Chapter 10 - Vector Algebra NCERT Exemplar - Class 12 Chapter 10 - Vector Algebra NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

 
\ Unit vector in the direction of 2a - b
  ˆj + 6 kˆ ˆj + 6 kˆ
2a - b
=   = =
2a - b (1)2 + (6)2 1 + 36
ˆj + 6 kˆ 1 ˆ
10.3 EXERCISE = = [ j + 6 kˆ ]
37 37
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1 ˆ
Hence, the required unit vector is [ j + 6 kˆ ] .
Q1. Find the unit vector  in the direction of sum of vectors 37

a = 2iˆ - ˆj + kˆ and b = 2 ˆj + kˆ . 
Q3. Find a unit vector in the direction of PQ, where P and Q have
Sol. Given that  coordinates (5, 0, 8) and (3, 3, 2) respectively.

a = 2iˆ - ˆj + kˆ and b = 2 ˆj + kˆ Sol. Given coordinates are P(5, 0, 8) and Q(3, 3, 2)
 
a + b = (2iˆ - ˆj + kˆ ) + (2 ˆj + kˆ ) = 2iˆ + ˆj + 2 kˆ

 \ PQ = (3 - 5)iˆ + (3 - 0) ˆj + (2 - 8)kˆ = - 2iˆ + 3 ˆj - 6 kˆ
  a+b 

\ Unit vector in the direction of a + b =   PQ
a+b \ Unit vector in the direction of PQ = 
PQ
2iˆ + ˆj + 2 kˆ 2iˆ + ˆj + 2 kˆ
= = - 2iˆ + 3 ˆj - 6 kˆ - 2iˆ + 3 ˆj - 6 kˆ - 2iˆ + 3 ˆj - 6 kˆ
(2)2 + (1)2 + (2)2 4+1+4 = = =
( - 2)2 + (3)2 + ( - 6)2 4 + 9 + 36 49
2iˆ + ˆj + 2 kˆ 2iˆ + ˆj + 2 kˆ 2 1 2
= = = iˆ + ˆj + kˆ - 2iˆ + 3 ˆj - 6 kˆ 1
9 3 3 3 3 = = ( - 2iˆ + 3 ˆj - 6 kˆ )
2ˆ 1ˆ 2 ˆ 7 7
Hence, the required unit vector is i + j + k . 1
 3 3 3 Hence, the required unit vector is ( - 2iˆ + 3 ˆj - 6 kˆ ).

Q2. If a = iˆ + ˆj + 2 kˆ and b = 2iˆ + ˆj - 2 kˆ , find the unit vector in the   7
   Q4. If a and b are the position vectors of A and B respectively,
direction of (i) 6b (ii) 2a - b find the position vector of a point C in BA produced such that
 ˆ ˆ 
Sol. Given that a = i + j + 2 kˆ and b = 2iˆ + ˆj - 2 kˆ BC = 1.5 BA.

(i) 6b = 6(2iˆ + ˆj - 2 kˆ ) = 12iˆ + 6 ˆj - 12 kˆ 
Sol. Given that
 6b BC = 1.5 BA
\ Unit vector in the direction of 6b =  BC 3
6b  = 1.5 =
BA 2
12iˆ + 6 ˆj - 12 kˆ 12iˆ + 6 ˆj - 12 kˆ  
= = c -b 3
(12)2 + (6)2 + ( - 12)2 144 + 36 + 144    =
a-b 2
   
12iˆ + 6 ˆj - 12 kˆ 12iˆ + 6 ˆj - 12 kˆ     
 2c - 2b = 3a - 3b  2c = 3a - 3b + 2b  2c = 3a - b
 
= =
324 18  
 3a - b
6 ˆ ˆ 1 \ c =

= (2i + j - 2 k ) = (2iˆ + ˆj - 2 kˆ )
ˆ
2  
18 3 1  3a - b
Hence, the required unit vector is (2iˆ + ˆj - 2 kˆ ) . Hence, the required vector is c = .
  3 2
(ii) 2a - b = 2(iˆ + ˆj + 2 kˆ ) - (2iˆ + ˆj - 2 kˆ ) Q5. Using vectors, find the value of k, such that the points
(k, –10, 3), (1, –1, 3) and (3, 5, 3) are collinear.
= 2iˆ + 2 ˆj + 4 kˆ - 2iˆ - ˆj + 2 kˆ = ˆj + 6 kˆ

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Chapter 10 - Vector Algebra NCERT Exemplar - Class 12 Chapter 10 - Vector Algebra NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

Sol. Let the given points are A( k , - 10, 3), B(1, - 1, 3) and C(3, 5, 3)  k + 2 = 0  k = – 2

AB = (1 - k )iˆ + ( - 1 + 10) ˆj + (3 - 3)kˆ Hence, the required value is k = – 2

 Q6. A vector r is inclined at equal angles to the three axes. If the
AB = (1 - k )iˆ + 9 ˆj + 0 kˆ 
magnitude of r is 2 3 units, find r .

