AP PHYSICS 1 Scoring Guide

chapter6

1. A 20 kg box on a horizontal frictionless surface is moving to the right at a speed of 4.0 m/s. The box hits and
remains attached to one end of a spring of negligible mass whose other end is attached to a wall. As a result, the
spring compresses a maximum distance of 0.50 m, and the box then oscillates back and forth.

(a)

i. The spring does work on the box from the moment the box first hits the spring to the moment the spring first
reaches its maximum compression. Indicate whether the work done by the spring is positive, negative, or zero.

____ Positive ____ Negative ____ Zero

Justify your answer.

ii. Calculate the magnitude of the work described in part i.

(b) Calculate the spring constant of the spring.

(c) Calculate the magnitude of the maximum acceleration of the box.

(d) Calculate the frequency of the oscillation of the box.

(e) Let x = 0 be the point where the box makes contact with the spring, with positive x directed toward the right.

i. On the axes below, sketch the kinetic energy K of the oscillating box as a function of position x for the range x =
-0.50 m to x = +0.50 m.

ii. On the axes below, sketch the acceleration a of the oscillating box as a function of position x for the range x =
-0.50 m to x = +0.50 m.

AP Physics 1 Page 1 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

Part A

1 point is earned: For selecting "Negative"

1 point is earned: For a correct justification

Examples:

• The spring pushes on the box in a direction opposite to the box's motion, therefore the work done is negative.

• The box slows down, so its kinetic energy decreases. Therefore the work done is negative.

1 point is earned: For a correct expression relating to work to change in kinetic energy

1 point is earned: For substituting the correct values

1 point is earned: For a correct answer

W = 160 J (either positive or negative value acceptable)

Page 2 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

0 1 2 3 4 5

The student response earns all of the following points:

1 point is earned: For selecting "Negative"

1 point is earned: For a correct justification

Examples:

• The spring pushes on the box in a direction opposite to the box's motion, therefore the work done is negative.

• The box slows down, so its kinetic energy decreases. Therefore the work done is negative.

1 point is earned: For a correct expression relating to work to change in kinetic energy

1 point is earned: For substituting the correct values

1 point is earned: For a correct answer

W = 160 J (either positive or negative value acceptable)

Part B

1 point is earned: For a correct expression of conservation of energy

1 point is earned: For correct substitution of values consistent with the answer from part (a) ii

0 1 2

The student response earns all of the following points:

AP Physics 1 Page 3 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

1 point is earned: For a correct expression of conservation of energy

1 point is earned: For correct substitution of values consistent with the answer from part (a) ii

Part C

1 point is earned: For a correct expression of the maximum acceleration

a = Fmax/m = kxmax/m

1 point is earned: For correct substitution consistent with the answer from part (b)

a = (1280 N/m)(0.50 m)/(20 kg)

a = 32 m/s2

0 1 2

The student response earns all of the following points:

1 point is earned: For a correct expression of the maximum acceleration

a = Fmax/m = kxmax/m

1 point is earned: For correct substitution consistent with the answer from part (b)

a = (1280 N/m)(0.50 m)/(20 kg)

a = 32 m/s2

Part D

1 point is earned: For a correct expression of the frequency

1 point is earned: For correct substitution consistent with the answer from part (b)

Page 4 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

0 1 2

The student response earns all of the following points:

1 point is earned: For a correct expression of the frequency

1 point is earned: For correct substitution consistent with the answer from part (b)

Part E

1 point is earned: For a graph that shows positive kinetic energy values and zero kinetic energy at -0.50 m and +0.50 m

1 point is earned: For a smooth curve that is concave down

AP Physics 1 Page 5 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

1 point is earned: For a straight line with negative slope that begins at -0.50 m, ends at +0.50 m, and passes through the
origin

0 1 2 3

The student response earns all of the following points:

1 point is earned: For a graph that shows positive kinetic energy values and zero kinetic energy at -0.50 m and +0.50 m

1 point is earned: For a smooth curve that is concave down

Page 6 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

1 point is earned: For a straight line with negative slope that begins at -0.50 m, ends at +0.50 m, and passes through the
origin

Units

1 point is earned: For correct units on three out of four calculated answers

0 1

The student response earns all of the following points:

1 point is earned: For correct units on three out of four calculated answers

AP Physics 1 Page 7 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

2. This question is a long free-response question. Show your work for each part of the question. (15 points, suggested
time 25 minutes)

A dart with mass is launched toward a block of mass that is suspended from a string of length L, as shown
at left above. The dart is moving horizontally with speed v immediately before it strikes the block and remains
embedded. The dart-block system then swings up to a point at which its center of mass reaches a maximum height
H above its starting position, as shown at right above. The block’s mass is greater than the dart’s mass .

(a) Indicate which object, the dart or the block, if either, experiences an impulse of larger magnitude during the
collision. If the impulse is the same magnitude for both objects, state this explicitly. Briefly explain your
reasoning.

(b) If the speed of the dart as it embeds itself into the block is greater than v, how would the maximum height
reached by the center of mass of the dart-block system compare to H ? Explain your response without deriving or
manipulating equations.

Two students are discussing the motion of the dart-block system at the instant it reaches height H. The students
make the following statements:

Student 1: The speed of the system at height H is zero. Since it is moving in circular motion and centripetal
acceleration is given by , the acceleration must also be zero.

Student 2: The acceleration of the system at height H can’t be zero, or the system would not swing back down.
The acceleration must be equal to g at height H.

(c) Which underlined phrase or phrases, if either, are correct about student 1's statement? If neither phrase is
correct, write "none."

(d) Which underlined phrase or phrases, if either, are incorrect about student 1's statement? If neither phrase is
incorrect, write "none."

(e) Which underlined phrase or phrases, if either, are correct about student 2's statement? If neither phrase is
correct, write "none."

(f) Which underlined phrase or phrases, if either, are incorrect about student 2's statement? If neither phrase is
incorrect, write "none."

(g) The students correctly derive an equation for the maximum height: . Explain how this

Page 8 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

equation supports your claim in part (b).

The students perform several experimental trials. In each trial, a different speed v is used, and the resulting
maximum height reached by the center of mass of the dart-block system is measured.

(h) Which quantities could the students graph to produce a straight line whose slope can be used to find the
acceleration due to gravity, g ?

After the collision, the dart-block system is then allowed to swing freely, and the students produce the graph
shown below at left, labeled Group 1, of the vertical position of the center of mass of the dart-block system as a
function of time. A second group of students makes a single change to the setup and then repeats the experiment.
Their graph, labeled Group 2, of the vertical position of the center of mass of the dart-block system as a function
of time is shown below at right.

(i) Indicate the single difference in either the dart mass, initial dart speed, block mass, or string length between
group 1's setup and group 2's setup that could lead to the difference between the two graphs. Justify your answer.

Part A

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for a correct explanation, in terms of force & time (using Newton’s third law)
OR
a correct explanation in terms of change in momentum (using conservation of momentum).

AP Physics 1 Page 9 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

Example Response:

Both the dart and the block experience the same impulse because they exert equal and opposite forces on each other
because of Newton’s third law, and the forces are exerted for equal times.

OR

By conservation of momentum, the decrease in the momentum of the dart must be equal and opposite to the increase in the
momentum of the block, and therefore the impulse is the same in magnitude for both objects.

Part B

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for a statement that the final height is greater.

1 point is earned for a statement of conservation of momentum to indicate that the final speed of the dart-
block system is greater AND an indication of conservation of energy leading to a greater height.

Example Response:

Because the momentum of the dart before the collision must be equal to the momentum of the dart-block system after the
collision, a higher dart speed (a higher dart momentum) will lead to a higher dart-block speed after the collision (a
higher dart-block momentum). Because the dart-block is traveling faster after the collision, it has more kinetic energy
which means that the dart-block will swing higher.

Part C

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for a correct statement and no incorrect statements.

Example Responses:

Student 1 is correct in saying that the speed at height H is zero

OR

Page 10 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

The first statement.

Part D

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for an incorrect statement and no correct statements.

Example Responses:

Student 1 is incorrect in saying that the acceleration is zero at the height H

OR

The second statement.

Part E

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for a correct statement and no incorrect statements.

Example Responses:

Student 2 is correct in saying the acceleration of the system at height H can’t be zero or the system would not swing back
down

OR

The first statement.

