Organizational Behavior, 18e, Global Edition (Robbins)

Chapter 13 Leadership

1) Leadership is best defined as ________.

A) the ability to merely project one's abilities in the lack of actual accomplishments
B) the ability to reduce the dependence of team members on each other
C) the ability to induce the team members to focus on individual goals rather than collective
goals
D) the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals
E) the ability to use factors like training and experience to reduce dependence on formal
leadership
Answer: D
Explanation: Leadership can be defined as the ability to influence a group toward the
achievement of a vision or set of goals. Leaders can emerge from within a group as well as by
formal appointment.
LO: 13.1: Summarize the conclusions of trait theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

2) Which of the following statements regarding leadership is true?

A) All managers are leaders.
B) Formal rights ensure good leadership.
C) Formal appointment is essential in creating leaders.
D) All leaders are hierarchically superior to followers.
E) Nonsanctioned leadership is as important as formal influence.
Answer: E
Explanation: The source of a leader's influence may be formal, such as that provided by
managerial rank in an organization. But not all leaders are managers, nor, for that matter, are all
managers leaders. Just because an organization provides its managers with certain formal rights
is no assurance they will lead effectively. Nonsanctioned leadership–the ability to influence that
arises outside the formal structure of the organization–is often as important as or more important
than formal influence.
LO: 13.1: Summarize the conclusions of trait theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

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3) Which of the following is a desirable feature of leadership?
A) one-directional influence from the leader to the follower
B) coercive power and authority
C) lack of freedom
D) passivity of followers
E) coexistence of leaders and managers
Answer: E
Explanation: Organizations need strong leadership and strong management for optimal
effectiveness. We need leaders today to challenge the status quo, create visions of the future, and
inspire organizational members to want to achieve the visions. We also need managers to
formulate detailed plans, create efficient organizational structures, and oversee day-to-day
operations.
LO: 13.1: Summarize the conclusions of trait theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

4) Trait theories of leadership focus on ________.

A) the special relationship that leaders establish with a small group of their followers
B) the personal qualities and characteristics that differentiate leaders from nonleaders
C) the way the leader makes decisions
D) the extent to which followers are willing and able to accomplish a specific task
E) the match between the leader's style and the degree to which the situation gives the leader
control
Answer: B
Explanation: Trait theories of leadership focus on personal qualities and characteristics. The
search for personality, social, physical, or intellectual attributes that differentiate leaders from
nonleaders goes back to the earliest stages of leadership research.
LO: 13.1: Summarize the conclusions of trait theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

5) Which of the following Big Five personality traits has been identified as the most important
trait in effective leaders?
A) conscientiousness
B) openness
C) extraversion
D) agreeableness
E) emotional stability
Answer: C
Explanation: A comprehensive review of leadership literature, when organized around the Big
Five, has found extraversion to be the most important trait of effective leaders but more strongly
related to leader emergence than to leader effectiveness. Conscientiousness and openness to
experience also showed strong relationships to leadership, though not quite as strong as
extraversion.
LO: 13.1: Summarize the conclusions of trait theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

2
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6) Emotional intelligence (EI) is critical to effective leadership because one of its core
components is ________, which reflects the consideration that leaders must be able to express.
A) conscientiousness
B) empathy
C) optimism
D) introversion
E) perfectionism
Answer: B
Explanation: A core component of EI is empathy. Empathetic leaders can sense others' needs,
listen to what followers say (and don't say), and read the reactions of others. The caring part of
empathy, especially for the people with whom you work, is what inspires people to stay with a
leader when the going gets rough.
LO: 13.1: Summarize the conclusions of trait theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

7) Trait theories most accurately predict ________.

A) distinguishing features of an effective leader
B) differences between an effective and an ineffective leader
C) success of a leader
D) roles to be played by the leader
E) emergence of a leader
Answer: E
Explanation: Traits are more accurate in predicting the emergence of leaders and the appearance
of leadership than actually distinguishing between effective and ineffective leaders.
LO: 13.1: Summarize the conclusions of trait theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

3
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8) Tim Wrench was leading the client services division of AmWeb for seven years when he was
asked to move to another region where the company was setting up its office. Before moving,
Tim was asked to help in finding a successor for him from his team. Tim's most obvious choice
was Judy Judge, and the management accepted his choice as Judy was a popular person across
the company. Judy was known for her vivacious nature, was often seen speaking to employees
from various divisions, and was always excited to take up a new opportunity. Once she became a
leader, she continued to give employees freedom and flexibility even if it resulted in deficiencies
on the work front like missed deadlines or low quality. Judy's initial weeks as a leader were full
of confusion among her team members, but many felt that the situation would come under
control. When things did not improve in the next two months and many complaints poured in
from clients, the management realized that Judy was not the best candidate to lead the team.
Which of the following, if true, would best explain this outcome?
A) Judy was a high-performing employee and enjoyed good relationships with everyone on the
team.
B) Everyone felt Judy was given insufficient time to prove her worth as a leader.
C) Research has shown that traits can predict the emergence of a leader, but not his or her
efficiency as a leader.
D) The client complaints were a common thing encountered by the company.
E) Judy demonstrated low levels of consideration and high levels of task-orientation.
Answer: C
Explanation: The fact that Judy was a high-performing employee and enjoyed good relationships
with everyone on the team does not explain this outcome. The fact that everyone felt that Judy
was given insufficient time to prove her worth as a leader does not explain this outcome. The fact
that research has shown that traits can predict the emergence of a leader, but not his or her
efficiency as a leader does explain this outcome. Traits are more accurate in predicting the
emergence of leaders and the appearance of leadership than actually distinguishing between
effective and ineffective leaders. The fact that client complaints were a common thing
encountered by the company does not explain Judy's failure as a leader. The fact that Judy
demonstrated low levels of consideration and high levels of task-orientation as a leader does not
explain her failure in leading the team.
LO: 13.1: Summarize the conclusions of trait theories of leadership.
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Difficulty: Hard
Quest. Category: Critical Thinking

9) According to the Big Five personality model, emotional stability is the most important trait of
effective leaders.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: A comprehensive review of the leadership literature, when organized around the
Big Five personality model, has found extraversion to be the most important trait of effective
leaders. However, it is more strongly related to the way leaders emerge than to their
effectiveness.
LO: 13.1: Summarize the conclusions of trait theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

4
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10) Trait theories of leadership most accurately predict the emergence and appearance of
leadership.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Traits do a better job predicting the emergence of leaders and the appearance of
leadership than actually distinguishing between effective and ineffective leaders.
LO: 13.1: Summarize the conclusions of trait theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

11) What is the role played by traits in predicting leadership behaviors?

Answer: Studies have shown that the extraversion dimension of the Big Five personality model
is the most important trait of effective leaders, followed by the dimensions of conscientiousness
and openness to experience. Empathy, one of the core components of emotional intelligence, is
also closely linked to effective leadership. The two major conclusions about trait theories and
leadership are that (1) traits can predict leadership and (2) traits are more useful in predicting the
emergence of leaders and the appearance of leadership than in actually distinguishing between
effective and ineffective leaders.
LO: 13.1: Summarize the conclusions of trait theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Concept

12) The Ohio State Studies narrowed the independent dimensions of leader behavior to two that
substantially accounted for most of the leadership behavior described by employees:
consideration and ________.
A) employee-orientation
B) empathy
C) constructing vision
D) initiating structure
E) charisma
Answer: D
Explanation: Seeking to identify independent dimensions of leader behavior, the Ohio State
Studies determined that two dimensions accounted for most effective leadership behavior:
initiating structure and consideration. Initiating structure is the extent to which leaders are likely
to define and structure their roles and those of their employees in the search for goal attainment.
Consideration is the extent to which a leader's job relationships are characterized by mutual trust,
respect for employees' ideas, and regard for their feelings.
LO: 13.2: Identify the central tenets and main limitations of behavioral theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

5
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13) In the context of behavioral dimensions of leadership identified in the Ohio State Studies,
initiating structure refers to the extent to which ________.
A) a person's job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees' ideas,
and regard for their feelings
B) a leader engages in participative management
C) a leader is accepting of and respects individual differences among various team members
D) a leader is likely to define and organize his or her role and those of employees in the search
for goal attainment
E) a leader initiates efforts to communicate personally with employees
Answer: D
Explanation: As a behavioral dimension of leaders, initiating structure is the extent to which a
leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of employees in the search for
goal attainment. It includes behavior that attempts to organize work, work relationships, and
goals.
LO: 13.2: Identify the central tenets and main limitations of behavioral theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