 
\ AB = (1 - k )2 + (9)2 = (1 - k )2 + 81 Sol. Since, the vector r makes equal angles with the axes, their
 direction cosines should be same
BC = (3 - 1)iˆ + (5 + 1) ˆj + (3 - 3)kˆ = 2iˆ + 6 ˆj + 0 kˆ \ l = m=n
 We know that l2 + m2 + n2 = 1  l2 + l2 + l2 = 1
\ BC = (2)2 + (6)2 = 4 + 36 = 40 = 2 10 1 1
  3l2 = 1  l2 = fi l = ±
AC = (3 - k )iˆ + (5 + 10) ˆj + (3 - 3)kˆ = (3 - k )iˆ + 15 ˆj + 0 kˆ 3 3
 \ r̂ = ± 1 iˆ ± 1 ˆj ± 1 kˆ  r̂ = ± 1 (iˆ + ˆj + kˆ )
\ AC = (3 - k )2 + (15)2 = (3 - k )2 + 225 3 3 3 3
If A, B and C are collinear, then  
We know that r = (rˆ) r
  
AB + BC = AC 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
(i + j + k ) 2 3 = ± 2(iˆ + ˆj + kˆ )
= ±
3
(1 - k )2 + 81 + 40 = (3 - k )2 + 225 
Hence, the required value of r is ± 2(iˆ + ˆj + kˆ ) .

Q7. A vector r has magnitude 14 and direction ratios 2, 3 and – 6.
Squaring both sides, we have  
2
Find the direction cosines and components of r , given that r
2
È (1 - k )2 + 81 + 40 ˘ = È (3 - k )2 + 225 ˘ makes an acute angle with x-axis.
Î ˚ Î ˚     
Sol. Let a , b and c be three vectors such that a = 2 k , b = 3 k and
 2
(1 - k )2 + 81 + 40 + 2 40 (1 - k )2 + 81 = (3 - k ) + 225 
c = – 6k

If l, m and n are the direction cosines of vector r , then
 1 + k 2 - 2 k + 121 + 2 40 1 + k 2 - 2 k + 81 
a 2k k
= 9 + k 2 - 6 k + 225 l=  = =
r 14 7
 122 - 2 k + 2 40 k 2 - 2 k + 82 = 234 - 6k  
b 3k c - 6 k - 3k
Dividing by 2, we get m=  = and n =  = =
r 14 r 14 7
 61 - k + 40 k 2 - 2 k + 82 = 117 – 3k We know that l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
 40 k 2 - 2 k + 82 = 117 – 61 – 3k + k k 2 9k 2 9k 2
\ + + =1
49 196 49
 40 k 2 - 2 k + 82 = 56 – 2k  2 10 k 2 - 2 k + 82 = 56 – 2k 4 k 2 + 9 k 2 + 36 k 2
 = 1  49k2 = 196  k2 = 4
 10 k - 2 k + 82 = 28 – k
2 (Dividing by 2) 196
k 2
Squaring both sides, we get \ k = ± 2 and l = =
7 7
 10(k2 – 2k + 82) = 784 + k2 – 56k - 3k - 3 ¥ 2 - 6
3k 3 ¥ 2 3
 10k2 – 20k + 820 = 784 + k2 – 56k m = = = and n = =
14 14 7 7 7 7
 10k2 – k2 – 20k + 56k + 820 – 784 = 0 Ê 2 ˆ 3 ˆ 6 ˆˆ
\ r̂ = ± i+ j- k
 9k2 + 36k + 36 = 0  k2 + 4k + 4 = 0  (k + 2)2 = 0 Ë7 7 7 ¯

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Chapter 10 - Vector Algebra NCERT Exemplar - Class 12 Chapter 10 - Vector Algebra NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

   
r̂ = r̂ r Sol. Given that a + b + c = 0
    
 Ê 2 ˆ 3 ˆ 6 ˆˆ So, a ¥ (a + b + c ) = a ¥ 0
 r = ± i + j - k ◊ 14 = ± (4iˆ + 6 ˆj - 12 kˆ )      
Ë7 7 7 ¯  a¥a+a¥b+a¥c = 0
2 3 -6       
Hence, the required direction cosines are , , and the  o+a¥b+a¥c = 0 ( a ¥ a = 0)
 7 7 7        
components of r are 4iˆ , 6 ˆj and - 12 kˆ .  a¥b-c¥a = 0 (a ¥ c = - c ¥ a)
Q8. Find a vector of magnitude 6, which is perpendicular to both    
 a¥b = c¥a ...(i)
the vectors 2iˆ - ˆj + 2 kˆ and 4iˆ - ˆj + 3 kˆ .   
  Now a+b+c = 0
    