Part F

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

AP Physics 1 Page 11 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

0 1

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for an incorrect statement and no correct statements.

Example Responses:

Student 2 is incorrect in saying that the acceleration is g at height H

OR

The second statement.

Part G

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for a statement including functional dependence of the variables.

1 point is earned for correctly asserting that as the speed increases in the equation H also increases .

Example Response:

This equation matches my reasoning in part (b) – if the speed of the dart increases, the height of the swing increases
because v is in the numerator.

Part H

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2 3

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for plotting a variant of v on one axis.

Page 12 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

1 point is earned for plotting a variant of H on the other axis.

1 point is earned for a correct power relationship between the two variables, i.e., H vs. v squared.

Example Response:

Students could graph H as a function of v squared.

Part I

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2 3

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for recognizing that the period in the second graph is shorter.
1 point is earned for a statement about the dependence of the period on the length of the pendulum.
1 point is earned for indicating that the length of the pendulum must be shorter for a shorter period.

Example Response:

Since the period is shorter for group 2, and the period is related to the length, if the period became shorter with no other
changes, the length of the string must have been shortened.

AP Physics 1 Page 13 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

3.

An ideal spring of unstretched length 0.20 m is placed horizontally on a frictionless table as shown above. One
end of the spring is fixed and the other end is attached to a block of mass M = 8.0 kg. The 8.0 kg block is also
attached to a massless string that passes over a small frictionless pulley. A block of mass m = 4.0 kg hangs from
the other end of the string. When this spring-and-blocks system is in equilibrium, the length of the spring is 0.25 m
and the 4.0 kg block is 0.70 m above the floor.

(a) On the figures below, draw free-body diagrams showing and labeling the forces on each block when the
system is in equilibrium.

(b) Calculate the tension in the string.

(c) Calculate the force constant of the spring.

The string is now cut at point P.

(d) Calculate the time taken by the 4.0 kg block to hit the floor.

(e) Calculate the frequency of oscillation of the 8.0 kg block.

(f) Calculate the maximum speed attained by the 8.0 kg block.

Part A

Page 14 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

For the 4 kg mass:

1 point is earned: For two correctly labeled vertical vectors, one up and one down, and no horizontal vectors

For the 8 kg mass:

1 point is earned: For two correctly labeled vertical vectors, one up and one down

1 point is earned: For two correctly labeled horizontal vectors, one left and one right

Note: Labels could be in words, symbols, or correct numerical values. The two masses were considered independently. It
was not necessary to indicate that the tension forces had the same magnitudes or that the weights were different.

0 1 2 3

The student response earns all of the following points:

For the 4 kg mass:

1 point is earned: For two correctly labeled vertical vectors, one up and one down, and no horizontal vectors

For the 8 kg mass:

1 point is earned: For two correctly labeled vertical vectors, one up and one down

AP Physics 1 Page 15 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

1 point is earned: For two correctly labeled horizontal vectors, one left and one right

Note: Labels could be in words, symbols, or correct numerical values. The two masses were considered independently. It
was not necessary to indicate that the tension forces had the same magnitudes or that the weights were different.

Part B

1 point is earned: For a correct approach using Newton’s 2nd law and the static equilibrium condition for the 4 kg mass
that leads to a relationship between tension and weight

T = mg

T = (4.0 kg)(9.8 m/s2)

1 point is earned: For the correct answer

T = 39 N (40 N using g = 10m/s2)

0 1 2

The student response earns all of the following points:

1 point is earned: For a correct approach using Newton’s 2nd law and the static equilibrium condition for the 4 kg mass
that leads to a relationship between tension and weight

T = mg

T = (4.0 kg)(9.8 m/s2)

1 point is earned: For the correct answer

T = 39 N (40 N using g = 10m/s2)

Part C

1 point is earned: For a correct application of Newton’s 2nd law and the static equilibrium condition for the 8 kg mass
leading to a relationship between tension from part (b) and spring force
T = Fs = k∆x
k = T / ∆x

1 point is earned: For using the correct displacement of the spring from equilibrium
∆x = 0.25m - 0.20m = 0.05m

1 point is earned: For a correct calculation leading to a positive value of k using the tension from (b)

k = 39 N/0.05 m

k = 780 N/m (800 N/m using 40 N from part (b) )

Page 16 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

0 1 2 3

The student response earns all of the following points:

1 point is earned: For a correct application of Newton’s 2nd law and the static equilibrium condition for the 8 kg mass
leading to a relationship between tension from part (b) and spring force

T = Fs = k∆x
k = T / ∆x

1 point is earned: For using the correct displacement of the spring from equilibrium

∆x = 0.25m - 0.20m = 0.05m

1 point is earned: For a correct calculation leading to a positive value of k using the tension from (b)

k = 39 N/0.05 m

k = 780 N/m (800 N/m using 40 N from part (b) )

Part D

1 point is earned: For a correct kinematic approach for an accelerating system applied to the 4 kg mass

1 point is earned: For the correct answer

t = 0.38 s (0.37 s using g = 10 m/s2)

Note: An alternate approach using conservation of energy to determine the speed at the bottom and then use of a
kinematic equation for time could also earn full credit.

0 1 2

The student response earns all of the following points:

1 point is earned: For a correct kinematic approach for an accelerating system applied to the 4 kg mass

AP Physics 1 Page 17 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

1 point is earned: For the correct answer

t = 0.38 s (0.37 s using g = 10 m/s2)

Note: An alternate approach using conservation of energy to determine the speed at the bottom and then use of a
kinematic equation for time could also earn full credit.

Part E

1 point is earned: For a correct approach to calculating the frequency (f or ) of a mass-spring system

1 point is earned: For a correct value of frequency (f or ) consistent with the value of k from part (c)

f = 1.6 Hz OR = 10 rad/s

0 1 2

The student response earns all of the following points:

1 point is earned: For a correct approach to calculating the frequency (f or ) of a mass-spring system

1 point is earned: For a correct value of frequency (f or ) consistent with the value of k from part (c)

f = 1.6 Hz OR = 10 rad/s

Part F

1 point is earned: For using conservation of energy, setting the spring potential energy equal to the kinetic energy of the
block

Page 18 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

1 point is earned: For a correct calculation of speed consistent with the value of k from part (c) and the correct
displacement from equilibrium

v = 0.49 m/s (0.50 ms using 800 N/m from part (c) )

0 1 2

The student response earns all of the following points:

1 point is earned: For using conservation of energy, setting the spring potential energy equal to the kinetic energy of the
block

1 point is earned: For a correct calculation of speed consistent with the value of k from part (c) and the correct
displacement from equilibrium

v = 0.49 m/s (0.50 ms using 800 N/m from part (c) )

(Global)

1 point is earned: For correct units and a reasonable number of digits in all numerical answers obtained (must have at
least one final numerical answer to earn this point)

0 1

The student response earns all of the following points:

1 point is earned: For correct units and a reasonable number of digits in all numerical answers obtained (must have at
least one final numerical answer to earn this point)

AP Physics 1 Page 19 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

4. A simple pendulum consists of a bob of mass 0.085 kg attached to a string of length 1.5 m. The pendulum is raised to
point Q, which is 0.08 m above its lowest position, and released so that it oscillates with small amplitude θ between the
points P and Q as shown below.

a. On the figures below, draw free-body diagrams showing and labeling the forces acting on the bob in each of the
situations described.

b. Calculate the speed u of the bob at its lowest position.

c. Calculate the tension in the string when the bob is passing through its lowest position.

d. Describe one modification that could be made to double the period of oscillation.

Part A

1 point is earned: For each correctly drawn and labeled force

Page 20 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

One point was deducted if any extraneous forces were shown.

1 point is earned: For each correctly drawn and labeled force

One point was deducted if any extraneous forces were shown.

0 1 2 3 4

The student response earns four of the following points:

1 point is earned: For each correctly drawn and labeled force

One point was deducted if any extraneous forces were shown.

1 point is earned: For each correctly drawn and labeled force

One point was deducted if any extraneous forces were shown.