14) Adrian Atwood, a senior manager at MNC, spends a lot of his time assigning group members
to particular tasks and scheduling their work such that deadlines are achievable. Adrian also sets
high expectations for standards of performance and holds regular meetings to ensure that
productivity and quality are up to the mark. In the light of the Ohio State Studies, this indicates
that Adrian, as a leader, is ________.
A) low in task orientation
B) high in consideration
C) relationship oriented
D) employee oriented
E) high in initiating structure
Answer: E
Explanation: Initiating structure is the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure
his or her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment. It includes behavior that
attempts to organize work, work relationships, and goals. A leader high in initiating structure is
someone who assigns group members to particular tasks, expects workers to maintain definite
standards of performance, and emphasizes the meeting of deadlines.
LO: 13.2: Identify the central tenets and main limitations of behavioral theories.
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Application

6
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15) In the context of behavioral dimensions of leadership identified in the Ohio State Studies,
________ is the extent to which a person's job relationships are characterized by mutual trust,
respect for employees' ideas, and regard for their feelings.
A) consideration
B) transaction
C) authentication
D) task orientation
E) identification
Answer: A
Explanation: In the context of behavioral dimensions of leadership identified in the Ohio State
Studies, consideration is the extent to which a person's job relationships are characterized by
mutual trust, respect for employees' ideas, and regard for their feelings.
LO: 13.2: Identify the central tenets and main limitations of behavioral theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

16) Nellie Fritz, the head of client support services at Olson Inc., is very popular among her
subordinates. Many believe that Nellie has a knack for getting the work done without making the
employees feel pushed into a corner. She is often seen speaking to her subordinates and support
staff about their families, helping them with any personal problems they have, and praising
employees for their good work. In light of the Ohio State Studies, this indicates that Nellie, as a
leader, is ________.
A) task oriented
B) high in consideration
C) low in trust propensity
D) low in relationship orientation
E) production oriented
Answer: B
Explanation: Consideration is the extent to which a person's job relationships are characterized
by mutual trust, respect for employees' ideas, and regard for their feelings. A leader high in
consideration helps employees with personal problems, is friendly and approachable, treats all
employees as equals, and expresses appreciation and support.
LO: 13.2: Identify the central tenets and main limitations of behavioral theories.
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Application

17) The Ohio State Studies started with more than a thousand dimensions of leader behavior.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: The most comprehensive behavioral theories of leadership resulted from the Ohio
State Studies, which sought to identify independent dimensions of leader behavior. Beginning
with more than a thousand dimensions, the studies narrowed the list to two that substantially
accounted for most of the leadership behavior described by employees: initiating structure and
consideration.
LO: 13.2: Identify the central tenets and main limitations of behavioral theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept
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18) The Ohio State Studies narrowed a list of more than a thousand dimensions to just one that
accounted for most of the leadership behavior described by employees: participation.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The most comprehensive behavioral theories of leadership resulted from the Ohio
State Studies, which sought to identify independent dimensions of leader behavior. Beginning
with more than a thousand dimensions, the studies narrowed the list to two that substantially
accounted for most of the leadership behavior described by employees: initiating structure and
consideration.
LO: 13.2: Identify the central tenets and main limitations of behavioral theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

19) The behavioral theories view leadership as a set of actions that people can be trained in.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: The behavioral theories aimed to understand if there was something unique in the
way effective leaders behave. These theories implied we could train people to be leaders.
LO: 13.2: Identify the central tenets and main limitations of behavioral theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

20) Explain mentoring with reference to the dimensions of initiating structure and consideration.
Answer: Initiating structure is the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or
her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment. It includes behavior that
attempts to organize work, work relationships, and goals. Consideration is the extent to which a
person's job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees' ideas, and
regard for their feelings. A leader high in consideration helps employees with personal problems,
is friendly and approachable, treats all employees as equals, and expresses appreciation and
support. Mentoring is a process by which a senior employee sponsors and supports a less-
experienced employee or a protégé. Mentoring performs many career functions, like helping the
new employee get challenging assignments, opportunities to develop skills, exposure to
influential individuals in the company, and nominations for potential advantages. These career
functions of mentoring are similar to the initiating structure of leadership. Mentoring also fulfills
certain psychosocial functions, like counseling the employee to enhance confidence, providing
friendship and acceptance, and providing the new employee with a role model. These are similar
to the consideration dimension of leadership.
LO: 13.2: Identify the central tenets and main limitations of behavioral theories.
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Synthesis

8
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21) Contingency theories focus on the ________ that impact leadership success.
A) personality variables
B) leader's abilities to inspire and transform followers
C) situational variables
D) values and ethics
E) features of the followers
Answer: C
Explanation: Numerous studies have shown that predicting leadership success is more complex
than isolating a few traits or behaviors, since leadership styles that are effective in very bad times
or in very good times do not necessarily translate into long-term success. This idea led
researchers to change their focus from trait and behavior theories to situational influences on
leadership styles, or contingency theories.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

22) Which of the following theories of leadership is based on situational variables?

A) attribution theory
B) trait theories
C) charismatic leadership theory
D) path-goal theory
E) behavioral theories
Answer: D
Explanation: Numerous studies have shown that predicting leadership success is more complex
than isolating a few traits or behaviors, since leadership styles that are effective in very bad times
or in very good times do not necessarily translate into long-term success. This idea led
researchers to change their focus from trait and behavior theories to situational influences on
leadership styles, or contingency theories. The path-goal theory is one of the contingency
theories.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

23) The least preferred co-worker (LPC) questionnaire is used to measure whether ________.
A) the followers are able and willing
B) a leader is task- or relationship-oriented
C) the members are in the ingroup or out-group
D) employees prefer servant leadership over situational leadership
E) the leader is high on the dimension of conscientiousness
Answer: B
Explanation: Fiedler believes a key factor in leadership success is the individual's basic
leadership style. He created the least preferred co-worker (LPC) questionnaire to identify that
style by measuring whether a person is task- or relationship-oriented.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

9
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24) Dora Lee has just completed and scored the LPC questionnaire given to her during an
evaluation exercise. She is surprised when she finds out that she described her least preferred co-
worker in relatively positive terms because she recalls being particularly annoyed by this difficult
co-worker several times in the past. Based on your understanding of Fiedler's model, you explain
to Dora that her LPC score makes sense within the model because ________.
A) Dora tends to become very dominating when given ambiguous tasks
B) Dora is usually much more focused on productivity than on developing relationships
C) Dora tends in general to focus on building good relationships with the other employees
D) Dora has a spotty work history and has tended to switch jobs every couple of years
E) Dora is usually chosen for positions of high responsibility within your organization
Answer: C
Explanation: If you describe the person you are least able to work with in favorable terms (a
high LPC score), Fiedler would label you relationship-oriented. In contrast, if you see your least
preferred co-worker in relatively unfavorable terms (a low LPC score), you are primarily
interested in productivity and are task-oriented.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Application

25) Fiedler's contingency model assumes that ________.