Sol. Let a = 2iˆ - ˆj + 2 kˆ and b = 4iˆ - ˆj + 3 kˆ   b ¥ (a + b + c ) = b ¥ 0
  ( a ¥ b )      
We know that unit vector perpendicular to a and b =    b¥a+b¥b+b¥c = 0
      
a¥b  b¥a+o+b¥c = 0 ( b ¥ b = 0)
iˆ ˆj kˆ   
   - ( a ¥ b) + b ¥ c = 0
a ¥ b = 2 -1 2    
4 -1 3 \ b¥c = a¥b ...(ii)
From eq. (i) and (ii) we get
= iˆ( - 3 + 2) - ˆj (6 - 8) + kˆ( - 2 + 4) = - iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ      
a ¥ b = b ¥ c = c ¥ a . Hence proved.
  Geometrical Interpretation
\ a ¥ b = ( - 1)2 + (2)2 + (2)2 = 1 + 4 + 4 = 9 = 3
  According to figure, we have
(a ¥ b ) - iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ 1 ˆ
so,   = = ( - i + 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ ) Area of parallelogram ABCD is
a¥b 3 3    
1  a ¥ b = a b sin q
Now the vector of magnitude 6 = ( - iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ ) ◊ 6 Since, the parallelograms
3
= 2( - iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ ) = - 2iˆ + 4 ˆj + 4 kˆ on the same base and
between the same
Hence, the required vector is - 2iˆ + 4 ˆj + 4 kˆ . parallel lines are equal in
Q9. Find the angle between the vectors 2iˆ - ˆj + kˆ and 3iˆ + 4 ˆj - kˆ . area
       
Sol. Let a = 2iˆ - ˆj + kˆ and b = 3iˆ + 4 ˆj - kˆ \ a¥b = b¥c = c¥a
       
and let q be the angle between a and b .  a ¥ b = b ¥ c = c ¥ a.
  
Q11. Find the sine of the angle between the vectors a = 3iˆ + ˆj + 2 kˆ
a◊b (2iˆ - ˆj + kˆ ) ◊ (3iˆ + 4 ˆj - kˆ )
\ cos q =   = and b = 2iˆ - 2 ˆj + 4 kˆ .
a b 4 + 1 + 1 ◊ 9 + 16 + 1  
Sol. Given that a = 3iˆ + ˆj + 2 kˆ and b = 2iˆ - 2 ˆj + 4 kˆ
6-4-11 1    
= =fi We know that a ¥ b = a b sin q
6 ◊ 262 3 ◊ 13 2 39
iˆ ˆj kˆ
1 Ê 1 ˆ
\ q = cos -1
fi q = cos -1 Á  
2 39 Ë 156 ¯˜ \ a¥b = 3 1 2
2 -2 4
-1 Ê 1 ˆ
Hence, the required value of q is cos ÁË ˜. = iˆ (4 + 4) - ˆj (12 - 4) + kˆ( - 6 - 2)
156 ¯
         = 8iˆ - 8 ˆj - 8 kˆ
Q10. If a + b + c = 0 show that a ¥ b = b ¥ c = c ¥ a. Interpret the
result geometrically.  
a ¥ b = (8)2 + ( -8)2 + ( - 8)2

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Chapter 10 - Vector Algebra NCERT Exemplar - Class 12 Chapter 10 - Vector Algebra NCERT Exemplar - Class 12


= 64 + 64 + 64 = 192 = 64 ¥ 3 = 8 3 AB = (2 - 1)iˆ + ( - 1 - 2) ˆj + (4 - 3)kˆ


a = (3)2 + (1)2 + (2)2 = 9 + 1 + 4 = 14 AB = iˆ - 3 ˆj + kˆ

 AC = (4 - 1)iˆ + (5 - 2) ˆj + ( - 1 - 3)kˆ = 3iˆ + 3 ˆj - 4 kˆ
b = (2)2 + ( - 2)2 + (4)2 = 4 + 4 + 16
1   iˆ ˆj kˆ
=
24 = 2 6 Area of DABC = AB ¥ AC = 1 1 - 3
2 1
2 3 3 -4
 
a¥b 8 3 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
\ sin q =   = = [i (12 - 3) - j ( - 4 - 3) + k(3 + 9)]
a b 14 ◊ 2 6 2
1 ˆ 1
= 9i + 7 ˆj + 12 kˆ = (9)2 + (7)2 + (12)2
4 3 4 3 2 2 2
 = = =
84 2 21 7 1 1
= 81 + 49 + 144 = 274
2 2 2
Hence, sin q = .
7 274
Hence, the required area is .
Q12. If A, B, C, D are the points with position vectors iˆ + ˆj - kˆ , 2
2iˆ - ˆj + 3 kˆ , 2iˆ - 3 kˆ , 3iˆ - 2 ˆj + kˆ , respectively, find the projection Q14. Using vectors, prove that the parallelogram on the same base
and between the same parallels, are equal in area.
of AB along CD .
Sol. Let ABCD and ABFE be two parallelograms on the same base
Sol. Here, Position vector of A = iˆ + ˆj - kˆ AB and between same parallel lines AB and DF.
Position vector of B = 2iˆ - ˆj + 3 kˆ
Position vector of C = 2iˆ - 3 kˆ
Position vector of D = 3iˆ - 2 ˆj + kˆ

