction exists in the pair of methanol and
acetone?
Ans: Solute-solvent dipolar interactions exist in the pair of methanol and acetone.
9. 1.00 molal aqueous solution of trichloroacetic acid (CCl3COOH) is heated to its boiling
point. The solution has the boiling point of 100.18°C. Determine the van’t Hoff factor for
trichloroacetic acid. (Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol-1)
Answer:
As ΔTb= iKbm
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(100.18 – 100) °C = i × 0.512 K kg mol-1 × 1 m
0.18 K = i × 0.512 K kg mol-1 × 1 m
∴ i = 0.3

[Link] 300 K ,30g of glucose present per litre in its solution has an osmotic pressure of 4.98
[Link] the osmotic pressure of another glucose solution is 1.52 bar at the same
temperature ,calculate the concentration of other solution

=W2RT/M2V=CRT

4.98=30XRX300/180X1=50R

1.52=CXRX300=300CR

300CR/50R=1.52/4.98=0.051M

[Link] the mass of NaCl (molarmass=58.5g/mol) to be dissolved in 37.2 g of water

to lower the freezing point by 2 degree assuming that NaCl undergoes complete
dissociation.

I=2

W2= Tf x M2x W1/i x Kf x1000

W2=2x58.5x37.2/2x1.86x1000=1.17g

12. What is the significance of Henry’s Law constant KH ?

Solution: Henry’s Law constant (KH) helps in comparing the relative solubilities of different
gases in the same solvent (e.g. water). In general, lesser the value of KH, more is the solubility
of a gas
[Link] aqueous solution of sodium chloride freezes below 273 K. Explain the lowering in
freezing points of water with the help of a suitable diagram.
An aqueous solution of sodium chloride freezes below 273 K because vapour pressure g of
the solution is g less than that of the pure solvent.

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14. On mixing liquid X and liquid Y, volume of the resulting solution decreases. What
type of deviation from Raoult’s law is shown by the resulting solution? What change in
temperature would you observe after mixing liquids X and Y?
(ii) What happens when we place the blood cell in water (hypotonic solution)? Give reason.
Answer:
(i) Volume decreases by mixing X and Y. It shows negative deviations from Raoult’s law.
There will be rise in temperature. (∆Hmix < 0)
(ii) Blood cell will swell due to osmosis as water enters the cell.
15. A solution is prepared by dissolving 10 g of non-volatile solute in 200 g of water. It
has a vapour pressure of 31.84 mm Hg at 308 K. Calculate the molar mass of the solute.
(Vapour pressure of pure water at 308 K = 32 mm Hg) (All India 2015)
Answer:

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1.a) Why is the mass determined by measuring a colligative property in case of some
solutes is abnormal? Discuss it with the help of the Van’t Hoff factor.
Certain solutes do not behave normally in solution in the sense that they may either undergo
dissociation or association. As a result, the number of solute particles in solution changes.
Since the colligative properties are linked with the number of particles, they show abnormal
results. In the same way, the molecular masses of these solutes also show abnormal results.
The exact behavior of the solute in solution and the extent of association or dissociation can be
expressed in terms of Van’t Hoff factor (i).
i = Normal/ calculated molecular mass/ Observed molecular mass.
or i = Observed colligative properties/ Normal colligative properties.

• If i = 1 , solute behave normally in the solution

• If i > 1 , solute undergo dissociation in solution
• If i < 1 , solute undergo association in solution

b) Calculate the mass of compound (molar mass = 256 g mol-1) to be dissolved in 75 g of

benzene to lower its freezing point by 0.48 K (Kf = 5.12 K kg mol-1). (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Given: ∆Tf =0.48K,W1 =75g,M2 =256gmol-1 W2 =?

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Usingformula,W2 = M2×W1×ΔTf1000×Kf
= 256×75×0.481000×5.12 = 1.8 g

2.a) Explain the following phenomena with the help of Henry’s law.

• (i) Painful condition known as bends.

• (ii) Feeling of weakness and discomfort in breathing at high altitude.
• (b) Why soda water bottle kept at room temperature fizzes on opening?
(i) When scuba divers go deep in the sea, solubility of atmospheric gases increases in blood.
When the divers come up, there is release of dissolved gases and it leads to the formation of
bubbles of nitrogen in our blood capillaries and hence there is painful sensation called bends.
To avoid bends; the tanks of scuba divers are filled with He,N₂ and oxygen.