Part B

1 point is earned: For correctly applying conservation of energy

AP Physics 1 Page 21 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

1 point is earned: For the correct answer

v = 1.3 m/s

0 1 2

The student response earns two of the following points:

1 point is earned: For correctly applying conservation of energy

1 point is earned: For the correct answer

v = 1.3 m/s

Part C

1 point is earned: For using ΣF = ma

1 point is earned: For a correct expression for the net force that is equated to a centripetal force

T – mg = mv2/r

T = m(g + v2/r)

T = (0.085 kg)[9.8 m/s2 + (1.3 m/s)2/(1.5 m)]

1 point is earned: For the correct answer with units

T = 0.93 N (or equivalent answer depending on rounding or use of g = 10 m/s2 )

0 1 2 3

The student response earns three of the following points:

Page 22 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

1 point is earned: For using ΣF = ma

1 point is earned: For a correct expression for the net force that is equated to a centripetal force

T – mg = mv2/r

T = m(g + v2/r)

T = (0.085 kg)[9.8 m/s2 + (1.3 m/s)2/(1.5 m)]

1 point is earned: For the correct answer with units

T = 0.93 N (or equivalent answer depending on rounding or use of g = 10 m/s2 )

Part D

1 point is earned: For a correct modification

For example: Make the string four times longer.

0 1

The student response earns one of the following points:

1 point is earned: For a correct modification

For example: Make the string four times longer.

AP Physics 1 Page 23 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

5. This question is a short free-response question. Show your work for each part of the question.

(7 points, suggested time 13 minutes)

Block 1 is at rest on a horizontal surface and is connected to a wall by an ideal spring. Friction between block 1
and the surface is negligible. Block 1 is held at rest at point A, to the left of point B which is the equilibrium
position of the spring-block system, as shown in the figure. Block 1 is then released and allowed to oscillate.
Some time later, block 1 is momentarily at rest at point C. Consider the positive horizontal direction to be toward
the right.

(a) The dot below represents block 1 just after it is released. On the dot, draw an arrow indicating the direction of
the net force exerted on the block just after it is released. The arrow should start on, and point away from, the dot.

After the block has been oscillating on the table, a motion detector is turned on and the velocity of block 1 as a

Page 24 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

function of time is measured and plotted in a graph. The students correctly draw a best-fit curve that represents the
collected data, as shown above.

(b) A student looking at the graph of velocity as a function of time makes the following claim.
“The motion sensor was turned on when the block was at point A and was moving to the left.”

Does the data in this graph support the student’s claim about the location AND the direction of the block’s motion
when the motion sensor was turned on? For any incorrect claims, if any, state the correct position and/or direction
of motion. Justify your answer.

(c) Block 1 is stopped, and again block 1 is held at rest at point A. A second identical block, block 2, is placed at
point B. Block 1 is released from rest, and then collides with and sticks to Block 2. After the collision, the two
blocks oscillate together on the spring. On the graph below, sketch a curve to indicate the new velocity as a
function of time of the two blocks after the collision. For reference, the dashed curve represents the students’ best-
fit curve of the velocity as a function of time described in part (b).

Note: Do any scratch (practice) work on the graph below. Sketches made below will NOT be graded.

AP Physics 1 Page 25 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

Part A

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

Note: The amount of current that flows through each resistor must be indicated to earn the second point of part (a).

0 1

The response accurately includes one of the following criteria:

For a net force arrow that is labeled and points horizontally to the right.

Part B

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2 3

Page 26 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

The response accurately includes three of the following criteria.

For a correct claim that the motion sensor was started when the block was at point B.
For a correct justification of why the block is not at point B OR For a correct justification of why the
block is at point C
For a correct justification of why the block is moving to the left.

Example Response:

At time the block has a maximum velocity, which means that it is traveling through the equilibrium position,
which is position B. Since the velocity is negative, and to the right was defined as positive, the block must be moving to
the left through position B.

Part C

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

Scoring note: The starting point of this graph is not required to be correct to earn these points. Any phase shift is
acceptable for this graph.

0 1 2 3

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria:

For a sine or cosine graph

For a graph with a smaller maximum velocity
For a sinusoidal graph with a longer period

Example Response:

AP Physics 1 Page 27 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

6. This question is a short free-response question. Show your work for each part of the question.

(7 points, suggested time 13 minutes)

The following two scenarios describe a cart attached to either one or two identical springs which are at their
relaxed length when the cart is at position . In each scenario, the cart is pulled to position , is
released from rest, and oscillates with negligible friction between and .

In Scenario , the cart is attached to the wall with one spring as shown. The total mechanical energy of the cart-
spring system in Scenario is .

(a) For Scenario , derive an expression for the kinetic energy of the cart in terms of when the cart is at
position .

(b) As shown in the figure for Scenario , a second identical spring is attached between the same cart and the wall
before the cart is pulled to position .

i. Determine the total mechanical energy of the cart-springs system in Scenario in terms of .

ii. The maximum speed of the cart in Scenario is and the maximum speed of the cart in Scenario is .
Calculate the numerical value of the ratio .

Page 28 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

A student correctly sketches a graph of the horizontal component of the net force exerted on the cart by the spring
in Scenario as a function of position, as shown above with a dashed line.

(c) On the same graph above, using a solid line, sketch the horizontal component of the net force exerted on the
cart in Scenario with two springs attached.

Part A

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for an attempt at relating the mechanical energy of the system at and
1 point is earned for using to determine the kinetic energy and writing the correct value of
the kinetic energy in terms of :

Example Response:

Part B

AP Physics 1 Page 29 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2 3

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for writing

1 point is earned for relating the maximum speed of the cart to the square root of the total energy of the
cart-springs system
1 point is earned for a numerical value consistent with part (b)(i) OR (b)(ii)

Example Response:

Part C

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for a straight line that passes through the origin
1 point is earned for a line or curve that has double the values at and at

Example Response:

Page 30 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

AP Physics 1 Page 31 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

7. This question is a long free-response question. Show your work for each part of the question. (15 points,
suggested time 25 minutes)

The figure above shows Case 1 of an experiment, in which the following events occur.

• At time , block A slides to the right along a horizontal surface toward identical block B, which is at
rest.
• At time , block A collides elastically with block B and block A comes to rest.
• At time , the right side of block B reaches an ideal, horizontal spring with negligible mass and spring
constant . The spring is initially at its relaxed (uncompressed) length and fixed to a wall.
• At time , the spring is compressed a maximum distance and block B is instantaneously at rest.

Assume there is negligible friction between each block and the surface. For parts (a)-(d), consider the system
consisting of block A, block B, and the spring.

(a) Indicate whether the linear momentum of the two-block–spring system is either constant or not constant during
the time interval from to immediately before , and explain why.

(b) Indicate whether the mechanical energy of the two-block–spring system is either constant or not constant
during the time interval from to immediately before , and explain why.

Page 32 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

(c) Indicate whether the linear momentum of the two-block–spring system is either constant or not constant during
the time interval from to , and explain why.

(d) Indicate whether the mechanical energy of the two-block–spring system is either constant or not constant
during the time interval from to , and explain why.

In Case 2 shown above, the setup is identical to Case 1 except that the speed of block A before colliding with
block B is greater than in Case 1. Block A again comes to rest immediately after colliding with block B. The
spring compresses a maximum distance .

(e) How does the new maximum spring compression compare to , the spring compression in Case 1? (Is
greater than , the same as , or less than ?)

(f) Briefly explain your reasoning for part (e).

Students attempt to determine a general equation for the maximum compression distance of a spring with spring
constant . Blocks A and B each have mass and block A has initial speed . The students come up with the
following two equations.

Equation 1: Equation 2:

In the two equations, and are positive constants with appropriate units.

(g) Without algebraic manipulation of equations or deriving the correct equation, explain which equation better
supports your explanation for the compression distance in part (f).

AP Physics 1 Page 33 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

(h) The graph above shows the displacement of the blocks while block B is in contact with the spring. The solid
line corresponds to either Case 1 or Case 2, while the dashed line corresponds to the other case. Does the dashed-
line curve correspond to Case 1 (slower block A) or Case 2 (faster block A)? Explain your reasoning.

Part A

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that linear momentum is constant, with an attempt at an explanation.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation of why the linear momentum is constant.

Example Response:

No net external forces are exerted on the two-block–spring system, so the momentum of the system is constant.

Part B

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

Page 34 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

1 point is earned for indicating that mechanical energy is constant, with an attempt at an explanation.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation of why the mechanical energy is constant.