AB = P.V of B – P.V of A
= (2iˆ - ˆj + 3 kˆ ) - (iˆ + ˆj - kˆ ) = iˆ - 2 ˆj + 4 kˆ

CD = P.V. of D – P.V. of C  
 
= (3iˆ - 2 ˆj + kˆ ) - (2iˆ - 3 kˆ ) = iˆ - 2 ˆj + 4 kˆ Let AB = a and AD = b
   
  AB ◊ CD  Area of parallelogram ABCD = a ¥ b
Projection of AB on CD =   
CD Now Area of parallelogram ABFE = AB ¥ AE
     
(iˆ - 2 ˆj + 4 kˆ ) ◊ (iˆ - 2 ˆj + 4 kˆ ) = a ¥ (AD + DE) = a ¥ (b ¥ Ka )
=        
(1)2 + ( - 2)2 + (4)2 = ( a ¥ b ) + K( a ¥ a ) = a ¥ b + 0 [ a ¥ a = 0]
 
1 + 4 + 16
21 = a ¥ b
= = = 21 Hence proved.
1 + 4 + 16 21
Hence, the required projection = 21 . LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q13. Using vectors, find the area of the triangle ABC with vertices
b2 + c 2 - a2
A(1, 2, 3), B(2, –1, 4) and C(4, 5, –1). Q15. Prove that in any triangle ABC, cosA = , where
2bc
Sol. Given that A(1, 2, 3), B(2, –1, 4) and C(4, 5, –1)
a, b, c are the magnitudes of the sides opposite to the vertices

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Chapter 10 - Vector Algebra NCERT Exemplar - Class 12 Chapter 10 - Vector Algebra NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

A, B, C respectively. Let n̂ be the unit vector normal to the plane of the DABC
 
Sol. Here, in the given figure, the AB ¥ AC
components of c are c cos A \ n̂ =  
AB ¥ AC
and c sin A.      
 a¥b+b¥c +c¥a
 CD = b – c cos A  =      
In DBDC, a¥b+b¥c +c¥a
a2 = CD2 + BD2
Q17. Show that area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are given
 a2 = (b – c cos A)2 + (c sin A)2  
  a¥b
 a2 = b2 + c2 cos2 A – 2bc cos A + c2 sin2 A by a and b is . Also, find the area of the parallelogram,
 a2 = b2 + c2(cos2 A + sin2 A) – 2bc cos A 2
 a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A  2bc cos A = b2 + c2 – a2 whose diagonals are 2iˆ – ˆj + kˆ and iˆ + 3 ˆj - kˆ .
b2 + c 2 - a2 Sol. Let ABCD be a parallelogram such that,
\ cos A =     
2bc AB = p , AD = q = BC D C
Hence Proved. \ by law of triangle, we get
      
Q16. If a , b and c determine the vertices of a triangle, show that AC = a = p + q ...(i)
    q
1       and BD = b = - p + q ...(ii)
a b
[b ¥ c + c ¥ a + a ¥ b ] gives the vector area of the triangle.
2    Adding eq. (i) and (ii) we get, A
Hence deduce the condition that the three points a , b and c   p
B
are collinear. Also, find the unit vector normal to the plane of     Ê a + bˆ
a + b = 2q fi q = Á
the triangle. Ë 2 ¯˜
  
Sol. Since, a , b and c are the vertices of DABC Subtracting eq. (ii) from eq. (i) we get
    
\ AB = b - a , BC = c - b
C
 
       Ê a - bˆ
and AC = c - a a - b = 2 p fi p = ÁË ˜
2 ¯
1     1     1        
\ Area of DABC = AB ¥ AC \ p ¥ q = (a + b ) ¥ (a - b ) = (a ¥ a - a ¥ b + b ¥ a - b ¥ b )
2 4 4
1     A B  
= (b - a ) ¥ (c - a ) 1     È a ¥ a = 0 ˘
2 = (- a ¥ b + b ¥ a) Í   ˙
1         4 b ¥ b = 0 ˚˙
ÎÍ
= b¥c -b¥a-a¥c +a¥a  
2 1     1   a¥b
   
= (a ¥ b + a ¥ b ) = ◊ 2 (a ¥ b ) =
È a ¥ b = - b ¥ a ˘
1       Í    ˙ 4 4 2
= b¥c +a¥b+c¥a Í c ¥ a = - a ¥c˙   1  
2 Í    ˙ So, the area of the parallelogram ABCD = p ¥ q = a ¥ b
a¥a=0 2
Î ˚
Now area of parallelogram whose diagonals are 2iˆ - ˆj + kˆ
For three vectors are collinear, area of DABC = 0 1
and iˆ + 3 ˆj - kˆ = (2iˆ - ˆj + kˆ ) ¥ (iˆ + 3 ˆj - kˆ )
1       2
\ b¥c +a¥b+c¥a = 0
2       iˆ ˆj kˆ
a¥ b + b ¥ c + c ¥ a = 0
   = 2 1 1
which is the condition of collinearity of a , b and c .
1 3 1