• (ii) At high altitude, partial pressure of oxygen is low, it leads to low concentration of
oxygen in blood of people living there. Low concentration of oxygen develops anoxia,
i.e., unable to think and act properly.
• (b) In order to increase the solubility of CO₂ gas in soft drinks and soda water, the
bottles are normally sealed under high pressure. Increase in pressure increases the
solubility of a gas in a solvent according to Henry’s Law. If the bottle is opened by
removing the stopper or seal, the pressure on the surface of the gas will suddenly
decrease. This will cause a decrease in the solubility of the gas in the liquid. As a result,
it will rush out of the bottle producing a hissing noise or with a fiz.

b )A solution prepared by dissolving 1.25 g of oil of winter green (methyl salicylate) in 99.0
g of benzene has a boiling point of 80.31°C. Determine the molar mass of this compound.
(B.P. of pure benzene = 80.10°C and Kb for benzene = 2.53°C kg mol-1)

Answer:

Given : W2 = 1.25 g, W1 = 99 g

ΔTb = 80.31 – 80.10°C = 0.21°C

Kb = 2.53°C kg mol-1
According to the formula :
M2 = 1000Kb W2 /W1 ΔTb
Substituting these values in the formula, we get
M2 = 1000×2.53×1.25 /99×0.21
= 152 g mol-1

3. a) 18 g of glucose, C6H12O6 (Molar mass – 180 g mol-1) is dissolved in 1 kg of water in

a sauce pan. At what temperature will this solution boil? (Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol-
1, boiling point of pure water = 373.15 K) (Delhi 2013)

Answer:

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We know that :
Elevation of boiling point ∆Tb
WBMB×100×Kbwt. of solvent
Given: WB = 18 g
MB = Formula of glucose is C6H12O6
= 6 × 12 + 12 + 6 × 16 = 180
Wt. of solvent = 1 kg or 1000 g,
Kb = 0.52 K kg mol-1
Hence, ∆Tb = 18g180×1000×0.521000g = 0.52 K ∴B.P of the solution = 373.15 + 0.052
=373.202 K
b) Define osmotic pressure of a solution.?How is the osmotic pressure related to the
concentration of a solute in a solution?
Answer:
Osmotic pressure : It is the external pressure which is applied on the side solution which is
sufficient to prevent the entry of the solvent through semi-permeable membrane.
According to the Boyle-van’t Hoff Law, the osmotic pressure (π) of a dilute solution is
directly proportional to its molar concentration provided temperature is constant.
π ∝ C (At constant temperature)
π ∝ CT (At constant concentration)
π = CRT (R = Solution constant)

4.a)Calculate the freezing point of solution when 1.9 g of MgCl2 (M = 95 g mol-1) was
dissolved in 50 g of water, assuming MgCl2 undergoes complete ionization.
(Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1)
(b) (i) Out of 1 M glucose and 2 M glucose, which one has a higher boiling point and
why?
(ii) What happens when the external pressure applied becomes more than the osmotic
pressure of solution?

Answer:(a) Since MgCl2 is an ionic compound, so it undergoes complete dissociation.

b(i) 2M glucose will have a higher boiling point than 1M glucose because elevation in boiling
point is a colligative property which depends upon the number of particles in the solution

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which is more in the case of 2M glucose solution.
(ii) When the external pressure applied becomes more than the osmotic pressure of the
solution, then the solvent will flow from the solution into the pure solvent through the semi-
permeable membrane. The process is called reverse osmosis.
5. a) When 2.56 g of sulphur was dissolved in 100 g of CS2, the freezing point lowered by
0.383 K. Calculate the formula of sulphur (Sx).
(Kf for CS2 = 3.83 K kg mol-1, Atomic mass of Sulphur = 32 g mol-1)
(b) Blood cells are isotonic with 0.9% sodium chloride solution. What happens if we
place blood cells in a solution containing
(i) 1.2% sodium chloride solution?
(ii) 0.4% sodium chloride solution?
(iii)Define ideal solution?
Answer:
(a) Given: wb = 2.56 g wa = 100 g = 0.1 kg
ΔTf = 0.383 K Kf= 3.83 K kg mol-1
Atomic mass of sulphur = 32 g mol-1
Mb = ?
Using formula,

∴ Mb = 256 g mol-1
Hence the no. of atoms present in one molecule of sulphur = 256/32 = 8
∴ the formula is S8.
(b) (i) If RBCs are placed in contact with 1.2% NaCl solution, then the osmotic pressure of
1.2% NaCl becomes higher than that of RBCs due to which water present inside the cells moves
into the NaCl solution which results in shrinkage of RBCs.
(ii) Reverse process will take place if RBCs are kept in contact with 0.4% NaCl solution which
has less osmotic pressure ’ due to which water moves into RBCs and they will swell.