Example Response:

The mechanical energy of the system is constant because the collision is elastic.

Part C

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that linear momentum is not constant, with an attempt at an explanation.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation of why the linear momentum is not constant.

Example Response:

The linear momentum is not constant, because a net external force is exerted on the two-block–spring system.

Part D

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that mechanical energy is constant, with an attempt at an explanation.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation of why the mechanical energy is constant.

Example Response:

The mechanical energy is constant because no work is being done on the system by an external force.

Part E

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

AP Physics 1 Page 35 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

0 1

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for stating the compression distance is larger.

Part F

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that block A transfers all of its kinetic energy to block B (i.e., block B has
more kinetic energy when it reaches the spring than in Case 1).
1 point is earned for indicating that the greater kinetic energy means a larger compression because the
elastic potential energy is equal to the initial kinetic energy.

Example Response:

Block A transfers all of its kinetic energy to block B in the elastic collision, so block B has more kinetic energy than in
case 1. This means that there is more spring potential energy when the spring is compressed, so it is compressed a larger
amount.

Part G

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

Note: If part (g) is answered with a correct interpretation of Equation 1 consistent with an incorrect response in part (f),
both points can be earned in part (g).

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that Equation 2 best models the compression with an attempt at an
explanation that addresses functional dependence.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation that addresses the dependence of d on v.

Page 36 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

Example Response:

Since v is proportional to d in equation 2, as v increases d will increase, as predicted in part (f).

Part H

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating the dashed line corresponds to Case 1, with an attempt at an explanation.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation regarding the slope of the displacement vs. time graph
OR
For a correct explanation addressing the amplitude (energy).

Example Response:

The dashed-line has an initially smaller slope representing a smaller initial speed of block B. Both graphs have zero slope
where the block B momentarily stops at the spring’s maximum displacement. The maximum displacement is smaller for
the initially slower Block B. Therefore, the dashed-line graph corresponds to Case 1.
OR
The smaller maximum displacement for the dashed line is consistent with less energy being stored in the spring. This
would indicate that block B had less initial kinetic energy when it collided with the spring corresponding to Case 1.

AP Physics 1 Page 37 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

8. This question is a long free-response question. Show your work for each part of the question. (15 points,
suggested time 25 minutes)

The figure above shows Case 1 of an experiment, in which the following events occur.

• At time , block A slides to the right along a horizontal surface toward identical block B, which is at
rest.
• At time , block A collides with and sticks to block B.
• At time , block A and block B are still stuck together and the right side of block B reaches an ideal,
horizontal spring with negligible mass and spring constant . The spring is initially at its relaxed
(uncompressed) length and fixed to a wall.
• At time , the spring is compressed a maximum distance and the blocks are instantaneously at rest.

Assume there is negligible friction between each block and the surface.

A student observes the experiment and makes the following claim.

"Since some mechanical energy is dissipated when the blocks stick together, the momentum of the two-block
system decreases."

(a) Indicate whether the claim is correct or incorrect and explain why.

Page 38 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

Another student makes the following claim about the collision between block A and block B.

"When the blocks collide the total momentum of the two-block system doesn't change, so the kinetic energy of the
system must also be constant."

(b) Indicate whether the claim is correct or incorrect and explain why.

(c) During the time interval from to , is the magnitude of the acceleration of the two-block system increasing,
decreasing, or constant? Briefly explain why.

(d) During the time interval from to , does the spring do positive, negative, or zero work on the two-block
system? Briefly explain your answer.

In Case 2 shown above, the setup is identical to Case 1 except that a stiffer spring is used. The spring in Case 2
has a spring constant that is greater than . Block A slides with the same speed as in Case 1 and the spring
compresses a maximum distance .

(e) How does the new maximum spring compression distance in Case 2 compare to in Case 1? (Is
greater than , the same as , or less than ?)

(f) Briefly explain your reasoning for part (e).

Students attempt to determine a general equation for the maximum compression distance of a spring with spring
constant . Block A has mass and initial speed , and block B has mass . The students come up with the
following two equations.

Equation 1: Equation 2:

In the two equations, and are positive constants with appropriate units.

(g) Without algebraic manipulation of equations or deriving the correct equation, explain which equation better
supports your explanation for the compression distance in part (f).

AP Physics 1 Page 39 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

(h) The graph above shows the displacement of the blocks while block B is in contact with the spring. The solid
line corresponds to either Case 1 or Case 2, while the dashed line corresponds to the other case. Does the solid-
line curve correspond to Case 1 (with a smaller spring constant) or Case 2 (with a larger spring constant)? Explain
your reasoning.

Part A

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that the claim is incorrect, with an attempt at an explanation.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation of why the momentum does not change.

Example Response:

The claim is incorrect. The momentum does not change because no net external force is exerted on the two-block system.

Part B

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that the claim is incorrect, with an attempt at an explanation.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation.

Page 40 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

Example Response:

The claim is incorrect. Energy is dissipated during the collision and therefore the kinetic energy decreases.

Part C

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that the magnitude of the acceleration is increasing, with an attempt at an
explanation.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation.

Example Response:

The force exerted by the spring increases with increasing compression.

Part D

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that the spring does negative work on the two-block system, with an
attempt at an explanation.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation of why negative work is done.

Example Response:

The spring does negative work on the two-block system because the spring exerts a net external force opposite the
direction of motion of the system.

OR

The spring force does negative work on the two-block system because the force exerted from the spring decreases the
kinetic energy of the system.

Part E

AP Physics 1 Page 41 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for stating the compression distance is smaller.

Part F

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that the two-block system has the same kinetic energy before reaching the
spring as in Case 1 (or that the maximum elastic potential energy in the spring is the same as in Case 1).
1 point is earned for indicating that the elastic potential energy is directly related to both spring constant
and compression distance, or that a greater spring constant means a smaller compression distance for the
same potential energy.

Example Response:

The two-block system has the same kinetic energy when it reaches the spring. All the kinetic energy is converted to spring
potential energy. Since the spring constant is now greater, the maximum compression distance must be less in order to
have the same amount of potential energy at maximum compression.

Part G

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

Note: If part (g) is answered with a correct interpretation of Equation 2 consistent with an incorrect response in part (f),
both points can be earned in part (g).

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that Equation 1 best models the compression with an attempt at an

Page 42 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

explanation that addresses functional dependence.

1 point is earned for a correct explanation that addresses the dependence of d on k.

Example Response:

Since k is in the denominator of Equation 1, as k increases d will decrease, as predicted in part (f).

Part H

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating the solid line corresponds to Case 2, with an attempt at an explanation.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation addressing either the amplitude or period (or both).

Example Responses:

The smaller maximum displacement for the solid line is consistent with the larger spring constant in case 2.
OR
The period of an object oscillating on a spring is shorter when the spring constant is larger, so the solid line represents
case 2.

AP Physics 1 Page 43 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

9. This question is a long free-response question. Show your work for each part of the question. (15 points,
suggested time 25 minutes)

The figure above shows Case 1 of an experiment. Initially, block A is held in place while in contact with a
horizontal spring with spring constant that is compressed a distance and fixed to a wall. The following
events occur.

• At time , block A is released from rest.

• At time , the ideal spring reaches its uncompressed length, and block A leaves the spring.
• At time , block A collides with and sticks to identical block B, which is initially at rest.
• At time , block A and block B are sliding together along the surface.

Assume there is negligible friction between each block and the surface.

Page 44 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

(a) Indicate whether the speed of the center of mass of the two-block system is either constant or not constant
during the time interval from to , and explain why.

(b) Indicate whether the mechanical energy of the two-block system is either constant or not constant during the
time interval from to , and explain why.

(c) Indicate whether the speed of the center of mass of the two-block system is either constant or not constant
during the time interval from to , and explain why.

(d) Indicate whether the mechanical energy of the two-block system is either constant or not constant during the
time interval from to , and explain why.

In Case 2 shown above, the setup is identical to Case 1 except that a stiffer spring is used. The spring in Case 2
has a spring constant that is greater than . The spring is compressed the same distance, , before block A is
released. As in Case 1, the blocks stick together when they collide.

(e) Is the speed of the blocks after the collision in Case 2 greater than, less than, or the same as the speed of the
blocks after the collision in Case 1?