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Chapter 10 - Vector Algebra NCERT Exemplar - Class 12 Chapter 10 - Vector Algebra NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

1 ˆ 1 2
= i (1 - 3) - ˆj ( - 2 - 1) + kˆ (6 + 1) = - 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 7 kˆ \ c3 =
2 2 3
1 1 2
= ( - 2)2 + (3)2 + (7)2 = 4 + 9 + 49 Now c2 – c1 = – 1  - c1 = - 1
2 2 3
2 5
1  c1 = 1 +=
= 62 sq. units 3 3
2
1  5ˆ 2ˆ 2 ˆ
Hence, the required area is 62 sq. units. \ c = i+ j+ k
2 3 3 3
 ˆ ˆ ˆ     
Q18. If a = i + j + k and b = ˆj - kˆ , find a vector c such that a ¥ c = b  1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
 
and a ◊ c = 3. Hence, c = (5i + 2 j + 2 k ) .
3

Sol. Let c = c1iˆ + c2 ˆj + c3 kˆ OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
 
Also given that a = iˆ + ˆj + kˆ and b = ˆj - kˆ Choose the correct answer from the given four options in each of the
  
Since, a¥c = b Exercises from 19 to 33 (MCQ).
iˆ ˆj kˆ ˆ Q19. The vector in the direction of the vector iˆ - 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ that has
\ 1 1 1 = ĵ - k magnitude 9 is
c1 c2 c3 iˆ - 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ
(a) iˆ - 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ (b)
= iˆ(c3 - c2 ) - ˆj (c3 - c1 ) + kˆ(c2 - c1 ) = ˆj - kˆ 3
On comparing the like terms, we get (c) 3(iˆ - 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ ) (d) 9(iˆ - 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ )
 ˆ
c3 – c2 = 0 ...(i) Sol. Let a = i - 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ 
c1 – c3 = 1 ...(ii)  a
Unit vector in the direction of a = 
and c2 – c1 = –1 ...(iii) a
 
Now for a ◊ c = 3 iˆ - 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ iˆ - 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ iˆ - 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ
= = =
(iˆ + ˆj + kˆ ) ◊ (c iˆ + c ˆj + c kˆ ) = 3
1 2 3 (1)2 + ( - 2)2 + (2)2 1+ 4 + 4 3
 c1 + c2 + c3 = 3 ...(iv)
9(iˆ - 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ )
Adding eq. (ii) and eq. (iii) we get,  Vector of magnitude 9 = = 3(iˆ - 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ )
c2 – c3 = 0 ...(v) 3
Hence, the correct option is (c).
From (iv) and (v) we get
Q20. The position vector of the point which divides the join of
c1 + 2c2 = 3 ...(vi)    
From (iii) and (vi) we get points 2 a - 3b and a + b in the ratio 3 : 1 is
     
c1 + 2c2 = 3 3a - 2b 7 a - 8b 3a 5a
(a) (b) (c) (d)
– c1 + c2 = – 1 2 4 4 4
   
Sol. The given vectors are 2 a - 3b and a + b and the ratio is 3 : 1.
Adding 3c2 = 2
  The position vector of the required point c which divides
 
2 the join of the given vectors a and b is
\ c2 =
3  m1 x2 + m2 x1
c =
2 m1 + m2
c3 – c2 = 0  c3 - =0
3

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Chapter 10 - Vector Algebra NCERT Exemplar - Class 12 Chapter 10 - Vector Algebra NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

       
1 ◊ (2 a - 3b ) + 3( a + b ) 2 a - 3b + 3a + 3b  2 + 2l + 3 = 0
= = -5
3+1 4  5 + 2l = 0  l=
 2
5a 5  Hence, the correct option is (d).
= = a
4 4
Hence, the correct option is (d). Q24. The value of l for which the vectors 3iˆ - 6 ˆj + kˆ and 2iˆ - 4 ˆj + lkˆ
Q21. The vector having initial and terminal points as (2, 5, 0) and are parallel is
(–3, 7, 4), respectively is 2 3 5 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 5
(a) - iˆ + 12 ˆj + 4 kˆ (b) 5iˆ + 2 ˆj - 4 kˆ 2
Sol. Let a = 3iˆ - 6 ˆj + kˆ
(c) - 5iˆ + 2 ˆj + 4 kˆ (d) iˆ + ˆj + kˆ 
Sol. Let A and B be two points whose coordinates are given as b = 2iˆ - 4 ˆj + lkˆ
(2, 5, 0) and (– 3, 7, 4) Since the given vectors are parallel,
  Angle between them is 0°
 AB = ( - 3 - 2)iˆ + (7 - 5) ˆj + (4 - 0)kˆ  
 


AB = - 5iˆ + 2 ˆj + 4 kˆ
so a ◊ b = a b cos 0
Hence, the correct option is (c).  (3iˆ – 6 ˆj + kˆ ) ◊ (2iˆ - 4 ˆj + lkˆ ) = 3iˆ - 6 ˆj + kˆ 2iˆ - 4 ˆj + lkˆ
 