(iii)Ideal solution : The solutions which obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of
concentration are known as ideal solutions.

CASE BASED QUESTIONS

1. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions:

An ideal solution of two liquids is a solution in which each component obeys Raoult's law
which states that the vapour pressure of any component in the solution depends on the mole
fraction of that component in the solution and the vapour pressure of that component in the
pure state. However, there are many solutions which do not obey Raoult's law. In other words,
they show deviations from ideal behaviour which may be positive or negative. However, in
either case, corresponding to a particular composition, they form a constant boiling mixtures
called azeotropes.

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 (i) The mole fraction of Ethyl alcohol in its solution with Methyl alcohol is 0.80. The
vapour pressure of pure Ethyl alcohol at this temperature is 40mm of Mercury.
What is its vapour pressure in the solution if the solution is ideal?
(ii) Why do a solution of Phenol and Aniline exhibit negative deviation from ideal
behaviour?
(iii) Write and example for maximum boiling azeotrope.
(iv) Why pure Ethyl alcohol cannot be obtained from rectified spirit even by fractional
distillation?
(v) When two liquids A & B are mixed the volume of the resulting solution is found to
be slightly greater than sum of the volumes of A & B. Identify the type of deviation
exhibited by the solution.

2. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions:

Colligative properties of a solution depend upon the number of moles of the solute dissolved
and do not depend upon the nature of the solute. However, they are applicable only to dilute
solutions in which the solutes do not undergo any association or dissociation. For solutes
undergoing such changes, Van't Hoff introduced a factor, called Van't Hoff factor (i). This has
helped not only to explain the abnormal molecular masses of such solutes in the solution but
has also helped to calculate the degree of association or dissociation.
(i) What is Van’t Hoff factor (i) for a compound undergoing tertramerization in an organic
solvent?
(ii) Arrange the following in the increasing order of freezing point
0.1M Al2(SO4)3, 0.1M KCl, 0.1M Glucose, 0.1M K2SO4
(iii) The molar mass of Sodium Chloride determined by elevation of boiling point method
is found to be abnormal. Why?
(iv) What is the elevation of boiling point of a solution of 13.44g of CuCl2 in 1kg of water?
(Kb for water = 0.52Kkg/mol-1, molar mass of CuCl2 = 134.4g/mol)
(v) Equimolal solutions of NaCl and BaCl2 are prepared in water. Freezing pint of NaCl is
found to be -20C. What freezing point do you expect for BaCl2 solution?

ANSWER KEY
1. (i) PC2H5OH = xC2H5OH x P0C2H5OH
= 0.80 x 40mm
= 32 mm of Mercury
(ii) The Hydrogen bond formed between Phenolic proton and lone pairs of electron of
Aniline is stronger than the interactions existing in pure Phenol and in pure Aniline.
(iii) Mixture of water and Nitric acid.
(iv) Because a mixture of 95.4% alcohol and 4.6% of water forms an azeotrope.
(vi) Positive deviation.

2. (i) i= ¼ = 0.25
(ii) 0.1M Al2(SO4)3, 0.1M K2SO4, 0.1M KCl, 0.1M Glucose

16
 (iii) Elevation of boiling point is a colligative property. Since Sodium chloride
dissociates in the solution we get abnormal molecular mass.

(iv) ∆Tb = iKbm

= 3 x 0.52 x 0.1
= 1.56 K

(v) i for NaCl = 2, i for BaCl2 = 3

∆Tf NaCl = 2
∆Tf BaCl2 3
Hence Tf for BaCl2 = -30C

CBSE BOARD QUESTIONS

1) What type of intermolecular attractive interaction exists in the pair of methanol and
acetone?
Ans: - Solute-solvent dipolar interactions exist in the pair of methanol and acetone

2) What mass of NaCl must be dissolved in 65g of water to lower the freezing point of water
by 7.50oC? The freezing point depression constant (Kf) for water is 1.86oC/[Link] van’t
Hoff factor for NaCl is 1.87(Molar mass of NaCl =58.5g)?
Ans: - ∆T=ixKfxwBx1000/mBxWA
∆T=7.5, i=1.87, Kf=1.86km-1, wA=65g, mB=58.5g/mol, wB=?
Putting the values, we get,
7.5=1.87x1.86xwBx1000/58.5x65
wB=8.2g

3) Out of BaCl2 and KCl, which one is more effective in causing coagulation of a negatively
charged colloidal Sol? Give reason?
Ans: - BaCl2 is more effective in causing coagulation because it has double +ve charge than K+.