(f) Briefly explain your reasoning for part (e).

Students attempt to determine a general equation for the speed of the blocks after the collision. A spring with
spring constant is initially compressed a distance , block A has mass , and block B has mass . The
students come up with the following two equations.

Equation 1: Equation 2:

In the two equations, and are positive constants with appropriate units.

(g) Without algebraic manipulation of equations or deriving the correct equation, explain which equation better
supports your explanation for the speed of the two blocks in part (f).

AP Physics 1 Page 45 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

The graph above shows the displacement of block A while it is in contact with the spring for Case 1 and Case 2.
The solid line corresponds to either Case 1 or Case 2, while the dashed line corresponds to the other case.

(h) Does the solid-line curve best correspond to Case 1 (with a smaller spring constant) or to Case 2 (with a larger
spring constant)? Explain your reasoning.

Part A

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that the speed of the center of mass is not constant, with an attempt at an
explanation.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation of why the center of mass speed is not constant.

Example Response:

The speed of the center of mass is not constant, because a net external force is exerted on the two-block system.

Part B

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

Page 46 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

1 point is earned for indicating that mechanical energy is not constant, with an attempt at an explanation.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation of why the mechanical energy is not constant.

Example Response:

The mechanical energy is not constant, because the spring is doing work on the two-block system

Part C

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that the speed of the center of mass of the system is constant, with an
attempt at an explanation.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation of why the speed of the center of mass of the system is
constant.

Example Response:

The speed of the center of mass of the system is constant, because no net external force is exerted on the two-block system.

Part D

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that mechanical energy is not constant, with an attempt at an explanation.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation of why the mechanical energy is not constant.

Example Response:

The mechanical energy is not constant, because the collision is inelastic and therefore the kinetic energy decreases.

Part E

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

AP Physics 1 Page 47 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

0 1

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for stating the speed in Case 2 is greater than that in Case 1.

Part F

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that more energy is transferred to block A by the spring.
1 point is earned for indicating that a larger kinetic energy means larger initial speed for block A before
the collision with block B and, therefore, a larger final speed for the two blocks after the collision.

Example Response:

Because the spring constant is greater in case 2, more energy is transferred to block A by the spring and block A has
more kinetic energy than in case 1. The larger kinetic energy means a larger initial speed for block A before the collision
with block B, so there is more momentum and a greater final speed.

Part G

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

Note: If (g) is answered with a correct interpretation of Equation 1 consistent with an incorrect response in part (f), both
points can be earned in part (g)

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that Equation 2 best models the compression with an attempt at an
explanation that addresses functional dependence.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation that addresses the dependence of v on k.

Page 48 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

Example Response:

Since v and k are directly related (k is in the numerator of the expression), a larger k means that v will be larger, as
predicted in part (f).

Part H

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating the solid line corresponds to Case 2, with an attempt at an explanation.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation that the block will spend less time in contact with the spring
with a stiffer spring constant (or that the speed/slope will be larger).

Example Response:

The solid line has a greater slope at the end, which means a greater speed, consistent with the larger spring constant in
case 2.
OR
The solid line corresponds to a shorter period of a block attached to a spring, consistent with the larger spring constant in
case 2.

AP Physics 1 Page 49 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

10.

A ball attached to a string of length l swings in a horizontal circle, as shown above, with a constant speed. The string
makes an angle θ with the vertical, and T is the magnitude of the tension in the string. Express your answers to the
following in terms of the given quantities and fundamental constants.

a. On the figure below, draw and label vectors to represent all the forces acting on the ball when it is at the position
shown in the diagram. The lengths of the vectors should be consistent with the relative magnitudes of the forces.

b. Determine the mass of the ball.

c. Determine the speed of the ball.

d. Determine the frequency of revolution of the ball.

e. Suppose that the string breaks as the ball swings in its circular path. Qualitatively describe the trajectory of the
ball after the string breaks but before it hits the ground.

Part A

Page 50 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

2 points are earned: For each correctly drawn and appropriately labeled force

1 point is earned: For no incorrect forces

The horizontal and vertical components of the tension were acceptable if properly labeled

0 1 2 3

The student response earns all of the following points:

2 points are earned: For each correctly drawn and appropriately labeled force

1 point is earned: For no incorrect forces

AP Physics 1 Page 51 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

The horizontal and vertical components of the tension were acceptable if properly labeled

Part B

1 point is earned: For indicating that the sum of the vertical forces is zero

∑Fy = 0

1 point is earned: For correctly substituting the applicable forces

T cos θ – mg = 0

1 point is earned: For the correct answer

0 1 2 3

The student response earns all of the following points:

1 point is earned: For indicating that the sum of the vertical forces is zero

∑Fy = 0

1 point is earned: For correctly substituting the applicable forces

T cos θ – mg = 0

1 point is earned: For the correct answer

Part C

The centripetal force is supplied by the horizontal component of the tension

Fc = T sin θ

1 point is earned: For using a correct expression for the centripetal force Fc

1 point is earned: For eliminating the tension or the mass using the answer to part (b)

1 point is earned: For using the substitution r = l sin θ

Page 52 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

⯑ ⯑

1 point is earned: For the correct answer

⯑
⯑

0 1 2 3 4

The student response earns all of the following points:

The centripetal force is supplied by the horizontal component of the tension

Fc = T sin θ

1 point is earned: For using a correct expression for the centripetal force Fc

1 point is earned: For eliminating the tension or the mass using the answer to part (b)

1 point is earned: For using the substitution r = l sin θ

⯑ ⯑

1 point is earned: For the correct answer

⯑
⯑

Part D

1 point is earned: For using a correct expression for period or frequency

1 point is earned: For substituting the velocity from part (c)

1 point is earned: For the correct answer (unsimplified acceptable)

AP Physics 1 Page 53 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

0 1 2 3

The student response earns all of the following points:

1 point is earned: For using a correct expression for period or frequency

1 point is earned: For substituting the velocity from part (c)

1 point is earned: For the correct answer (unsimplified acceptable)

Part E

1 point is earned: For any indication that the initial velocity of the ball is horizontal

1 point is earned: For any indication that the subsequent trajectory is parabolic

0 1 2

The student response earns all of the following points:

1 point is earned: For any indication that the initial velocity of the ball is horizontal

1 point is earned: For any indication that the subsequent trajectory is parabolic

Page 54 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

11. This question is a long free-response question. Show your work for each part of the question. (15 points, suggested
time 25 minutes)

A block slides back and forth without any appreciable loss of energy on a track with a slight circular curvature, as
shown above. The maximum height of the track at each end is much smaller than .

The center of mass of the block oscillates between and . The curve is so gradual that the total
distance traveled along the curved portion of the track by the center of mass of the block can be considered to be
. The block undergoes two full oscillations in 8.0 seconds.

(a) Which of the graphs above, Graph 1 or Graph 2, could represent the magnitude of the horizontal component of
the block’s acceleration as a function of its position on the ramp, and which graph could represent the magnitude
of the block’s momentum as a function of its position on the ramp? Justify both your choices with physics
principles.

(b) For the system consisting of only the block, describe how the mechanical energy of the system changes, if at
all, as the block moves from to . Justify your answer.

AP Physics 1 Page 55 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

(c) Graph 3 above shows the total horizontal distance traveled by the block as a function of time as it completes
two oscillations. Using the graph, determine the distance between the midpoint of the ramp and the maximum
position of the block on the ramp. Explain how you arrived at your answer.

(d) Suppose the entire setup was moved to the Moon, where the gravitational field strength is less than that on
Earth. The center of mass of the block again oscillates between and . Would the period of the
block’s oscillation on the Moon be greater than, less than, or equal to the period of oscillation on Earth? Justify
your answer.

(e) A student derives the following equation for the period of the block’s oscillation: . Whether
or not this equation is correct, is the equation consistent with your answer to part (d)?

(f) Track 2 is identical to Track 1 except there is nonnegligible friction between the block and Track 2. The block

Page 56 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

is released from rest on Track 2 at position . At time , the block moves to the left, passing
through position , as shown above. After the block reverses direction near , the block moves
to the right, passing through position at time . At which time, or , if either, is the
magnitude of the tangential acceleration of the block greater? Justify your answer.