Q22. The angle between two vectors a and b with magnitudes 3 6 + 24 + l = 9 + 36 + 1 ◊ 4 + 16 + l 2
 
and 4 respectively and a ◊ b = 2 3 is
p p p 5p 30 + l = 46 ◊ 20 + l 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) Squaring both sides, we get
6 3 2 2
   
Sol. Here, given that a = 3 , b = 4 and a ◊ b = 2 3 900 + l2 + 60 l = 46(20 + l2)
 From scalar product, we know that  900 + l2 + 60l = 920 + 46l2
     l2 – 46l2 + 60l + 900 – 920 = 0
a ◊ b = a b cos q
 – 45l2 + 60l – 20 = 0
 2 3 = 3 ◊ 4 ◊ cos q
 9l2 – 12l + 4 = 0
2 3 1  (3l – 2)2 = 0
 cos q = =
3◊4 2  3l – 2 = 0
p  3l = 2
 q=
3 \ l = 2/3
Hence, the correct option is (b).
 Alternate method:
Q23. Find
 the value of l such that the vectors a = 2iˆ + lˆj + kˆ and  
b = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3 kˆ are orthogonal Let a = a1iˆ + a2 ˆj + a3 kˆ and b = b1iˆ + b2 ˆj + b3 kˆ
 
3 -5 If a || b
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) a1 a2 a3
2 2  = =
  b1 b2 b3
Sol. Given that a = 2iˆ + lˆj + kˆ and b = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3 kˆ
  -6 1 1 3 2
Since a and b are orthogonal 3
   = =  = fi l =
a◊b = 0 2 -4 l l 2 3

Hence, the correct option is (a).
 (2i + lj + k ) ◊ (iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3 kˆ ) = 0
ˆ ˆ ˆ
Q25. The vectors from origin to the points A and B are

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Chapter 10 - Vector Algebra NCERT Exemplar - Class 12 Chapter 10 - Vector Algebra NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

       
a = 2iˆ - 3 ˆj + 2 kˆ and b = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + kˆ respectively, then the Q27. If a = 10, b = 2 and a ◊ b = 12 , then value of a ¥ b is
area of DOAB is equal to (a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 14 (d) 16
1 
(a) 340 (b) 25 (c) 229 (d) 229   
2 Sol. Given that a = 10, b = 2 and a ◊ b = 12
Sol. Let O be the origin    
 ˆ ˆ ˆ  a ◊ b = a b cos q
 OA = 2i - 3 j + 2 k
  12 = 10  2  cos q
and OB = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + kˆ
12 3
iˆ ˆj kˆ  cos q = =
1   1 20 5
 Area of DOAB = OA ¥ OB = 2 -3 2
2 2 \ sin q = 1 - cos 2 q
2 3 1
1 ˆ 2
= i ( - 3 - 6) - j (2 - 4) + kˆ (6 + 6)
ˆ Ê 3ˆ
1-Á ˜
9
2  sin q = Ë 5¯  sin q = 1-
25
1
= - 9iˆ + 2 ˆj + 12 kˆ 16 4
2  sin q =  sin q =
1 25 5
= ( - 9)2 + (2)2 + (12)2   = a b sin q

2 Now a¥b
1 1 4
= 81 + 4 + 144 = 229 = 10 ◊ 2 ◊ = 16
2 2 5
Hence the correct option is (d). Hence, the correct option is (d).
   
Q26. For any vector a , the value of ( a ¥ iˆ)2 + ( a ¥ ˆj )2 + ( a ¥ kˆ )2 is Q28. The vectors liˆ + ˆj + 2 kˆ , iˆ + lˆj - kˆ and 2iˆ - ˆj + lkˆ are coplanar
   
(a) a 2 (b) 3a 2 (c) 4a 2 (d) 2a 2 if

Sol. Let a = a1iˆ + a2 ˆj + a3 kˆ (a) l = – 2 (b) l = 0 (c) l = 1 (d) l = – 1


2 2
a = a1 + a2 + a3
2 2 Sol. Let a = liˆ + ˆj + 2 kˆ
 
Now, a ¥ iˆ = ( a iˆ + a ˆj + a kˆ ) ¥ iˆ
1 2 3 b = iˆ + lˆj - kˆ

iˆ ˆj kˆ c = 2iˆ - ˆj + lkˆ
  
= a1 a2 a3 If a , b and c are coplanar, then
  
1 0 0 a ◊ (b ¥ c ) = 0

= iˆ (0 - 0) - ˆj (0 - a3 ) + kˆ(0 - a2 ) = a3 ˆj - a2 kˆ l 1 2
 2 2 \ 1 l -1 = 0
 ( a ¥ iˆ)2 = ( a3 ˆj - a2 kˆ ) ◊ ( a3 ˆj - a2 kˆ ) = a3 + a2
 ˆ2 2 2 2 -1 l
Similarly ( a ¥ j ) = a1 + a3
  l(l2 – 1) – 1 (l + 2) + 2(–1 – 2l) = 0
( a ¥ kˆ )2 = a1 + a2
2 2
and
 l3 – l – l – 2 – 2 – 4l = 0
 ˆ2  ˆ2  ˆ2
\ ( a ¥ i ) + ( a ¥ j ) + ( a ¥ k ) = a3 + a22 + a12 + a32 + a12 + a22
2
 l3 – 6l – 4 = 0
  (l + 2) (l2 – 2l – 2) = 0
= 2( a12 + a22 + a32 ) = 2 a 2
 l = – 2 or l2 – 2l – 2 = 0
Hence, the correct option is (d).