A) an individual's leadership style is essentially fixed
B) an individual is constantly striving to develop a more productive style
C) an individual's leadership is primarily determined by the features of the followers
D) an individual's leadership style can be altered much like his or her personality traits
E) an individual's leadership style must be task oriented to be effective
Answer: A
Explanation: Fiedler assumes an individual's leadership style is fixed. This means if a situation
requires a task-oriented leader and the person in the leadership position is relationship oriented,
either the situation has to be modified or the leader has to be replaced to achieve optimal
effectiveness.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

10
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26) Fiedler defines the degree of confidence, trust, and respect that subordinates have in their
leader as ________.
A) leader-member relations
B) task structure
C) positional power
D) follower variables
E) path-goal frameworks
Answer: A
Explanation: Fiedler identified three contingency or situational dimensions to leadership
success, including leader-member relations, task structure, and position power. Leader-member
relations is the degree of confidence, trust, and respect members have in their leader.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

27) Trevor Guerney is a manager who believes that those who are to be affected by a change
must be involved in the change. Consequently, he always ensures that his subordinates have the
knowledge of what is happening around them, and he often holds meetings to obtain employee
opinion and suggestions before making any decision that would apply to them. Similarly,
Trevor's team proactively approaches him with problems and potential solutions as they know he
will not respond by criticizing them. From the information provided in the scenario, we can say
that ________.
A) Trevor's leadership is primarily task-oriented
B) Trevor's team has a low degree of trust propensity
C) Trevor's team requires more directive leadership
D) Trevor's team has positive leader-member relations
E) Trevor's team is unsatisfied with his power position
Answer: D
Explanation: Fiedler identified three contingency or situational dimensions to leadership
success, including leader-member relations, task structure, and position power. Leader-member
relations is the degree of confidence, trust, and respect members have in their leader.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Application

11
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28) Which of the following situational dimensions identified by Fiedler relates to the degree to
which job assignments are regimented, that is, structured or unstructured?
A) task reflexivity
B) task significance
C) task structure
D) task complexity
E) task orientation
Answer: C
Explanation: Fiedler identified three contingency or situational dimensions in which certain
types of leaders might excel or fail, including leader-member relations, task structure, and
position power. Task structure is the degree to which job assignments are regimented (that is,
structured or unstructured). Leaders who are task-oriented, Fiedler proposes, perform best when
the situation is very favorable or very unfavorable.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

29) According to the Fiedler contingency model, a very favorable situation in which the leader
has a great deal of control is characterized by ________.
A) high task structure, good leader-member relations, and strong position power
B) limited position power, good leader-member relations, and low task structure
C) less structured jobs, strong position power, and moderate leader-member relations
D) broad employee responsibilities, low position power, and moderate leader-member relations
E) good leader-member relations, low position power, unstructured jobs
Answer: A
Explanation: The Fiedler contingency model proposes that effective group performance depends
on the proper match between the leader's style and the degree to which the situation gives the
leader control. Fiedler states that the better the leader-member relations, the more highly
structured the job, and the stronger the position power, the more control the leader has.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Concept

30) Which of the following theoretical approaches in the study of leadership focuses on
followers' readiness as a determinant of effective leadership?
A) Big Five personality model
B) behavioral theories
C) Fiedler contingency model
D) laissez-faire leadership
E) situational leadership theory
Answer: E
Explanation: Situational leadership theory (SLT) focuses on the followers. It says successful
leadership depends on selecting the right leadership style contingent on the followers' readiness,
or the extent to which they are willing and able to accomplish a specific task.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Concept

12
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31) According to the situational leadership theory, if employees are unwilling and unable, the
appropriate leadership style in this situation would be ________.
A) participative
B) democratic
C) person-oriented
D) directive
E) supportive
Answer: D
Explanation: According to the situational leadership theory, if employees are unwilling and
unable, the appropriate leadership style in this situation would be directive.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

32) According to the situational leadership theory, a follower with the desired ability and
willingness is likely to be ________.
A) lacking in the area of motivation
B) deficient in the specific skills required
C) comfortable in his ability to do the job well
D) highly skilled in relevant areas but low on experience
E) in need of leadership that is highly task oriented
Answer: C
Explanation: If followers are able and unwilling, the leader needs to use a supportive and
participative style; if they are both able and willing, the leader does not need to do much.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Concept

33) Which of the following statements is true with regard to the path-goal theory of leadership?
A) The theory considers leadership to be a set of attributes ascribed to leaders by followers.
B) The theory proposes only a passive and supportive role for leaders.
C) The theory considers removing obstacles to be a component of effective leadership.
D) The theory proposes that leaders must work closely with followers throughout.
E) The path-goal theory represents a laissez-faire approach to leadership.
Answer: C
Explanation: The theory proposes that the leader's job is to provide followers with the
information, support, or other resources necessary to achieve their goals. The term path-goal
implies effective leaders clarify followers' paths to their work goals and make the journey easier
by reducing roadblocks.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Concept

13
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34) In the context of Fiedler's model, the situational dimension termed ________ relates to the
degree of influence a leader has over important variables such as hiring, firing, discipline,
promotions, and salary increases.
A) task structure
B) leader-member exchange
C) position power
D) initiating structure
E) leader-member relations
Answer: C
Explanation: In the context of Fiedler's model, the situational dimension termed position power
relates to the degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing,
discipline, promotions, and salary increases.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

35) According to the situational leadership theory, if followers are unable and willing to do a
task, then a leader needs to ________.
A) follow a supportive style
B) engage in participative leadership
C) refrain from providing too many inputs
D) display high task and relationship orientation
E) demonstrate high task and low relationship orientation
Answer: D
Explanation: If followers are unable and willing, the leader needs to display high task
orientation to compensate for followers' lack of ability and high relationship orientation to get
them to commit to the leader's desires.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Concept

14
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36) Maura Ruiz has been working in the e-learning industry for over eight years. She is aware of
the fact that in this industry, once an employee has learned his or her job, the work becomes
fairly automatic and competence can be achieved rapidly. She has been noticing how in her team,
this competence has come along with a lot of complacency; the employees, though able, are
unwilling to work hard. According to the situational leadership theory, to rectify this situation,
Maura would benefit the most if she uses the ________ style of leadership.
A) task-oriented
B) production-oriented
C) participative
D) directive
E) autocratic
Answer: C
Explanation: If followers are able and unwilling, the leader needs to use a supportive and
participative style.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Difficulty: Hard
Quest. Category: Application

37) George has been a project leader at NSys for five years. George's job description involves
scheduling work for his team, coordinating their work with that of the other departments, and
providing feedback. George, who has successfully led this team, believes that it is his task-
oriented and directive approach that has helped him in the last five years. Which of the
following, if true, would weaken his argument supporting a directive leadership?
A) The members of the team are resentful with George's directives relating to work.
B) George has seen that employees in his team lack initiative and motivation to work hard.
C) The team's workload is expected to rise substantially as the company is growing at an
unprecedented rate.
D) George's team is organized as a wheel network and depends on his ability to coordinate
amongst members of the team and between other departments.
E) NSys hires only highly qualified and experienced employees.
Answer: E
Explanation: The fact that the members of the team are resentful with George's directives
relating to work does not strengthen or weaken his approach to leadership. The fact that George
has seen that employees in his team lack initiative and motivation to work strengthens his
argument for using a directive approach to leadership. The fact that the team's workload is
expected to rise substantially as the company is growing at an unprecedented rate also
strengthens his argument for using a directive approach to leadership. The fact that George's
team is organized as a wheel network and depends on his ability to coordinate amongst members
of the team and between other departments does not weaken his current approach to leadership.
The fact that NSys hires only highly qualified and experienced employees does weaken his
approach as directive leadership is likely to be perceived as redundant among employees with
high ability or considerable experience.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Difficulty: Hard
Quest. Category: Critical Thinking

15
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38) Leslie is a middle-level production manager at the California branch of ALT Corp. ALT
Corp. is an automobile manufacturing company that specializes in the manufacture of heavy
motor vehicles. Leslie's job is to supervise his assembly line employees. Leslie has worked in
this position for over four years, and he strongly believes that a supportive leadership style is
most suitable in his context. Which of the following, if true, would strengthen Leslie's approach
to leadership in this case?
A) The company has recently announced its move to diversify into manufacturing light motor
vehicles because of high profitability in that line.
B) Most of the assembly line employees are highly experienced in their jobs and committed to
Leslie.
C) With developments in technology, the company was enhancing the role of assembly line
employees with new tasks combined into natural work units.
D) The company has initiated many changes in the tasks of assembly line workers in its attempts
to refine the process of manufacturing.
E) A good proportion of the assembly line employees are new employees.
Answer: B
Explanation: The fact that the company recently announced its move to diversify into
manufacturing light motor vehicles does not strengthen Leslie's approach to leadership. The fact
that most of the assembly line employees are highly experienced in their jobs and committed to
Leslie does strengthen Leslie's approach to leadership as the employees are performing
structured tasks. The fact that the company is enhancing the role of assembly line employees
with new tasks does not strengthen Leslie's approach to leadership. The fact that the company
has initiated many changes in the tasks of assembly line workers in its attempts to refine the
process of manufacturing weakens Leslie's argument. The fact that a good proportion of the
assembly line employees are new employees weakens Leslie's argument.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Difficulty: Hard
Quest. Category: Critical Thinking

