C CONTROL
STRUCTURES
CSIT121 – Fundamentals of Programming
Prepared by: Jay Vince D. Serato
C Control Structures
This lesson begins your study of statements that control the
flow of program execution.
You will learn to use if and switch statements to select one
statement group to execute from many alternatives.
First, the chapter discusses conditions and logical expressions
because the if statement relies on them
Prepared by: Jay Vince D. Serato
C Control Structures
Prepared by: Jay Vince D. Serato
C Control Structures
• Control structures control the flow of execution in a
program or function.
• The C control structures enable you to combine individual
instructions into a single logical unit with one entry point and
one exit point.
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C Control Structures
• Instructions are organized into three kinds of control
structures to control execution flow: sequence, selection, and
repetition.
• Until now we have been using only sequential flow.
• A compound statement, written as a group of statements
bracketed by { and }, is used to specify sequential flow.
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Conditions
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Conditions
• A program chooses among alternative statements by testing
the value of key variables.
• Example: A human’s temperature of 37°C is considered
normal. Getting a temperature over 37°C indicates that a
person has fever.
• A program that gets a person’s temperature as data should
compare that value to 37 and display a warning message if
the temperature is over 37.
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Conditions
• If temperature is a type int variable, the expression
temperature > 37
performs the necessary comparison and evaluates to 1 (true)
when temperature is over 37;
the expression evaluates to 0 (false) if temperature is not
greater than 37.
• Such an expression is called a condition because it
establishes a criterion for either executing or skipping a
group of statements.
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Conditions
Operator Meaning Type
< less than relational
> greater than relational
<= less than or equal to relational
>= greater than or equal to relational
== equal to equality
!= not equal to equality
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Conditions
• variable <operator> variable
• total == payment
• variable <operator> constant
• temperature > 37
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Conditions
x
-5
• x <= 0
• x less than or equal to 0
• 1 (TRUE)
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Conditions
x NUM
19 19
• x < NUM
• x less than NUM
• 0 (FALSE)
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Conditions
x y
-5 7
• x >= y
• x greater than or equal to y
• 0 (FALSE)
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Conditions
item min
1.5 1
• item > min
• item greater than min
• 1 (TRUE)
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Conditions
m
‘M’
• m == ‘M’
• m equal to ‘M’
• 1 (TRUE)
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Conditions
num num2
45 45
• num != num2
• num not equal to num2
• 0 (FALSE)
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Conditions: Logical Operators
• With the three logical operators
• && (AND)
• || (OR)
• ! (NOT)
we can form more complicated conditions or logical
expressions.
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Conditions: Logical Operators
• salary < MIN_SALARY || dependents > 5
• temperature > 31.0 && humidity >= 0.90
• n >= 0 && n <= 100
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Conditions: Logical Operators
salary < MIN_SALARY || dependents > 5
• This logical expression determines whether an employee is
eligible for special funds.
• It evaluates 1 (true) if either the condition
salary < MIN_SALARY
or the condition
dependents > 5
is true.
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Conditions: Logical Operators
salary < MIN_SALARY || dependents > 5
#define MIN_SALARY 350
• salary = 310, dependents = 8
• salary = 381, dependents = 6
• salary = 300, dependents = 2
• salary = 350, dependents = 5
• salary = 349, dependents = 6
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Conditions: Logical Operators
temperature > 31.0 && humidity >= 0.90
• This logical expression describes an unbearable summer day.
• It evaluates 1 (true) if both the condition
temperature > 31.0
and the condition
humidity >= 0.90
are true.
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Conditions: Logical Operators
temperature > 31.0 && humidity >= 0.90
• temperature = 30.5, humidity = 0.92
• temperature = 32.7, humidity = 0.90
• temperature = 29.4, humidity = 0.83
• temperature = 31.2, humidity = 0.88
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Conditions: Logical Operators
n >= 0 && n <= 100
• This logical expression evaluates n to be between 0-100.
• It evaluates 1 (true) if both the condition
n >= 0
and the condition
n <= 100
are true.
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Conditions: Logical Operators
n >= 0 && n <= 100
• n = 15
• n = -89
• n = 100
•n=0
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Conditions: Logical Operators
!(n >= 0 && n <= 100)
• This logical expression evaluates n to not be between 0-100.