4) A 1.00 molal aqueous solution of trichloroacetic acid (CCl3COOH) is heated to its boiling
point. The solution has the boiling point of 100.18°C. Determine the van’t Hoff factor for
trichloroacetic acid. (Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol-1)
Ans: - ΔTb= iKbm
(100.18 – 100) °C = i × 0.512 K kg mol-1 × 1 m
0.18 K = i × 0.512 K kg mol-1 × 1 m
∴ i = 0.3

5) Explain why aquatic species are more comfortable in cold water rather than in warm
water?
Ans: - Aquatic species need dissolved oxygen for breathing. As solubility of gases decreases
with increase of temperature, less oxygen is available in summer in the lake. Hence the aquatic
species feel more comfortable in winter (low temperature) when the solubility of oxygen is
higher.

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6) 18 g of glucose, C6H12O6 (Molar mass – 180 g mol-1) is dissolved in 1 kg of water in a sauce
pan. At what temperature will this solution boil? (Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol-1, boiling
point of pure water = 373.15 K)?
Ans: - We know that:
Elevation of boiling point ∆Tb,
∆Tb=Kbxm (m-molality)
Hence, ∆Tb = 18×1000×0.52/180 = 0.52 K
∴B.P of the solution = 373.15 + 0.052
= 373.202 K

7) What is meant by ‘reverse osmosis’?

Ans: - If a pressure higher than the osmotic pressure is applied on the solution, the solvent will
flow from the solution into the pure solvent through semipermeable membrane. This process is
called reverse osmosis.

8) How is the vapour pressure of a solvent affected when a non-volatile solute is dissolved in
it?
Ans: - The vapour pressure of a solvent decreases when a non-volatile solute is dissolved in it
because some solvent molecules are replaced by the molecules of solute

9) At 25oC, the vapour pressure of pure water is 23.76mm of Hg and that of an aqueous
solution of urea is 22.98mm of Hg. Calculate the molality of the solution?
Ans: - We know that,
Po-P/Po=XB=Mole fraction of solute
23.76-22.98/23.76=XB
XB=0.0328
molality of the solution ‘m’ =XBx1000/ (1-0.0328) x18=1.88

10) A solution is prepared by dissolving 10 g of non-volatile solute in 200 g of water. It has a

vapour pressure of 31.84 mm Hg at 308 K. Calculate the molar mass of the solute.
(Vapour pressure of pure water at 308 K = 32 mm Hg)?
Ans: -

11) Define the terms osmosis and osmotic pressure. Is the osmotic pressure of a solution a
colligative property? Explain?
Ans:- Osmosis : The net spontaneous flow of the solvent molecules from the solvent to the
solution or from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution through a
semipermeable membrane is called osmosis.
Osmotic pressure : The minimum excess pressure that has to be applied on the solution to

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 prevent the entry of the solvent into the solution through the semipermeable membrane is called
the osmotic pressure.
The osmotic pressure method has the advantage that it uses molarities instead of molalities and
it can be measured at room temperature.

12) (a) State the following:

(i) Henry’s law about partial pressure of a gas in a mixture.
(ii) Raoult’s law in its general form in reference to solutions?
Ans: - Henry’s law: “The solubility of a gas in a liquid at a particular temperature is directly
proportional to the pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the liquid at that temperature.”
Applications of Henry’s law:
• In the production of carbonated beverages which are prepared under high pressure.
• Deep sea divers depend upon compressed air for their oxygen supply.
(ii) Raoult’s law: For a solution of volatile liquids the partial vapour pressure of each component
of the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction present in solution.
P = P°x
Non-ideal solution shows positive and negative deviations from Raoult’s law.

13) Define the following terms:

(i) Ideal solution (ii) Azeotrope?
Ans: - Ideal solution: An ideal solution is that which obeys Raoult’s law and in which the
intermolecular interactions between the different components are of same magnitude as that is
found in pure components.
(ii) Azeotrope: It is a type of liquid mixture having a definite composition and boiling like a
pure liquid, (distils without change in compositions)

14) a) What type of deviation is shown by a mixture of ethanol and acetone? Give reason.
(b) A solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol-1) in water is labelled as 10% (by mass).
What would be the molality and molarity of the solution?
(Density of solution = 1.2 g mL-1)?
Ans: - (a) Since acetone is nearly non-polar in nature and ethanol is polar in nature therefore, no
interaction occurs between acetone and ethanol, the number of molecules increases, which
shows positive deviation.
(b) 10% glucose means 10 g in 100 g solution or, 90 g of water = 0.090 kg of water

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