16
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd.
39) Leslie is a middle-level production manager at the California branch of ALT Corp. ALT
Corp. is an automobile manufacturing company that specializes in the manufacture of heavy
motor vehicles. Leslie's job is to supervise his assembly line employees. Leslie has worked in
this position for over four years, and he strongly believes that a supportive leadership style is
most suitable in his context. Which of the following, if true, would weaken Leslie's approach to
leadership in this case?
A) The company is planning to lay off some employees in the near future.
B) The company has stopped the production of most of its older models as it wants to focus on
the most profitable models.
C) The assembly line jobs are routine and highly structured by nature.
D) The recent round of OSHA inspections revealed that many assembly line employees were not
complying with stipulated safety measures.
E) The company's workforce is comprised primarily of employees of the baby boomer
generation.
Answer: D
Explanation: The fact that the company is planning to lay off some employees in the near future
does not weaken Leslie's supportive approach to leadership. The fact that the company has
stopped the production of most of its older models as it wants to focus on the most profitable
models does not weaken Leslie's supportive approach to leadership; it may strengthen his
approach as the employees, being familiar with the process for assembling these models, would
require less directions and supervision. The fact that assembly line jobs are routine and highly
structured by nature strengthens Leslie's supportive approach to leadership. The fact that the
recent round of OSHA inspections revealed that many assembly line employees were not
complying with stipulated safety measures weakens Leslie's supportive approach. This is because
the assembly line employees seem to require someone who would ensure their compliance with
safety regulations. The fact that the company's workforce is comprised primarily of employees of
the baby boomer generation strengthens Leslie's approach as this generation of employees would
be highly experienced in their jobs.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Difficulty: Hard
Quest. Category: Critical Thinking

17
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd.
40) Max Hiller was recently hired by Sync, a consumer goods company. During his first meeting
with the sales team, Max impressed upon his team that work performance is the only criterion he
would use to evaluate them. To help them perform well and meet their targets, he pushed his
team to work extra hours. He also gave very clear instructions to each member regarding their
job responsibilities and continually verified if they were meeting their targets. Which of the
following, if true, would weaken Max's approach?
A) Max is leading many new employees who have joined his team directly after training.
B) Max's team functions in a sluggish manner and picks up pace only a week or so before the
monthly operations cycle meetings.
C) Max's sales team is comprised of independent and experienced employees who are committed
to their jobs.
D) Max's team does not display high levels of cohesiveness, and members fail to coordinate with
each other.
E) Sales figures for the region that Max's team is responsible for have improved in the last
quarter.
Answer: C
Explanation: The fact that Max is leading many new employees who have joined his team
directly after training strengthens his directive approach. The fact that Max's team functions in a
sluggish manner and picks up pace only a week or so before the monthly operations cycle
meetings also strengthens his directive approach. The fact that Max's sales team is comprised of
independent and experienced employees who are committed to their jobs weakens his directive
approach in leading them. This is because directive leadership is likely to be perceived as
redundant among employees with high ability or considerable experience. The fact that Max's
team does not display high levels of cohesiveness and members fail to coordinate with each other
shows that the team requires a directive leader. The fact that sales figures for the region that
Max's team is responsible for have improved in the last quarter does not strengthen or weaken
Max's approach as he has been hired only recently and the rise in revenue for this region could be
attributed to many other factors.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Difficulty: Hard
Quest. Category: Critical Thinking

41) The leader-participation model focuses on ________.

A) the personality traits of leaders
B) the presence of charisma in the leader
C) the way decisions are made by the leader
D) the mere projection of successful leadership by the leader
E) the use of ingroups by the leader
Answer: C
Explanation: The leader-participation model argues that the way the leader makes decisions is as
important as what she or he decides. Victor Vroom and Phillip Yetton's leader-participation
model relates leadership behavior and participation in decision making.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Concept

18
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd.
42) In the context of the Fiedler contingency model, leader-member relations measures the
degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline,
promotions, and salary increases.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: In the context of the Fiedler contingency model, leader-member relations is the
degree of confidence, trust, and respect members have in their leader.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

43) The situational leadership theory focuses on follower readiness to determine the appropriate
leadership behavior.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Situational leadership theory (SLT) focuses on the followers. It says successful
leadership depends on selecting the right leadership style contingent on the followers' readiness,
or the extent to which they are willing and able to accomplish a specific task.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

44) According to the path-goal theory, directive leadership is likely to be welcomed and accepted
by employees with high ability or considerable experience.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: One of the predictions of the path-goal theory is that directive leadership is likely
to be perceived as redundant among employees with high ability or considerable experience.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

45) According to the Fiedler model of leadership, how can leader effectiveness be improved?
Answer: Fiedler views an individual's leadership style as fixed. Therefore, there are only two
ways to improve leader effectiveness. First, you can change the leader to fit the situation. If a
group situation rates highly unfavorable but is currently led by a relationship-oriented manager,
the group's performance could be improved under a manager who is task-oriented. The second
alternative is to change the situation to fit the leader, by restructuring tasks or increasing or
decreasing the leader's power to control factors such as salary increases, promotions, and
disciplinary actions.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Concept

19
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd.
46) Describe the path-goal theory of leadership.
Answer: Developed by Robert House, path-goal theory extracts elements from the Ohio State
leadership research on initiating structure and consideration and the expectancy theory of
motivation. The theory proposes that the leader's job is to provide followers with the information,
support, or other resources necessary to achieve their goals. The term path-goal implies effective
leaders clarify followers' paths to their work goals and make the journey easier by reducing
roadblocks. According to path-goal theory, whether a leader should be directive or supportive or
should demonstrate some other behavior depends on complex analysis of the situation. It predicts
the following:
a) Directive leadership yields greater satisfaction when tasks are ambiguous or stressful than
when they are highly structured and well laid out.
b) Supportive leadership results in high performance and satisfaction when employees are
performing structured tasks.
c) Directive leadership is likely to be perceived as redundant among employees with high ability
or considerable experience.
LO: 13.3: Contrast contingency theories of leadership.
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Concept

47) Which of the following leadership theories argues that because of time pressures, leaders
establish a special relationship with a small group of their subordinates–the ingroup, who are
trusted, get a disproportionate amount of the leader's attention, and are more likely to receive
special privileges?
A) situational leadership theory
B) leader-member exchange
C) path-goal
D) expectancy
E) Fiedler's theory
Answer: B
Explanation: Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory proposes that, because of time pressures,
leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their followers. These individuals
make up the ingroup. Members of the ingroup are trusted, get a disproportionate amount of the
leader's attention, and are more likely to receive special privileges. Other followers fall into the
out-group.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

20
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd.
48) According to the LMX theory, a leader implicitly categorizes followers as "in" or "out"
________.
A) after careful performance analysis
B) on a temporary basis
C) early in the interaction
D) because of political pressure
E) only after several months of working together
Answer: C
Explanation: The LMX theory proposes that early in the history of the interaction between a
leader and a given follower, the leader implicitly categorizes the follower as an "in" or an "out,"
and that relationship is relatively stable over time.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

49) In her first few weeks at the marketing division of Rolland Retails, Judith Cox realized that
Joshua, Doug, and Carl were closer to her manager, Eric Scott, than the other five team
members. Eric, Joshua, Doug, and Carl came to work at the same time, were seen together at the
cafeteria, and stayed late and worked when the need arose. In contrast to them, the other five
team members did the routine jobs assigned to them, and their interactions lacked the
understanding and camaraderie that Eric shared with the others. Joshua, Doug, and Carl make up
Eric's ________.
A) out-group
B) reference group
C) nominal group
D) ingroup
E) peripheral group
Answer: D
Explanation: Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory argues that, because of time pressures,
leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their followers. These individuals
make up the ingroup; they are trusted, get a disproportionate amount of the leader's attention, and
are more likely to receive special privileges. Other followers fall into the out-group.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Application