• It evaluates 0 (false) if both the condition
n >= 0
and the condition
n <= 100
are true.
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Conditions: Logical Operators
!(n >= 0 && n <= 100)
• n = 15
• n = -89
• n = 100
•n=0
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Conditions: The && Operator
operand1 &&
operand1 operand2
operand2
nonzero (true) nonzero(true) 1 (true)
nonzero (true) 0 (false) 0 (false)
0 (false) nonzero (true) 0 (false)
0 (false) 0 (false) 0 (false)
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Conditions: The || Operator
operand1 ||
operand1 operand2
operand2
nonzero (true) nonzero(true) 1 (true)
nonzero (true) 0 (false) 1 (true)
0 (false) nonzero (true) 1 (true)
0 (false) 0 (false) 0 (false)
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Conditions: The ! Operator
operand !operand
nonzero (true) 0 (false)
0 (false) 1 (true)
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Conditions: Operator Precedence
Operator Precedence
! HIGHEST
*/%
+-
< <= > >=
== !=
&&
||
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Conditions:
x Operator
y Precedence
z flag
3 4 2 0
!flag || (y + z >= x - z)
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The if Statement
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If Statement
You now know how to write a C expression that is the
equivalent of a question such as “Is your temperature greater
than 37 degrees Celcius?”
Next, we need to investigate a way to use the value of the
expression to select a course of action. In C, the if statement is
the primary selection control structure.
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If Statement
if (temperature > 37) {
printf(“You have a fever!\n”);
else {
printf(“You are healthy.\n”);
}
• This statement selects one of the two calls to printf.
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If Statement
if (temperature > 37) {
printf(“You have a fever!\n”);
} else {
printf(“You are healthy.\n”);
}
• It selects the statement following the parenthesized condition
if the condition evaluates to 1 (true) (that is, if temperature is
greater than 37), or it selects the statement following else if
the condition evaluates to 0 (false) (if temperature is not
greater than 37).
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If Statement
if (score >= 51) {
printf(“You passed!\n”);
} else {
printf(“You failed.\n”);
}
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If Statement
char ans;
if (letter == ‘P’) {
printf(“Passed\n”);
printf(“Congrats!\n”);
} else {
printf(“Failed\n”);
printf(“Do you want to take this subject next semester? [Y/N]”);
scanf(“%c”, &ans);
}
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Multiple-Alternative Decision
if (letter == ‘P’) {
printf(“Passed\n”);
} else if (letter == ‘C’) {
printf(“Conditional\n”);
printf(“Please take the removals.”);
} else {
printf(“Failed\n”);
}
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Multiple-Alternative Decision
if (num > 0) {
printf(“Positive\n”);
} else if (num < 0) {
printf(“Negative\n”);
} else {
printf(“Zero\n”);
}
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Nested If Statements
• We use nested if statements (one if statement inside
another) to code decisions with multiple alternatives.
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Nested If Statement
if (road_status == 'S’) {
if (temp > 0) {
printf("Wet roads ahead\n");
printf("Stopping time doubled\n");
} else {
printf("Icy roads ahead\n");
printf("Stopping time quadrupled\n"); }
} else {
printf("Drive carefully!\n");
}
Prepared by: Jay Vince D. Serato
Switch Statements
• The switch statement may also be used in C to select one of
several alternatives.
• The switch statement is especially useful when the selection
is based on the value of a single variable or of a simple
expression (called the controlling expression) .
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Multiple-Alternative Decision
if (letter == ‘P’) {
printf(“Passed\n”);
} else if (letter == ‘C’) {
printf(“Conditional\n”);
printf(“Please take the removals.”);
} else {
printf(“Failed\n”);
}
Prepared by: Jay Vince D. Serato
Switch Statement
switch(letter) {
case ‘P’:
printf(“Passed\n”);
break;
case ‘C’:
printf(“Conditional\n”);
break;
default:
printf(“Failed\n”);
}
Prepared by: Jay Vince D. Serato
Switch Statement
switch(letter) {
case ‘P’:
case ‘p’:
printf(“Passed\n”);
break;
case ‘C’:
case ‘c’:
printf(“Conditional\n”);
break;
default:
printf(“Failed\n”);
}
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