Transformer Protection….
Dr. O. P. Rahi
Electrical Engineering Department,
National Institute of Technology Hamirpur (H.P), India. 1
Transformer
□ Construction
□ Types of transformers
□ Nature or Causes of Faults in Transformers
□ Faults in Transformers
□ Faults in Auxiliary Equipment
□ Faults in Windings
□ Overload & External Short Circuits
□ Various Protection Schemes
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Types of Transformers
□ Distribution Transformers
□ Power Transformers
□ Auto Transformers/Variacs
□ Three winding Transformer
□ Instrument Transformers
□ Rectifier Transformers
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Faults in Auxiliary Equipment
□ Transformer Oil
□ Gas Cushion
□ Oil Pump & Forced Air Fans
□ Core Winding Insulation
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Transformer Oil
□ Oil level
□ Oil Quality
□ Oil Temperature
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Safety Devices in Power Transformer
□ Oil level Gauge
□ Vacuum Gauge
□ Pressure/Vacuum Switch
□ Sudden Pressure Relay
□ Pressure Relief Valve
□ Oil Temperature Indicator
□ Hot Spot Temperature Indicator
□ Buchholz’s Relay
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Buchholz Relay
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Faults in Windings
□ Phase to phase fault
□ Phase to earth fault
□ Inter-turn fault
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Phase to phase fault Protection
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Protection Against Interturn Faults
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Restricted Earth Fault Protection
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Harmonic Restraint Relay of Transformer
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Protection Against Over-fluxing
□ Over fluxing or over excitation of a transformer connected to the
terminals of a generator, can occur if the ratio of voltage to
frequency exceeds certain limits. High voltage or low frequency,
causing a rise in the V/Hz ratio, will produce high flux densities in
the magnetic core of the transformer. This could cause the core of
the transformer to saturate and stray flux to be induced in un-
laminated components that have not been designed to carry flux.
The resulting eddy currents in solid components (core bolts and
clamps) and end of core laminations can cause rapid overheating
and damage.
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Causes of Overfluxing
□ High system voltage
□ Sudden increase in voltage
□ Full load rejection
□ Ferranti effect with light loading transmission lines
□ Low system frequency
□ E=4.44 ΦfN
□ Φ=E/4.44f N
□ Φ=K* E/f
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Protection
□ The flux density in the core should not increase above the rated
flux density of the core to avoid over fluxing in the core. Therefore
the designed flux density of the core is always kept below the
maximum rated flux density of the core.
□ The over fluxing relay is used to protect the transformer against
over fluxing. The over fluxing relay measures the ratio of V/f to
calculate the flux in the core.
□ Such a relay is called voltz/Hz relay also.
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Frame Leakage Protection of Transformer
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Conclusion
□ Transformer Overview
□ Faults in Transformer
□ Protection of Transformer against faults
□ Next, protection of Bus-bar
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Thank you
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