Part A

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2 3

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for a claim that only Graph 1 represents acceleration or that only Graph 2 represents
momentum.
1 point is earned for a valid justification correctly relating force to acceleration and including a reference
to a specific feature of the graph.
1 point is earned for a valid justification relating velocity to momentum and including a reference to a
specific feature of the graph.

Example Response:

Graph 1 represents the magnitude of the cart’s horizontal acceleration, and Graph 2 represents the block’s momentum.
The horizontal component of the acceleration will look like the net force graph, which should be a restoring force, and so
should be proportional to D. The momentum of the cart graph will look like the velocity graph which has a maximum at
and is zero at D and .

Part B

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for any statement that between and , the kinetic or mechanical energy
decreases.
1 point is earned for a clear indication that the mechanical energy of the system consists of only the
kinetic energy of the block.

Example Response:

AP Physics 1 Page 57 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

The mechanical energy of the block is only kinetic energy, so between and , the mechanical energy
(kinetic energy), decreases.

Part C

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for an attempt at relating the distance traveled to the amplitude.
1 point is earned for a correct answer: .

Example Response:

D is equal to 1.5 meters. In two complete oscillations the block travels , in 8 seconds. From the graph we can see that
the total distance traveled in 8 seconds is 12 meters, so the distance D is .

Part D

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2 3

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for a claim that the period of oscillation is longer on the moon.
1 point is earned for correct physical reasoning why the average speed or average acceleration is less on
the moon.
1 point is earned for connecting smaller average speed or smaller average acceleration over the same
distance to a longer time.

Example Response:

The period of oscillation on the moon would be greater. The average speed of the box on the moon would be smaller
because the acceleration due to gravity is smaller, so for a smaller average speed, over the same distance, the time to
oscillate would be larger.

Part E

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

Page 58 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for using functional dependence of T on g, with an attempt at justification.

1 point is earned for correctly indicating whether the dependence of T on g is consistent with the answer
to part (d).
Note: T should increase when g decreases. If part (d) was answered correctly, the equation is consistent.

Example Response:

Yes, this makes sense with my reasoning. Since the acceleration due to gravity, g, is in the denominator, when g is
smaller, (like it is on the Moon), the period T is larger.

Part F

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2 3

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for a claim that the acceleration is greater at .

1 point is earned for stating that both forces (component of gravity and friction) act on the block.
1 point is earned for correctly relating the sum of the forces on the block to the acceleration of the block
at both OR .

Example Response:

The tangential acceleration is greater at time . At time both the component of gravity along the track and the
friction force are in the same direction, while at , the force of friction is in the opposite direction, so the force along the
track is less at , or greater at . Since the force along the track is greater at , the tangential acceleration of the
block is greater at .

AP Physics 1 Page 59 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

12. This question is a long free-response question. Show your work for each part of the question. (15 points, suggested
time 25 minutes)

A block slides back and forth on a track with a slight circular curvature, where friction is negligible, as shown
above. The maximum height of the track at each end is much smaller than .

The center of mass of the block oscillates between and , reaching a maximum height every
time the block is at or . The curve is so gradual that the total distance traveled along the
curved portion of the track by the center of mass of the block can be considered to be . At time , the
speed of the block is zero. The next time that the block’s speed is zero is at time .

(a) Which of the graphs above, Graph 1 or Graph 2, could represent the kinetic energy of the block as a function
of its height on the track, and which graph could represent the speed as a function of the block’s height on the
track? Justify both of your choices with physics principles.

(b) For the system consisting of the block and Earth, describe how the mechanical energy of the system changes, if
at all, as the block moves from to . Justify your answer.

Page 60 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

(c) Graph 3 above incorrectly represents the horizontal position of the block as a function of time. Identify a
feature of the graph that does not correctly represent the motion of the block. Justify your answer.

(d) Track 2 is similar to Track 1, but the maximum height on Track 2 is greater than and is still much smaller
than , as shown above. The center of mass of the block oscillates between and , the same as
on Track 1. How does the period of the block’s oscillation on Track 2 compare to the period of the block’s
oscillation on Track 1? Justify your answer.

(e) A student derives the following equation for the period of the block’s oscillation: . Whether
or not this equation is correct, is the equation consistent with your answer to part (d)?

(f) When the block reaches at the bottom of the circular track, is the force exerted by the track on the block
greater than, less than, or equal to the weight of the block? Justify your answer.

Part A

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2 3

AP Physics 1 Page 61 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for a claim that only Graph 1 represents the speed as a function of height OR that only
Graph 2 represents the kinetic energy as a function of height.
1 point is earned for a valid justification correctly relating speed to height and including a reference to a
specific feature of the graph.
Note: It acceptable to explain that speed is proportional to the square root of the kinetic energy.
1 point is earned for a valid justification that kinetic energy decreases linearly with increasing height and
including a reference to a specific feature of the graph.

Example Response:

Graph 1 is the speed as a function of height and Graph 2 is the kinetic energy of the block as a function of height. Speed is
equal to zero at h, but does not decrease linearly since the acceleration changes as the slope of the track changes. The
kinetic energy however, changes linearly with height, since it is related to gravitational potential energy which changes
linearly with height.

Part B

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

Correct answer: The mechanical energy stays the same.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for a statement that the mechanical energy of the system consists of gravitational
potential energy and kinetic energy of the block.
1 point is earned for a statement that no work is done on the system, so the mechanical energy is
constant.

Example Response:

For this system, the total mechanical energy is both the kinetic energy of the block and the gravitational potential energy
of the block-Earth system. Because there are no net external forces that do work on the system, the total mechanical
energy of the system remains constant.

Part C

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

Page 62 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for identifying that a maxima or minima on the graph indicates zero velocity,
OR
for identifying that the period on the graph is incorrect (2.0 seconds),
OR
for identifying that the graph should not have a zero slope at 1.0 seconds.
1 point is earned for a claim that the period should be longer (4.0 seconds) with no incorrect statements,
OR
for a claim that the next maxima should occur at 2.0 seconds with no incorrect statements,
OR
for a claim that the velocity should be zero (or flat slope) at only 0 and 2.0 seconds with no incorrect
statements,
OR
for a claim that the graph should be “stretched” to twice its width along the x-axis (or similar) with no
incorrect statements.

Example Response:

The period in this graph is incorrect – the period should be 4 seconds, since it takes 2 seconds just to go from to D,
which is only half a period. Also, the velocity (the slope of the graph) should be zero at zero seconds and 2 seconds, not at
1 second.

The problem states that the speed of the block is zero at and , so the graph should have a maximum at
and not .

Part D

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2 3

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for a claim that the period of oscillation is shorter on Track 2.
1 point is earned for correct reasoning why the average speed or average acceleration is greater on Track
2 (connecting increased total mechanical energy to a greater average speed or connecting greater average
acceleration to a steeper track).
1 point is earned for connecting greater average speed or greater average acceleration over the same
distance to a shorter time.

Example Response:

The period is shorter on track 2 because the average speed is greater on track 2 because the total mechanical energy is
larger since H is larger. Because the average speed is larger, over the same distance the block takes less time to travel
from D to and back.

Part E

AP Physics 1 Page 63 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for using functional dependence of T on H, with an attempt at a justification.

1 point is earned for correctly indicating whether the dependence of T on H is consistent with the answer
to part (d).

Example Response:

No this does not match my claim above. Because H is in the numerator, an increase in H should lead to an increase in T
according to the equation. However, in part (d) I found that an increase in H leads to a shorter period (T).

Part F

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2 3

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for a claim that the force exerted on the block by the track is greater than the weight.
1 point is earned for describing the net force in terms of the force of track on the block (or normal force)
and weight only.
1 point is earned for describing that the net force is directed upward because the block is in circular
motion.

Example Response:

The force exerted on the box by the track is greater than the weight at the lowest point, since the force from the track
minus the weight of the block has to be equal to the centripetal force up.

Page 64 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

13. This question is a long free-response question. Show your work for each part of the question. (15 points, suggested
time 25 minutes)

A block slides back and forth on a track with a slight circular curvature, where friction is negligible, as shown
above. The maximum height of the track at each end is much smaller than .

The center of mass of the block oscillates between and . The curve is so gradual that the total
distance traveled along the curved portion of the track by the center of mass of the block can be considered to be
. At time the block is released from rest at position . The period of the block’s oscillation is
2.0 seconds.