21
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd.
50) In her first few weeks at the marketing division of Rolland Retails, Judith Cox realized that
Joshua, Doug, and Carl were closer to her manager, Eric Scott, than the other five team
members. Eric, Joshua, Doug, and Carl came to work at the same time, were seen together at the
cafeteria, and stayed late and worked when the need arose. While Judith was in training, she
received very good feedback from Eric, and as she transitioned to the floor, she felt that Eric was
giving her interesting projects, allowing her more freedom, and seeking her opinion frequently.
The information provided in the scenario supports the prediction that ________.
A) Judith will develop low trust propensity toward Eric
B) Joshua, Doug, and Carl will display low trust propensity in Judith
C) Eric's ingroup will remain a reference group for Judith permanently
D) Judith will become a part of Eric's ingroup in the marketing division
E) Judith will have lower levels of identification-based trust with Eric when compared to other
trainees
Answer: D
Explanation: Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory argues that, because of time pressures,
leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their followers. These individuals
make up the ingroup, and they are trusted, get a disproportionate amount of the leader's attention,
and are more likely to receive special privileges. Other followers fall into the out-group.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Application

51) Which theory of leadership proposes that followers attribute heroic or extraordinary
leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors?
A) situational leadership theory
B) path-goal leadership theory
C) transactional leadership theory
D) behavioral leadership theory
E) charismatic leadership theory
Answer: E
Explanation: According to House's charismatic leadership theory, followers attribute heroic or
extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors. A number of studies have
attempted to identify the characteristics of charismatic leaders: they have a vision, they are
willing to take personal risks to achieve that vision, they are sensitive to follower needs, and they
exhibit extraordinary behaviors.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

22
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52) According to evidence, what is the first step a charismatic leader takes to influence
followers?
A) by developing an aura of charisma
B) engaging in emotion-inducing and often unconventional behavior
C) setting an example for followers through actions and words
D) articulating an appealing vision
E) communicating high performance expectations
Answer: D
Explanation: Evidence suggests that charismatic leaders use a process that begins with
articulating an appealing vision, a long-term strategy for attaining a goal by linking the present
with a better future for the organization. Desirable visions fit the times and circumstances and
reflect the uniqueness of the organization.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

53) Charismatic leaders ________.

A) engage in traditional behaviors that follow norms
B) focus on their own responsibilities largely ignoring the needs and feelings of employees
C) avoid personal risk
D) propose a vision of the future that is better than the status quo
E) ensure their own position as leader even if it means sacrificing others
Answer: D
Explanation: Key characteristics of charismatic leaders include vision and articulation
(proposing a future that is better than the status quo); personal risk (willing to take on high
personal risk); sensitivity to follower needs (perceptive of others' abilities and responsive to their
needs and feelings); unconventional behavior (engages in behaviors that are perceived as novel
and counter to the norm).
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

23
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54) Leaders who function primarily by clarifying role and task requirements to accomplish
established goals exhibit a(n) ________ style of leadership.
A) transformational
B) transactional
C) charismatic
D) laissez-faire
E) employee-oriented
Answer: B
Explanation: Recent studies, including the Ohio State Studies, Fiedler's model, and path-goal
theory, have focused on the differences between transformational leaders and transactional
leaders. In contrast to transformational leaders, who inspire their followers to transcend their
self-interests for the good of the organization, transactional leaders encourage their followers to
achieve goals by defining specific goals and task requirements.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

55) A transactional leader is likely to ________.

A) reward employees for the work that they have done, thus recognizing accomplishments
B) help followers trust the leader and develop a loyalty toward the common vision
C) stimulate others in the organization to become thinkers of what the organization is all about
D) pay attention to the emotional needs of others and consider individual differences
E) avoid authoritarian, command, and control behaviors when dealing with employees
Answer: A
Explanation: A transactional leader is likely to reward employees for the work that they have
done, thus recognizing accomplishments.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

24
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56) Which of the following scenarios reflects a transactional approach to leadership?
A) Samuel Perez has been running a small automobile service agency with a set of employees
that he hired and trained over a decade ago. Though the business is mediocre and profit margins
are not substantial, the employees work well as a team because each of them treats the other as
equal, just like Samuel himself does.
B) Carol Turner began V Care, a non-profit organization, with the purpose of battling various
forms of abuse. As the organization grew, she took care to hire employees who felt the same kind
of sensitivity she felt for victims of abuse. Today, she openly proclaims that the organization that
she started is successful because every single employee shares and understands what the
organization is aiming for.
C) When new projects come, it is a time of excitement for the content production team of Impact,
an advertising agency. Lori Wood, the department head, begins a project meeting by having her
whole team envision what the final product of this campaign must aim at. She then sets
progressively higher standards for the team and clarifies what each member of the team stands to
gain if the project is a success. In allocating roles and tasks, she often incorporates the needs and
preferences of her team members.
D) Wayne Torres believes that setting targets, monitoring employee performance, and correcting
defaulting employees are his tried and tested ways to accomplish tasks. He rewards employees
who do well and match his predetermined expectations and recognizes accomplishments that he
values. His team, however, has not grown substantially and seems to be at a functional status
quo.
E) Glenn Cruzz works at Leverage as a senior consultant. She ensures that her team of
consultants has a framework of flexible tools and skills to help clients who come their way with
diversity and inclusion issues. Through audits, research, and workshops, her team is encouraged
to come up with unconventional solutions that help clients establish and leverage its employee
diversity.
Answer: B
Explanation: Transactional leaders set goals for their employees and define roles and
expectations. Unlike transformational leaders, however, transactional leaders are unlikely to
motivate their employees to exceed expectations or go beyond the call of duty.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Difficulty: Hard
Quest. Category: Application

25
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd.
57) ________ leaders inspire followers to transcend their self-interests for the good of the
organization and can have an extraordinary effect on their followers.
A) Transformational
B) Transactional
C) Task-oriented
D) Laissez-faire
E) Production-oriented
Answer: A
Explanation: Transformational leaders can have an extraordinary effect on their followers,
inspiring them toward selfless goals that benefit the larger organization. These types of leaders
inspire their followers by paying attention to their concerns, helping them rethink old problems
in new ways, and encouraging them to achieve goals as a group.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

58) Transformational leaders enhance performance of employees by ________.

A) restricting creativity among employees
B) focusing on short-term goals for employees
C) instilling pride in employees
D) establishing goals, roles, and requirements
E) abdicating all responsibility to employees
Answer: C
Explanation: Characteristics of transactional leaders: contingent reward, management by
exception (active), management by exception (passive), and laissez-faire. Characteristics of
transformational leaders: idealized influence; inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation,
individualized considerations.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

26
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59) In terms of the full range of leadership models, which leadership behavior is the least
effective?
A) management by exception (active)
B) contingent reward
C) management by exception (passive)
D) individualized consideration
E) laissez-faire
Answer: E
Explanation: According to the full range of leadership models, laissez-faire is the most passive
and therefore least effective of leader behaviors. Management by exception–active or passive–is
slightly better than laissez-faire.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

60) Which of the following leadership behaviors is likely to differentiate between transactional
and transformational leaders?
A) management by exception (active and passive)
B) contingent reward
C) individualized consideration
D) micromanagement
E) laissez-faire
Answer: C
Explanation: According to the full range of leadership models, leadership behaviors including
laissez-faire, management by exception (active or passive), and contingent reward will not get
employees to go above and beyond the call of duty. Only with the four styles of transformational
leadership–individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, and
idealized influence–are leaders able to motivate followers to perform above expectations and
transcend their self-interest for the sake of the organization.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

27
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61) In terms of the full range of leadership models, which leadership behavior represents the
most active and effective approach for leaders?
A) contingent reward
B) idealized influence
C) management by exception (active)
D) individualized consideration
E) laissez-faire
Answer: B
Explanation: According to the full range of leadership models, idealized influence, wherein a
leader provides vision, establishes a sense of mission, and instills pride is the most active and
effective leadership behavior. By doing so, the leader gains respect and trust.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

62) The leader-member exchange (LMX) theory proposes that the leader implicitly categorizes
the follower as belonging to his ingroup or out group after a detailed analysis of his or her
performance over a prolonged period of time.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The theory proposes that early in the history of the interaction between a leader
and a given follower, the leader implicitly categorizes the follower as belonging to the ingroup or
out-group, and this relationship is relatively stable over time.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

63) An individual who lacks self-esteem and questions his or her self-worth is more likely to
absorb a leader's direction rather than establish and individual way of leading or thinking.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: An individual who lacks self-esteem and questions his or her self-worth is more
likely to absorb a leader's direction rather than establish and individual way of leading or
thinking. For these people the situation may matter much less than the charismatic qualities of
the leader.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

64) The best leaders are transformational, not transactional.

Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The best leaders are transactional and transformational.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

28
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65) Transactional leaders guide their followers toward established goals by clarifying role and
task requirements.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Transactional leaders guide their followers toward established goals by clarifying
role and task requirements.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

66) Intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration are likely to be seen in the
management by exception (active) style of leadership.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration are likely to be seen in the
transformational style of leadership, while management by exception (active or passive) is a
transactional style of leadership.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

67) Transformational leadership has a greater impact on the bottom line in smaller, privately held
firms than in more complex organizations.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Transformational leadership has a greater impact on the bottom line in smaller,
privately held firms than in more complex organizations. The personal nature of transformational
leadership may be most effective when leaders can directly interact with the workforce and make
decisions than when they report to an external board of directors or deal with a complex
bureaucratic structure.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

29
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd.
68) The HR department at Basic Elements, a software development firm, has begun testing
employee personality and preferences to reorganize their teams such that team members and
leaders are matched. They believe that this will enable them to ensure smooth functioning and
greater cohesion. As a part of this test, employees were given the least preferred co-worker
questionnaire. The employees were asked to think of all the co-workers they had in the past and
describe the one they least enjoyed working with by rating that person on a scale of 1 to 8 for
each of 16 sets of contrasting adjectives. Rachel's LPC score was high, while Victor's was low.
Many employees like Ashley had LPC scores that were moderate. Interpret and compare the
results of Rachel, Victor, and Ashley.
Answer: The fact that Rachel's LPC score was high means that she described the person she was
least able to work with in favorable terms. Victor's low LPC score reflects that he rated his least
preferred co-worker in unfavorable terms. Thus, we can say that Rachel is relationship-oriented,
while Victor is task-oriented. Ashley's LPC score, being in the middle range, cannot be
interpreted as her preference falls beyond the range of the predictions of Fiedler contingency
model.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Difficulty: Hard
Quest. Category: Synthesis

69) What are the key characteristics of charismatic leaders?

Answer: A charismatic leader is characterized by:
a) vision and articulation: having an idealized goal and being able to clarify its importance
b) personal risk: willingness to take personal risks, incur high costs, and make sacrifices
c) sensitivity to follower needs: recognizing and responding to others' abilities, needs, and
feelings
d) unconventional behavior: engaging in behaviors that are novel
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Concept

30
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70) Describe the full range of leadership model.
Answer: According to the full range of leadership model, laissez-faire is the most passive and
therefore least effective of leader behaviors. Management by exception–active or passive–is
slightly better than laissez-faire, but it's still considered ineffective. Management-by-exception
leaders tend to be available only when there is a problem, which is often too late. Contingent
reward leadership can be an effective style of leadership but will not get employees to go above
and beyond the call of duty. Only with the four remaining styles–all aspects of transformational
leadership–are leaders able to motivate followers to perform above expectations and transcend
their self-interest for the sake of the organization. Individualized consideration, intellectual
stimulation, inspirational motivation, and idealized influence all result in extra effort from
workers, higher productivity, higher morale and satisfaction, higher organizational effectiveness,
lower turnover, lower absenteeism, and greater organizational adaptability. Based on this model,
leaders are generally most effective when they regularly use each of the four transformational
behaviors.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Concept

71) Charismatic leaders are not always authentic leaders. Discuss.

Answer: Charismatic leadership is a leadership theory that states that followers make
attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors.
Though charismatic leaders exert great influence on their followers, unfortunately, they do not
necessarily act in the best interests of their organizations. Many charismatic leaders have allowed
their personal goals to override the goals of the organization. Thus, their followers can never
consider them ethical people unless they inspire that confidence. Authentic leaders know who
they are, know what they believe in and value, and act on those values and beliefs openly and
candidly. The primary quality produced by authentic leadership, therefore, is trust. Authentic
leaders share information, encourage open communication, and stick to their ideals. The need to
incorporate trust and ethics into charismatic leadership has led to the concept of socialized
charismatic leadership, which conveys other-centered (not self-centered) values by leaders who
model ethical conduct. Socialized charismatic leaders are able to bring employee values in line
with their own values through their words and actions.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Synthesis

31
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72) Compare and contrast charismatic leadership from the understanding of leadership under the
attribution theory.
Answer: Charismatic leadership is a leadership theory that states that followers make
attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors. A
number of studies have attempted to identify the characteristics of charismatic leaders: they have
a vision, they are willing to take personal risks to achieve that vision, they are sensitive to
follower needs, and they exhibit extraordinary behaviors. Individuals are born with traits that
make them charismatic. Personality is also related to charismatic leadership; charismatic leaders
are likely to be extraverted, self-confident, and achievement oriented. However, most experts
believe individuals can be trained to exhibit charismatic behaviors. The attribution theory, on the
other hand, says leadership is merely an attribution people make about other individuals.
Attribution theory suggests what is important is projecting the appearance of being a leader
rather than focusing on actual accomplishments. According to this theory, those who want to be
leaders merely need to shape the perception that they are smart, personable, verbally adept,
aggressive, hardworking, and consistent in their style. This portrayal is enough to increase the
probability their bosses, colleagues, and employees will view them as effective leaders.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Synthesis

73) A long-term strategy for attaining a goal by linking the present with a better future for the
organization is defined as a(n) ________.
A) transaction
B) attribution
C) contingent plan
D) vision
E) substitution
Answer: D
Explanation: A long-term strategy for attaining a goal by linking the present with a better future
for the organization is defined as a vision.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

32
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74) Cooper Mills is a company that accomplished one of the greatest success stories of our time.
The company, which began in the garage of its current CEO, Kyle Cooper, went on to become
one of the largest producers of textiles in the country. The company has now diversified
successfully into other product lines. A group of researchers is now undertaking a study on
Cooper Mills as an organization led by a transformational leader. Which of the following, if true,
would most support the conclusion that Kyle Cooper is a transformational leader?
A) The management follows Kyle's principle of avoiding risks and conducting business
conservatively.
B) Cooper Mills' goals tend to be very ambitious and to hold personal value for employees.
C) Cooper Mills has a centralized decision-making structure.
D) Cooper Mills' performance has held at average levels for the past three years.
E) Cooper Mills' compensation plans are designed to reward short-term results.
Answer: B
Explanation: In companies with transformational leaders, followers are more likely to pursue
ambitious goals, agree on the strategic goals of the organization, and believe the goals they are
pursuing are personally important. There is greater decentralization of responsibility, managers
have more propensity to take risks, and compensation plans are geared toward long-term results.
All these factors result in superior organizational performance.
LO: 13.4: Describe the contemporary theories of leadership and their relationship to
foundational theories.
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Difficulty: Hard
Quest. Category: Application

75) The primary quality produced by authentic leadership is ________.

A) efficiency
B) reinforcement
C) supervision
D) trust
E) authority
Answer: D
Explanation: Authentic leaders know who they are, know what they believe in and value, and act
on those values and beliefs openly and candidly. Their followers consider them ethical people.
The primary quality produced by authentic leadership, therefore, is trust.
LO: 13.5: Discuss the roles of leaders in creating ethical organizations.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

33
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76) Which of the following is a feature of servant leadership?
A) pursuit of the leaders' self-interest
B) use of power and authority to achieve organizational ends
C) universal appeal and effectiveness across cultures
D) focus on growth, development, and well-being of followers
E) applicability restricted to the leader's ingroup
Answer: D
Explanation: Servant leaders go beyond their own self-interest and focus on opportunities to
help followers grow and develop. They do not use power to achieve ends; they emphasize
persuasion. Characteristic behaviors include listening, empathizing, persuading, accepting
stewardship, and actively developing followers' potential.
LO: 13.5: Discuss the roles of leaders in creating ethical organizations.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

77) Servant leadership reflects the ________.

