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DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Geography
Introduction
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Introduction
General Studies - 1 (100 to 110 marks)
1. Salient features of Indian Society: (40 marks)
Historical Perspective of Indian Society; Racial linguistic and ethnic diversities; religious
minorities;
Tribes
Slums and associated problems;
Problems of urbanisation and remedies;
Poverty and Developmental issues;
2. Distribution of Key Natural Resources and Salient features of World’s Physical
Geography:
World resources and their distribution;
Energy crisis;World industries:
Historical Perspective of Indian Society;
3. Important Geophysical Phenomena
Ecological issues
Environmental hazards
landslides, earthquakes, Tsunamis, floods and droughts, epidemics;
General Studies -2 (30 marks)
1. International Relations:
International boundary of India and related issues;
Cross-border terrorism;
India’s role in world affairs;
Geopolitics of South Asia and Indian Ocean realm
2. Indian Constitution:
Geographical basis of Indian federalism;
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State reorganisation;
Emergence of new states;
Regional consciousness and inter-state Issues
General Studies -3 (150 marks)
1. Security Challenges and their Management in Border Areas.
2. Conservation, Environmental Pollution and Degradation, Environmental Impact
Assessment.
3. Disaster and Disaster Management.
4. Major Crops - Cropping Patterns in various parts of the country, - Different Types of
Irrigation and Irrigation Systems;
5. Storage, Transport and Marketing of Agricultural Produce and Issues and Related
Constraints;
6. Food Processing and Related Industries in India-
7. Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.
8. Land Reforms in India.
Reference Books:
Must Read Books:
6th - 10th New NCERT
11th - 12th NCERT (Thoroughly)
G.C. Leong - Oxford Publication
Rupa Publication
1. Physical Geography
2. Human and Economic Geography
Oxford Student Atlas/ Orient Blackswan Atlas
New Vishal Publication for PYQs
PW Notes
Daily Class Notes
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Reference Books:
Physical Geography
a) Geomorphology - Savindra Singh
b) Climatology - D.S. Lal
c) Oceanography - Savindra Singh
d) Environmental Geography - Savindra Singh
Human Geography
a) Geographical Thought - R.D. Dikshit
b) Models and Theories - Majid Hussain
c) Human Geography - Majid Hussain
d) Indian Geography - D.R. Khullar
What is Geography?
According to Greek philosopher Eratosthenes, Geography is the study of Earth as a
home of a man.
It is the study of Earth and the conditions on Earth which make the human life and
life of every organism possible.
It means it is the interaction of earth and man.
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Physical Geography:
Physical geography is the study of the natural world.
The Study of land is called Geomorphology.
The study of the atmosphere is called Climatology.
The study of ocean and ocean water is called Oceanography.
The study of the Biosphere is called Biogeography.
Human Geography:
Human geography is the study of the man-made world.
Resources: Water and Minerals
Agriculture
Industries
Trade and Transport
Energy
Township/settlement (Rural and Urban)
Regional Planning and Political System