(a) Which of the graphs above, Graph 1 or Graph 2, could represent the block’s kinetic energy as a function of its
position on the circular track, and which graph could represent the horizontal component of the net force acting on
the block as a function of its position on the track? Justify both of your choices with physics principles.

(b) Choose one of the graphs in part (a) above and explain how the graph shows evidence that a restoring force is
acting on the block.

AP Physics 1 Page 65 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

(c) Graph 3 above incorrectly shows the horizontal velocity of the block as a function of time. Identify a feature of
the graph that does not correctly represent the motion of the block. Justify your answer.

(d) Track 2, shown above, has a horizontal length that is greater than that of Track 1 and the same maximum
height . The block is released from rest at position Is the period of the block’s oscillation on Track 2
greater than, less than, or equal to the period of oscillation on Track 1? Justify your answer.

(e) A student derives the following equation for the period T of the block’s oscillation: , where is
the maximum displacement of the block from equilibrium and is the height of the track at . Whether or
not this equation is correct, is the equation consistent with your answer to part (d)?

Page 66 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

(f) On Track 1, shown above again for reference, friction is negligible and the center of mass of the block
oscillates between a horizontal position of and with a period of 2.0 seconds. If a sphere with a mass
equal to that of the block were to roll without slipping between and along Track 3 shown above, which
is identical to Track 1 but has nonnegligible friction, would the period of the motion of the sphere be greater than,
less than, or equal to 2.0 seconds? Justify your answer.

Part A

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2 3

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for a claim that only Graph 1 represents kinetic energy or that only Graph 2 represents
the horizontal component of the net force.
1 point is earned for a valid justification relating the slope of the track to the horizontal force or
describing the positive/negative values of the force on each side of the graph.
1 point is earned for a valid justification referring to the speed of the block and its kinetic energy and
including a reference to a specific feature of the graph.

Example Response:

Graph 1 represents the kinetic energy of the block and Graph 2 represents the horizontal component of the net force. The
kinetic energy is a maximum at and a minimum at and . The horizontal component of the net
force is zero at and the magnitude is a maximum at and . The horizontal component of the net

AP Physics 1 Page 67 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

force for small oscillations is linear and is proportional to displacement.

Part B

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for identifying an appropriate feature of one of the graphs consistent with the answer in
part (a).
1 point is earned for correctly explaining how a feature of the graph shows evidence of a restoring force.

Example Response:

Graph 2 shows evidence of a restoring force – a restoring force has a magnitude that is proportional to the displacement
and opposite in direction to the displacement which is what graph 2 is showing.

Part C

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for identifying that the period is incorrect,

OR
for identifying that the curve should intersect the horizontal axis at 1.0 seconds.
1 point is earned for a claim that the period is too long or that the graph should be compressed
horizontally.

Example Response:

The period of the graph shown is incorrect. The problem states that the period is 2 seconds, but the graph shows a period
that is longer than 2 seconds.

Part D

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

Page 68 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

0 1 2 3

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for a claim that the period of oscillation is longer on Track 2.
1 point is earned for correct reasoning why the average acceleration or average speed is less on Track 2.
1 point is earned for connecting the smaller average acceleration or average speed over the longer
distance to a larger time.

Example Response:

The period on track 2 is longer. The block will have the same maximum speed but spread out over a much longer track
means that the time to travel the length of the track and back is larger.

Part E

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for using functional dependence of T on d, with an attempt at a justification.

1 point is earned for correctly indicating whether the dependence of T on d is consistent with the answer
to part (d).
Note: T should increase with d. If part (d) was answered correctly, the equation is inconsistent.

Example Response:

No this does not match my reasoning. In the equation when d is in the denominator, as d increases, T decreases, which
means that if the ramp gets longer, the period should decrease, which is not what will happen.

Part F

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2 3

AP Physics 1 Page 69 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for a claim that the period of the sphere would be greater than the period of the block.
1 point is earned for a claim that maximum total kinetic energy of the sphere is equal to the maximum
kinetic energy of the block,
OR
for a claim that the net force on the sphere will be less than that on the block because a frictional force is
directed opposite the sphere’s motion.
1 point is earned for recognizing that some portion of the sphere’s kinetic energy is rotational,
OR
for recognizing that a smaller net force would result in a smaller average acceleration.

Example Response:

The period of the sphere would be greater. For both the block and the sphere the gravitational potential at the top are
equal and so the kinetic energy as each passes through are equal. But for the sphere, some of that KE is turned
into rotational kinetic energy, therefore it will be traveling, on average, slower than the block and so will take longer to
travel the same distance.

Page 70 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

14.

The simple pendulum above consists of a bob hanging from a light string. You wish to experimentally determine
the frequency of the swinging pendulum.

(a) By checking the line next to each appropriate item on the list below, select the equipment that you would need
to do the experiment.

____ Meterstick ____ Protractor ____ Additional string

____ Stopwatch ____ Photogate ____ Additional masses

(b) Describe the experimental procedure that you would use. In your description, state the measurements you
would make, how you would use the equipment to make them, and how you would determine the frequency from
those measurements.

(c) You next wish to discover which parameters of a pendulum affect its frequency. State one parameter that could
be varied, describe how you would conduct the experiment, and indicate how you would analyze the data to show
whether there is a dependence.

(d) After swinging for a long time, the pendulum eventually comes to rest. Assume that the room is perfectly
thermally insulated. How will the temperature of the room change while the pendulum comes to rest?

____ It would slightly increase. ____ It would slightly decrease. ____ No effect. It would remain the same.

Justify your answer.

(e) Another pendulum using a thin, light, metal rod instead of a string is used in a clock to keep time. If the
temperature of the room was to increase significantly, what effect, if any, would this have on the period of the
pendulum?

____ It would increase. ____ It would decrease. ____ No effect. It would remain the same.

Justify your answer.

Part A

To determine the frequency, all that is needed is a stopwatch to measure the period.

3 points are earned: For choosing only the stopwatch OR choosing the stopwatch and other equipment, using the
stopwatch correctly in part (b), and indicating there a plausible use of the other equipment that does not interfere with
correctly using the stopwatch (e.g., using the protractor to set the initial angle)

Partial credit was awarded if part (b) did not use the stopwatch or, in addition to the stopwatch, used other equipment

AP Physics 1 Page 71 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

incorrectly. For choosing one item in addition to the stopwatch, 2 points were awarded; for choosing two additional items,
1 point was awarded.

0 1 2 3

The student response earns all of the following points:

To determine the frequency, all that is needed is a stopwatch to measure the period.

3 points are earned: For choosing only the stopwatch OR choosing the stopwatch and other equipment, using the
stopwatch correctly in part (b), and indicating there a plausible use of the other equipment that does not interfere with
correctly using the stopwatch (e.g., using the protractor to set the initial angle)

Partial credit was awarded if part (b) did not use the stopwatch or, in addition to the stopwatch, used other equipment
incorrectly. For choosing one item in addition to the stopwatch, 2 points were awarded; for choosing two additional items,
1 point was awarded.

Part B

3 points are earned: For a reasonable and complete procedure that correctly measures time and allows determination of
the frequency, either by calculating the period and indicating the correct relationship between the period and frequency, or
by directly determining the frequency from the measurements. Some mention of error reduction (e.g., measuring over
multiple cycles) was expected as part of a complete experimental procedure.