A) traditional view that followers are expected to serve the leaders
B) task-oriented approach to leadership
C) use of empathy, listening, and persuasion by leaders
D) Western prototype of a leader who gives orders to followers
E) tendency of leaders to prioritize their interests over the interests of their employees
Answer: C
Explanation: Servant leaders go beyond their own self-interest and focus on opportunities to
help followers grow and develop. They do not use power to achieve ends; they emphasize
persuasion. Characteristic behaviors include listening, empathizing, persuading, accepting
stewardship, and actively developing followers' potential.
LO: 13.5: Discuss the roles of leaders in creating ethical organizations.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

78) ________ is defined as a psychological state that exists when you agree to make yourself
vulnerable to another because you have positive expectations about how things are going to turn
out.
A) Consideration
B) Trust
C) Support
D) Empathy
E) Respect
Answer: B
Explanation: Trust is a psychological state that exists when you agree to make yourself
vulnerable to another because you have positive expectations about how things are going to turn
out. Even though you aren't completely in control of the situation, you are willing to take a
chance that the other person will come through for you.
LO: 13.6: Describe how leaders can have a positive impact on their organizations through
building trust and mentoring.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

34
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79) ________ is a dimension of trust defined as honesty, truthfulness, and the ability to display
consistency between one's words and action.
A) Consideration
B) Sensitivity
C) Support
D) Reflexivity
E) Integrity
Answer: E
Explanation: Integrity refers to honesty and truthfulness. It is the most critical characteristic in
assessing another's trustworthiness. Integrity also means having consistency between what you
do and say.
LO: 13.6: Describe how leaders can have a positive impact on their organizations through
building trust and mentoring.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

80) Which of the following dimensions of trust is defined as an individual's technical and
interpersonal knowledge and skills?
A) integrity
B) ability
C) propensity
D) reflexivity
E) complexity
Answer: B
Explanation: Ability encompasses an individual's technical and interpersonal knowledge and
skills.
LO: 13.6: Describe how leaders can have a positive impact on their organizations through
building trust and mentoring.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

35
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81) The CEO of Xenon Solutions recently cancelled numerous leave requests and asked several
employees to put in extra days of work as the company was slated to meet several deadlines in
the immediate future. In addition, he also assured that those who work this extra bit will be given
their due leaves and additional incentives once the time crisis had passed. Following this
announcement, Joan and Shane were overheard speaking in the cafeteria. Shane was resentful
that his holiday plans were disrupted, and he was sure that the management would ultimately not
provide any of the leaves and incentives it promised. Joan, however, said that she was sure that
their CEO had a valid reason behind making such a request and that if they put in the extra effort,
they would be rewarded suitably. From the information provided in the scenario, which of the
following statements can be inferred?
A) Shane has a high degree of empathy.
B) The leader-member relations between Shane and the CEO are the same as that between Joan
and the CEO.
C) Joan has a high degree of trust propensity.
D) Shane has a high degree of identification-based trust in the CEO.
E) Shane is one of the members of the CEO's ingroups.
Answer: C
Explanation: Trust propensity refers to how likely a particular employee is to trust a leader.
Some people are simply more likely to believe others can be trusted. In this scenario, Joan
reflects a high degree of trust propensity and feels that her CEO's words and actions can be
trusted.
LO: 13.6: Describe how leaders can have a positive impact on their organizations through
building trust and mentoring.
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Application

82) Leaders who want to foster a climate that reinforces ethical behavior do all of the following
except ________.
A) set high ethical standards
B) demonstrate good ethical behavior
C) encourage integrity among employees
D) reward employees demonstrating integrity
E) use their charisma to enhance power over followers, directed towards self-serving ends
Answer: E
Explanation: Top executives set the moral tone for organizations. They should set high ethical
standards, demonstrate them through their own behavior, and encourage and reward integrity in
others while avoiding abuses of power such as giving themselves large raises and bonuses while
laying off employees.
LO: 13.5: Discuss the roles of leaders in creating ethical organizations.
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Concept

36
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83) Abusive supervision is supervision that is hostile both verbally and nonverbally.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Abusive supervision is supervision that is hostile both verbally and nonverbally.
LO: 13.5: Discuss the roles of leaders in creating ethical organizations.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

84) Abusive supervision leads to increases in organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and
perceived organizational support.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Abusive supervision is supervision that is hostile both verbally and nonverbally.
Abusive supervision leads to decreases in organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and
perceived organizational support.
LO: 13.5: Discuss the roles of leaders in creating ethical organizations.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

85) Attempts to integrate ethical and charismatic leadership have led to the advancement of the
idea of socialized charismatic leadership.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Scholars have tried to integrate ethical and charismatic leadership by advancing the
idea of socialized charismatic leadership, which conveys other-centered (not self-centered)
values by leaders who model ethical conduct.
LO: 13.5: Discuss the roles of leaders in creating ethical organizations.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

86) What is abusive supervision?

Answer: Abusive supervision refers to supervision that is hostile both verbally and nonverbally.
A recent review suggests that several factors are related to abusive supervision. For one, nearly
all forms of justice are negatively related to abusive supervision, suggesting that a sense of
injustice is at the core of abusive supervision (especially for interpersonal justice). Although
some personality traits such as agreeableness and conscientiousness appear to be negatively (but
weakly) associated with perceptions of abusive supervision, negative affect is strongly linked
with it.
The same review also suggests that abusive supervision comes with dire consequences. First and
foremost, abusive supervision negatively affects health. Second, it also leads to decreases in
organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and perceived organizational support, along with
increased work-family conflict.
LO: 13.5: Discuss the roles of leaders in creating ethical organizations.
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Concept

37
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd.
87) What is servant leadership?
Answer: Scholars have recently considered ethical leadership from a new angle by examining
servant leadership. Servant leaders go beyond their own self-interest and focus on opportunities
to help followers grow and develop. They do not use power to achieve ends; they emphasize
persuasion. Characteristic behaviors include listening, empathizing, persuading, accepting
stewardship, and actively developing followers' potential. Servant leadership leads to higher
levels of commitment to the supervisor, self-efficacy, and perceptions of justice; it also increases
team potency. Servant leadership may be more prevalent and more effective in certain cultures;
the East Asian prototype is more like a servant leader, which might mean servant leadership is
more effective in these cultures.
LO: 13.5: Discuss the roles of leaders in creating ethical organizations.
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Concept

88) A(n) ________ is a senior employee who sponsors and supports a less-experienced
employee, a protégé.
A) intern
B) subordinate
C) supervisee
D) mentor
E) apprentice
Answer: D
Explanation: A mentor is a senior employee who sponsors and supports a less-experienced
employee, a protégé.
LO: 13.6: Describe how leaders can have a positive impact on their organizations through
building trust and mentoring.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

89) The only key characteristic we use to determine the trustworthiness of a leader is his or her
ability.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: There are three key characteristics that lead us to believe that a leader is
trustworthy. These are integrity, benevolence, and ability.
LO: 13.6: Describe how leaders can have a positive impact on their organizations through
building trust and mentoring.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

38
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90) Describe the relationship between trust and leadership.
Answer: Trust is a psychological state that exists when you agree to make yourself vulnerable to
another because you have positive expectations about how things are going to turn out. Trust is a
primary attribute associated with leadership; breaking it can have serious adverse effects on a
group's performance. The key characteristics that lead us to believe that a leader is trustworthy
are integrity, benevolence, and ability. Integrity refers to honesty and truthfulness. It is the most
critical characteristic in assessing another's trustworthiness. Benevolence means the trusted
person has your interests at heart, even if yours aren't necessarily in line with theirs. Ability
encompasses an individual's technical and interpersonal knowledge and skills. Another factor
that influences trust is trust propensity, which refers to how likely a particular employee is to
trust a leader.
LO: 13.6: Describe how leaders can have a positive impact on their organizations through
building trust and mentoring.
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Concept

91) As an upper level manager in his organization, Lionel Tucker has been asked to mentor a less
experienced, lower-level employee. His boss wants both the lower-level employee and Lionel to
have input into the relationship. Lionel is not happy with the request because he feels his work
load is already too heavy. Lionel reluctantly agrees to the request because he ________.
A) thinks the lower-level employee is falling behind
B) cannot see any way out of the request
C) owes his boss a favor
D) believes in network ties
E) thinks the relationship with be beneficial to him
Answer: E
Explanation: Mentors must see the relationship as beneficial to themselves and the protégé, and
the protégé must have input to the relationship.
LO: 13.6: Describe how leaders can have a positive impact on their organizations through
building trust and mentoring.
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Difficulty: Hard
Quest. Category: Application

92) Formal mentoring programs are most likely to succeed if they appropriately match the work
style, needs, and skills of protégé and mentor.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Formal mentoring programs are most likely to succeed if they appropriately match
the work style, needs, and skills of protégé and mentor.
LO: 13.6: Describe how leaders can have a positive impact on their organizations through
building trust and mentoring.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

39
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93) The primary gains from mentoring are seen in greater compensation and higher job
performance.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Mentoring is less valuable for objective outcomes like compensation and job
performance, and research suggests the gains are primarily psychological.
LO: 13.6: Describe how leaders can have a positive impact on their organizations through
building trust and mentoring.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

94) According to the attribution theory of leadership, leadership is characterized by ________.