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Chapter 10 - Vector Algebra NCERT Exemplar - Class 12 Chapter 10 - Vector Algebra NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

     
2± 4+8  (2)2 + (3)2 + (5)2 + 2( a . b + b ◊ c + c ◊ a ) =0
 l=      
2  4 + 9 + 25 + 2 ( a ◊ b + b ◊ c + c ◊ a ) =0
2±2 3      
 38 + 2( a ◊ b + b ◊ c + c ◊ a ) =0
 l=      
2  2( a ◊ b + b ◊ c + c ◊ a ) = – 38
\ l = – 2 or l = 1 ± 3      
\ a◊b + b◊c + c ◊a = – 19
Hence, the correct option is (a). Hence, the correct option is (c).
        
Q29. If a , b , c are unit vectors such that a + b + c = 0, then the Q32. If a = 4 and - 3 £ l £ 2, then the range of la is
     
value of a ◊ b + b ◊ c + c ◊ a is
3 (a) [0, 8] (b) [– 12, 8] (c) [0, 12] (d) [8, 12]
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) - (d) None of these 
  2 Sol. Given that a = 4, - 3 £ l £ 2
a   
Sol. Given that = b = c =1 Now la = l a = l ◊ 4 = 4 l
   
and a + b + c = 0 Here -3 £ l £ 2
         - 3.4 £ 4 l £ 2.4  - 12 £ 4 l £ 8
\ (a + b + c ) ◊ (a + b + c ) = 0 ◊ 0 = 0
 4l = [– 12, 8]
 2       2        2
a + a◊b + a◊c + b◊a + b + b◊c + c ◊a + c ◊b + c = 0 Hence, the correct option is (b).
2 2 2       Q33. The number of vectors of unit length perpendicular to the
 a + b + c + 2 a ◊ b + 2b ◊ c + 2c ◊ a = 0 
     
 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 ( a ◊ b + b ◊ c + c ◊ a) = 0 vectors a = 2iˆ + ˆj + 2 kˆ and b = ˆj + kˆ is
      (a) one (b) two (c) three (d) infinite
 2( a ◊ b + b ◊ c + c ◊ a ) = – 3
Sol. The number of vectors of unit length perpendicular to vectors
      -3  
\ a◊b + b◊c + c ◊a = a and b is c (let)
2   
Hence, the correct option is (c).  c = ± (a ¥ b )
  So, there will be two vectors of unit length perpendicular to
Q30. The projection vector of a on b is :  
        vectors a and b .
Ê a ◊ bˆ  a◊b a◊b Ê a ◊ bˆ 
Hence, the correct option is (b).
(a) Á  ˜ b (b)  (c)  (d) Á  2 ˜ b
Ë b ¯ b a Ë a ¯ Fill in the blanks in each
 
of the Exercises from 34 to 40.
 Q34. The vector a + b bisects the angle between the non-collinear
  Ê a . b ˆ  
Sol. The projection vector of a on b = Á  ˜ ◊ b vectors a and b if .
 
Ë b ¯ Sol. If vector a + b bisects the angle between
 
non-collinear vectors
Hence, the correct option is (a). 
        a and b then the angle between a + b and a is equal to the
Q31. If a , b , c are three vectors such that a + b + c = 0 and a = 2,  
 angle between a + b and b.
            
b = 3, c = 5, then the value of a ◊ b + b ◊ c + c ◊ a is a ◊ (a + b ) a ◊ (a + b )
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) – 19 (d) 38 So, cos q =    =  ...(i)
  
a a+b a a2 + b2
Sol. Given that a = 2, b = 3, c = 5,   
  b ◊ (a + b )
  Also, cos q =    [ q is same]
and a+b+c = 0 b ◊ a+b
          
(a + b + c ) ◊ (a + b + c ) = 0 ◊ 0 = 0
b ◊ (a + b )
2       2       2 =  ...(ii)
 a + a◊b + a◊c + b◊a + b + b◊c + c ◊a + c ◊b + c = 0
b a2 + b2
2 2 2      
 a + b + c + 2 a ◊ b + 2b ◊ c + 2c ◊ a = 0 From eq. (i) and eq. (ii) we get,

