BSN 3C - GROUP C1

NCM 112

CELLULAR ABERRATIONS
REPORT:

LEUKEMIA
05 December 2024
BSN 3C - GROUP C1 05 December 2024

01 Introduction

TOPICS FOR 02 Etiology, Signs & Symptoms

DISCUSSION 03 Managements (Med, Sur, Nur)

04 Prognosis
INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS LEUKEMIA?
Leukemia is a type of cancer that originates in the blood-forming
tissues, primarily the bone marrow and the lymphatic system. It leads to
the uncontrolled production of abnormal white blood cells, which
interfere with the body’s ability to fight infections and impair normal
blood cell production. This condition disrupts the balance of blood
components, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
LEUKEMIA UNDER A MICROSCOPE
 TYPES OF LEUKEMIA
Leukemia is categorized based on the speed of progression (acute or chronic) and
the type of blood cell affected (lymphoid or myeloid). The main types include:

1. ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA 2. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML)

(ALL) • Description: A fast-developing
leukemia that starts in immature
• Description: A rapidly myeloid cells, which form red blood
progressing leukemia that cells, platelets, and certain white
originates in immature lymphoid blood cells.
cells (lymphoblasts).
• Commonly Affects: Older adults,
• Commonly Affects: Children, though it can occur in children.
though it can also occur in adults.
 TYPES OF LEUKEMIA
Leukemia is categorized based on the speed of progression (acute or chronic) and
the type of blood cell affected (lymphoid or myeloid). The main types include:

3. CHRONIC LYMPHOBLASTIC 4. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML)

LEUKEMIA (CLL)
• Description: A slow-progressing
• Description: A slow-growing
leukemia originating in myeloid
leukemia affecting mature
cells and characterized by the
lymphoid cells, leading to the
overproduction of abnormal cells.
accumulation of dysfunctional
white blood cells.
• Commonly Affects: Adults, with a
peak incidence between 40 and 60
• Commonly Affects: Older adults,
years.
especially those over 60.
 LEUKEMIA
• Leukemia accounts for approximately 3% of all cancers worldwide,
with over 470,000 new cases annually (as of recent global cancer
statistics).
• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer in
children, accounting for 25-30% of childhood cancers.
• Chronic types (CLL and CML) are more frequent in older adults, with
CLL being the most common adult leukemia in Western countries.
• Men are generally at a higher risk than women for most leukemia
types.
 ETIOLOGY
The exact cause of Leukemia is not known, but it is thought to
involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors:

Smoking
Family history of leukemia
Exposure to certain chemicals such as Benzene
Genetic disorders such as Down Syndrome
Previous cancer treatment with chemotherapy or radiation
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS BY AGE:

Childhood (below 16 16 to 24 years old: 24 to 49 years old:

years)
The most common The common leukaemia in
The most common leukemia in this age range is this age range are Acute
leukemia in this age range acute lymphoblastic Myeloid Leukemia (AML).
is acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The most The most common
leukemia (ALL) . The most common symptoms in this symptoms in this age range
common symptoms in this age range are; are;
age range are;
 50 to 64 yeas old: 65 years old and over:

The common leukemia in this The common leukemia in

age range are Acute Myeloid this age range is Chronic
Leukemia (AML), and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).
Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). The most common symptoms
The most common symptoms in in this age range are;
this age range are;
 MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
1. CHEMOTHERAPY 2. IMMUNOTHERAPY
the most common form of uses drugs to boost the
leukemia treatment. body’s immune system to
it uses strong drugs to or fight leukemia.
chemicals to kill leukemia it helps immune system to
cells or prevent them from identify cancer cells and
multiplying. produce more immune cells
to attack them.
 MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
3. TARGETED THERAPY [Link] THERAPY
uses drugs designed to attack uses strong energy beams or
specific parts of a leukemia X-rays to kill leukemia cells or
cells, such as protein or gene, stop them from growing.
that are causing them to distributing radiation
overtake normal blood cells. throughout the body may
happen before a
hematopoietic cell transplant.
 SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
5. HEMATOPOIETIC CELL 6. CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTOR
TRANSPLANT (STEM CELL/ (CAR) T-CELL THERAPY
BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT)
is a novel type of therapy that
hematopoietic transplant
takes the body’s infection-
replaces the cancerous
fighting T-cells, engineers
blood-forming cells killed by
them to fight leukemia cells
chemotherapy or radiation
and infuses them back to into
therapy with new, healthy
the body.
hematopoietic cells.
 NURSING MANAGEMENT
Infection Prevention Fluid Volume Management
Neurotropenic Precautions
Monitor Intake and Output
Oral Hygiene
Monitor Daily Weight
Skin Care
Assess Vital Signs
Monitor for Signs of Infection
Skin Assessment
 NURSING MANAGEMENT
3. Pain Management 4. Emotional Support
Assess Pain Active Listening
Pharmacological Education and Information
Interventions Support Groups
Non-Pharmacological
Interventions
PROGNOSIS

The prognosis for leukemia varies by type of leukemia and other

factors, but the 5-year relative survival rate for all types is around
65.7%:
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML): More than 15% of people survive for at
least 5 years after diagnosis, with almost 60% of those under 40
surviving.
ALL: The 5-year survival rate for children under 5 is 93.5%, and 92.1%
for children and adolescents under 15.
CLL: The 5-year survival rate is 88.0%.
CML: The 5-year survival rate is 70.6%.
BSN 3C - GROUP C1
NCM 112

CELLULAR ABERRATIONS
REPORT:

LEUKEMIA
THANK YOU!

05 December 2024