A) the significant gains made in the mentoring relationship between the leader and follower
B) the act of people ascribing qualities like intelligence or charisma to leaders
C) the focus on the actual accomplishments and performance of the leader
D) the impact of substitutes and neutralizers in enhancing the role of the leader
E) the division of the group into ingroup and out-group members based on the leader's preference
Answer: B
Explanation: The attribution theory of leadership says leadership is merely an attribution people
make about other individuals. Thus, we attribute to leaders intelligence, outgoing personality,
strong verbal skills, aggressiveness, understanding, and industriousness. At the organizational
level, we tend to see leaders, rightly or wrongly, as responsible for extremely negative or
extremely positive performance.
LO: 13.7: Identify the challenges to our understanding of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

95) According to the attribution theory of leadership, a person aiming to be a leader has to
________.
A) gain sufficient experience to be a leader
B) possess qualities like charisma and intelligence
C) make changes on ground before leading people
D) possess many significant actual accomplishments
E) shape the perception that he or she could be a leader
Answer: E
Explanation: Attribution theory suggests what's important is projecting the appearance of being
a leader rather than focusing on actual accomplishments. Leader-wannabes who can shape the
perception that they're smart, personable, verbally adept, aggressive, hardworking, and consistent
in their style can increase the probability their bosses, colleagues, and employees will view them
as effective leaders.
LO: 13.7: Identify the challenges to our understanding of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

40
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96) The president of a small Asian country was hailed as a visionary and a genius when the
nation's economy burgeoned during his first term in office. However, when the currency and the
stock markets crashed during his government's second term, he was censured as arrogant, elitist,
and shortsighted. Which of the following theoretical approaches is reflected here?
A) trait theories
B) behavioral theories
C) path-goal theory
D) servant leadership perspective
E) attribution theory
Answer: E
Explanation: The attribution theory of leadership says leadership is merely an attribution people
make about other individuals. Thus, we attribute to leaders intelligence, outgoing personality,
strong verbal skills, aggressiveness, understanding, and industriousness. At the organizational
level, we tend to see leaders, rightly or wrongly, as responsible for extremely negative or
extremely positive performance.
LO: 13.7: Identify the challenges to our understanding of leadership.
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Application

97) Which of the following is a substitute for leadership in the theory that suggests leaders'
actions are irrelevant in many situations?
A) lack of experience
B) training
C) ambiguous task
D) high need for supervision
E) external feedback
Answer: B
Explanation: A theory of leadership suggests that in many situations leaders' actions are
irrelevant. Experience and training are among the substitutes that can replace the need for a
leader's support or ability to create structure. Organizational characteristics such as explicit
formalized goals, rigid rules and procedures, and cohesive work groups can also replace formal
leadership.
LO: 13.7: Identify the challenges to our understanding of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

41
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98) Which of the following is true about substitutes for leadership?
A) Substitutes are clearly distinguishable from neutralizers.
B) Substitutes enhance the need for leader's support or ability to create structure.
C) Substitutes increase the levels of identification-based trust.
D) Substitutes are factors and conditions that replace formal leadership.
E) Organizations cannot provide any substitutes for leadership.
Answer: D
Explanation: A theory of leadership suggests that in many situations, leaders' actions are
irrelevant. Experience and training are among the substitutes that can replace the need for a
leader's support or ability to create structure. Organizational characteristics such as explicit
formalized goals, rigid rules and procedures, and cohesive work groups can also replace formal
leadership.
LO: 13.7: Identify the challenges to our understanding of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

99) The top management of Myers Corp are planning a reorganization of their company to cut
costs and increase efficiency. The different department heads have been asked to present their
departmental strengths, needs, and concerns at a meeting. The various division heads have come
to an agreement that clarity of goals and tasks, detailed procedural guidelines like employee
manuals, and a cooperative workforce are their main strengths. Additionally, they are of the
opinion that cutting managerial positions to reduce costs and reorganizing Myers Corp as a
relatively flat organization is a good approach. This scenario reflects the operation of ________
in replacing the support and ability offered by leaders.
A) vision
B) traits
C) attributes
D) substitutes
E) charisma
Answer: D
Explanation: One theory of leadership suggests that in many situations leaders' actions are
irrelevant. Experience and training are among the substitutes that can replace the need for a
leader's support or ability to create structure. Organizational characteristics such as explicit
formalized goals, rigid rules and procedures, and cohesive work groups can also replace formal
leadership.
LO: 13.7: Identify the challenges to our understanding of leadership.
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Application

42
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100) ________ make it impossible for leader behavior to make any difference to follower
outcomes.
A) Catalysts
B) Mentors
C) Neutralizers
D) Hygiene factors
E) Vision and charisma
Answer: C
Explanation: Neutralizers make it impossible for leader behavior to make any difference to
follower outcomes. Indifference to organizational rewards can neutralize the effects of
leadership.
LO: 13.7: Identify the challenges to our understanding of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

101) Which of the following is a neutralizer of leadership?

A) indifference to rewards
B) experience and training
C) explicit formalized rules
D) cohesive work groups
E) highly structured task
Answer: A
Explanation: Neutralizers make it impossible for leader behavior to make any difference to
follower outcomes. Indifference to organizational rewards can neutralize the effects of
leadership.
LO: 13.7: Identify the challenges to our understanding of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

102) Which of the following is true with regard to getting the most from leadership-training
budgets?
A) Leadership training is likely to be more successful with low self-monitors.
B) It is difficult for organizations to teach implementation skills.
C) Teaching trust building and monitoring is virtually impossible.
D) Leaders can be trained in transformational leadership skills that have bottom-line results.
E) For online leaders, substitutes and neutralizers have no effect.
Answer: D
Explanation: Leaders can be trained in transformational leadership skills that have bottom-line
results.
LO: 13.7: Identify the challenges to our understanding of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

43
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103) The attribution theory of leadership says leadership is merely an attribution people make
about other individuals.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: The attribution theory of leadership says leadership is merely an attribution people
make about other individuals.
LO: 13.7: Identify the challenges to our understanding of leadership.
Difficulty: Easy
Quest. Category: Concept

104) Genetics and experiences shape young people, and the relationship between these factors
and CEO success is complex.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: The stories of CEOs who start early make for good press reports, but CEOs do not
by definition start early. What we can say, though, is that genetics and experiences both shape
young people, and that the relationship between those factors and CEO success is complex.
LO: 13.7: Identify the challenges to our understanding of leadership.
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Concept

105) How do substitutes and neutralizers challenge the effectiveness of leadership?

Answer: One theoretical approach of leadership suggests that in many situations leaders' actions
are irrelevant. Experience and training are among the substitutes that can replace the need for a
leader's support or ability to create structure. Organizational characteristics such as explicit
formalized goals, rigid rules and procedures, and cohesive work groups can also replace formal
leadership, while indifference to organizational rewards can neutralize its effects. Neutralizers
make it impossible for leader behavior to make any difference to follower outcomes. It must be
added that the difference between substitutes and neutralizers is not clear-cut.
LO: 13.7: Identify the challenges to our understanding of leadership.
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Concept

106) What is the most important event an organization needs to plan for?
Answer: The most important event an organization needs to plan for is a change in leadership. In
general, organizations seem to spend no time on leadership succession and are surprised when
their pick turns out poorly.
LO: 13.7: Identify the challenges to our understanding of leadership.
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Difficulty: Moderate
Quest. Category: Synthesis

44
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