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Chapter 10 - Vector Algebra NCERT Exemplar - Class 12 Chapter 10 - Vector Algebra NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

     
a ◊ (a + b ) b ◊ (a + b )  1 
=  Now since ka + a is parallel to a

b a2 + b2 2
a a2 + b2 1  1
  Here we see that at k = - , ka + a become null vector and
a b 2  2
  =  then it will not be parallel to a .
a b
   1  1
 â = b̂ fi a = b \ ka + a is parallel to a when k Œ ( - 1, 1) and k π .
  2 2
Hence, the required filler is a = b . 1
       Hence, the required value of k  (– 1, 1) and k  .
Q35. If r ◊ a = 0, r ◊ b = 0 and r ◊ c = 0 for some non-zero vector r , 2
    2  
then the value of a ◊ (b ¥ c ) is . Q38. The value of the expression a ¥ b + ( a ◊ b )2 is .
     2      
( ) ( )
2 2
Sol. If r is a non-zero vector, then a , b and c can be in the same Sol. a ¥ b + ( a ◊ b )2 = a b sin q + a b cos q
plane.
  2 2 2 2 2 2
Since angles between a , and c are zero i.e. q = 0 = a b sin q + a b cos q
  
  a ◊ (b ¥ c ) = 0 2 2 2 2
= a b ◊ (sin q + cos q )
Hence the required value is 0.
  2 2 2 2
Q36. The vectors a = 3iˆ - 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ and b = - iˆ - 2 kˆ are the adjacent = a b ◊ 1 = a b
sides of a parallelogram. The acute angle between its diagonals 2 2
Hence, the value of the filler is a b .
is .   2  2  
 Q39. If a ¥ b + a ◊ b = 144 and a = 4, then b is equal to
Sol. Given that a = 3iˆ - 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ
 .
and b = - iˆ - 2 kˆ  2  
    Sol. a ¥ b + ( a ◊ b )2 = 144
 a + b = 2i - 2 j and a - b = 4iˆ - 2 ˆj + 4 kˆ
ˆ ˆ
   
( ) ( )
2 2
   a b sin q + a b cos q = 144
Let q be the angle between the two diagonal vectors a + b and
   2   2
a - b then  a b sin 2 q + a b cos 2 q = 144
2 2
     2 2
(a + b ) ◊ (a - b ) (2iˆ - 2 ˆj ) ◊ (4iˆ - 2 ˆj + 4 kˆ )  a b (sin 2 q + cos 2 q) = 144
cos q =     =  2 2
a+b a-b (2)2 + ( - 2)2 ◊ (4)2 + ( - 2)2 + (4)2  a b = 144
 
8+4 12 1  a b = 12
= = = 
2 2 ◊6 2 2 ◊6 2  4 ◊ b = 12

p \ b =3
 q=
4 p Hence, the value of the filler is 3.
Hence the value of required filler is .    
Q40. If a is any non-zero vector, then ( a ◊ iˆ) iˆ + ( a ◊ ˆj ) ˆj + ( a ◊ kˆ )kˆ
  4  1 equals .
Q37. The values of k, for which ka < a and ka + a is parallel to 
 2 Sol. Let a = a1iˆ + a2 ˆj + a3 kˆ
a holds true are . 
   1 
 a ◊ iˆ = ( a1iˆ + a2 ˆj + a3 kˆ ) ◊ iˆ
Sol. Given that ka < a and ka + a is parallel to a = a1
    2  
 ka < a fi k a < a fi k < 1 fi - 1 < k <1 Similarly, a ◊ ˆj = a and a ◊ kˆ = a
2 3

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 Chapter 10 - Vector Algebra NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

   ˆ 
 ( a ◊ iˆ) ◊ iˆ + ( a ◊ ˆj ) ˆj + ( a ◊ kˆ ) ◊ kˆ = a1iˆ + a2 ˆj + a3 k = a

Hence, the value of the filler is a .
State True or False in each of the following Exercises.
   
Q41. If a = b , then necessarily it implies a = ± b .
   
Sol. If a = b then a = ± b which is true.
Hence, the statement is True.
Q42. Position vector of a point P is a vector whose initial point is
origin.
Sol. True
     
Q43. If a + b = a - b , then the vectors a and b are orthogonal.
   
Sol. Given that a+b = a-b
Squaring both sides, we get
 2  2
a+b = a-b
2 2   2 2  
 a + b + 2a ◊ b = a + b - 2a ◊ b
       
 2a ◊ b = - 2a ◊ b  a ◊ b = - a ◊ b
   
 2a ◊ b = 0  a ◊ b = 0

which implies that a and b are orthogonal.
Hence the given statement is True.
     
Q44. The formula ( a + b )2 = a 2 + b 2 + 2 a ¥ b is valid for non-zero
 
vectors a and b .
     
Sol. ( a + b )2 = ( a + b ) ◊ ( a + b )
2 2  
= a + b + 2 a ◊ b
Hence, the given statement is False.
   
Q45. If a and b are adjacent sides of a rhombus, then a ◊ b = 0 .
     
Sol. If a ◊ b = 0 then a ◊ b = a b cos 90∞
So the angle between the adjacent sides of the rhombus should
be 90° which is not possible.
Hence, the given statement is False.

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