0 1 2 3

The student response earns all of the following points:

3 points are earned: For a reasonable and complete procedure that correctly measures time and allows determination of
the frequency, either by calculating the period and indicating the correct relationship between the period and frequency, or
by directly determining the frequency from the measurements. Some mention of error reduction (e.g., measuring over
multiple cycles) was expected as part of a complete experimental procedure

Part C

1 point is earned: For indicating that one of the following is a parameter that can be varied: mass of bob, length of string,
angle of release or height of release

2 points are earned: For a reasonable and complete experimental procedure and description of data analysis

0 1 2 3

Page 72 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

The student response earns all of the following points:

1 point is earned: For indicating that one of the following is a parameter that can be varied: mass of bob, length of string,
angle of release or height of release

2 points are earned: For a reasonable and complete experimental procedure and description of data analysis

Part D

1 point is earned: For correctly indicating that the temperature of the room would slightly increase

1 point is earned: For stating that the pendulum loses kinetic energy

1 point is earned: For stating that the lost kinetic energy is converted to heat energy

0 1 2 3

The student response earns all of the following points:

1 point is earned: For correctly indicating that the temperature of the room would slightly increase

1 point is earned: For stating that the pendulum loses kinetic energy

1 point is earned: For stating that the lost kinetic energy is converted to heat energy

Part E

1 point is earned: For correctly indicating that the period of the pendulum would increase

1 point is earned: For indicating that the length of the rod increases

1 point is earned: For using the relationship between pendulum length and period, ⯑ to show that the
increase in length leads to an increase in period

0 1 2 3

The student response earns all of the following points:

1 point is earned: For correctly indicating that the period of the pendulum would increase

1 point is earned: For indicating that the length of the rod increases

1 point is earned: For using the relationship between pendulum length and period, ⯑ to show that the
increase in length leads to an increase in period

AP Physics 1 Page 73 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

15. This question is a long free-response question. Show your work for each part of the question. (15 points, suggested
time 25 minutes)

A dart with mass is launched toward a block of mass that is suspended from a string of length L, as shown
at left above. The dart is moving horizontally with speed v immediately before it strikes the block and remains
embedded. The dart-block system then swings up to a point at which its center of mass reaches a maximum height
H above its starting position, as shown at right above. The block’s mass is greater than the dart’s mass .

(a) Indicate which object, if either, experiences a net horizontal force of larger magnitude during the collision. If
the net horizontal force is the same magnitude for both objects, state this explicitly. Briefly explain your
reasoning.

(b) If the experiment was repeated with a dart with the same horizontal speed but with mass smaller than , how
would the maximum height reached by the center of mass of the dart-block system compare to H ? Explain your
response without deriving or manipulating equations.

Two students are discussing the motion of the dart-block system at the instant it first reaches a height of , and
they make the following statements:

Student 1: When the dart-block system is at a height of , the kinetic energy of the system is half of its
maximum value, and therefore the speed of the system is half of its maximum speed.

Student 2: When the dart-block system reaches a height of , the centripetal force is equal to the tension in
the string. Therefore, the acceleration of the system must point toward the fixed end of the string.

(c) Which underlined phrase or phrases, if either, are correct about student 1's statement? If neither phrase is
correct, write "none."

(d) Which underlined phrase or phrases, if either, are incorrect about student 1's statement? If neither phrase is
incorrect, write "none."

(e) Which underlined phrase or phrases, if either, are correct about student 2's statement? If neither phrase is
correct, write "none."

(f) Which underlined phrase or phrases, if either, are incorrect about student 2's statement? If neither phrase is
incorrect, write "none."

Page 74 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

(g) The students correctly derive an equation for the maximum height: . Explain how this
equation supports your claim in part (b).

(h) Could the masses of the dart and block both be changed so that the maximum height H reached by the dart-
block system would remain the same as in the original setup? Justify your answer by referring to the equation in
part (g).

After the collision, the dart-block system is then allowed to swing freely, and the students produce the graph
shown below at left, labeled Group 1, of the vertical position of the center of mass of the dart-block system as a
function of time. A second group of students makes a single change to the setup and then repeats the experiment.
Their graph, labeled Group 2, of the vertical position of the center of mass of the dart-block system as a function
of time is shown below at right.

(i) Indicate the single difference in either the dart mass or the string length between group 1's setup and group 2's
setup that could lead to the difference between the two graphs. Justify your answer.

Part A

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for a statement that both objects experience the same net force because of Newton’s
third law.

AP Physics 1 Page 75 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

Example Response:

Both the dart and the block experience the same force because they exert equal and opposite forces on each other because
of Newton’s third law.

Part B

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for a statement that the final height is smaller.

1 point is earned for a statement of conservation of momentum to indicate that the final speed of the dart-
block system is smaller AND an indication of conservation of energy leading to a smaller height.

Example Response:

Because the momentum of the dart before the collision must be equal to the momentum of the dart-block system after the
collision, a smaller dart mass (a smaller dart momentum) will lead to a smaller dart-block speed after the collision (a
smaller dart-block momentum). Because the dart-block is traveling slower after the collision, it has less kinetic energy
which means that the dart-block will not swing as high.

Part C

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for a correct statement and no incorrect statements.

Example Responses:

Student 1 is correct in saying that the kinetic energy of the system is half of its maximum at .

OR

The first statement

Part D

Page 76 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for an incorrect statement and no correct statements.

Example Responses:

Student 1 is incorrect in saying that the speed of the system is half of its maximum speed

OR

The second statement

Part E

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for indicating student 2 has no correct statements.

Example Response:

None

Part F

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for indicating both of Student 2’s statements are incorrect.

AP Physics 1 Page 77 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

Example Responses:

Student 2 is incorrect in saying that centripetal force is equal to the tension in the string, AND incorrect in saying that the
acceleration of the system must point toward the center of the circle.

OR

Both statements

Part G

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for a statement including functional dependence of the variables.

1 point is earned for correctly asserting that as the mass of the dart decreases in the equation H also
decreases.

Example Response:

This equation matches my reasoning in part (b)– if the mass of the dart decreases, the height of the swing decreases
because a decrease in the mass of the dart means an increase in the ratio , which is in the
denominator of the expression.

Part H

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2 3

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for “yes”, with an attempt at explanation.

1 point is earned for a statement that both either increase or decrease.
1 point is earned for a statement indicating the factor in increase/decrease (or ratio of masses) is the
same.

Example Response:

Yes, if the masses were both doubled, the maximum height would still be H – it works as long as the masses both increase
by the same factor .

Page 78 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

Part I

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2 3

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for recognizing that the amplitude of the graph for group 2 is larger.
1 point is earned for a statement discussing the dependence of amplitude on dart mass.
1 point is earned for indicating that the mass of the dart could be larger.

Example Response:

If group 2 used a dart with a larger mass, the dart would have had more momentum, and so the dart-block system would
have gone higher (making the amplitude larger), but the string length is the same and so the period would still be the
same.

AP Physics 1 Page 79 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

16.

As shown above, a 0.20-kilogram mass is sliding on a horizontal friction less air track with a speed of 3.0 meters
per second when it instantaneously hits and sticks to a 1.3-kilogram mass initially at rest on the track. The
1.3-kilogram mass is connected to one end of a mass less spring, which has a spring constant of 100 newtons per
meter. The other end of the spring is fixed.

(a) Determine the following for the 0.20-kilogram mass immediately before the impact.

i. Its linear momentum

ii. Its kinetic energy

(b) Determine the following for the combined masses immediately after the impact

i. The linear momentum

ii. The kinetic energy

After the collision, the two masses undergo simple harmonic motion about their position at impact.

(c) Determine the amplitude of the harmonic motion.

(d) Determine the period of the harmonic motion.

Part A

(i)

1 point is earned: For a correct expression for momentum

p = mv

Page 80 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

pi=(0.2kg)(3.0 m/s)

1 point is earned: For the correct answer

pi = 0.6kg * m/s

(ii)

1 point is earned: For a correct expression for kinetic energy

K = ½ mv2

Ki = ½(0.2 kg)(3.0 m/s)2

1 point is earned: For the correct answer

Ki = 0.9J

0 1 2 3 4

The student response earns four of the following points:

(i)

1 point is earned: For a correct expression for momentum

p = mv

pi=(0.2kg)(3.0 m/s)

1 point is earned: For the correct answer

pi = 0.6kg * m/s

(ii)

1 point is earned: For a correct expression for kinetic energy

K = ½ mv2

Ki = ½(0.2 kg)(3.0 m/s)2

1 point is earned: For the correct answer

Ki = 0.9J

Part B

(i)

AP Physics 1 Page 81 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

1 point is earned : For any statement of conservation of momentum

pf=pi

1 point is earned : For the correct answer

p f = 0.6kg * m/s

(ii)

Knowing the final momentum, the final velocity can be calculated

pf=mfvf

vf=pf/mf

1 point is earned : For the correct value of the final velocity

v f = 0.4 m/s

Using the expression for kinetic energy

K f = ½m f v f 2

1 point is earned : For using the sum of the two masses

K f = ½(1.5kg)(0.4 m/s) 2

1 point is earned : For the correct answer

K f = 0.12J

0 1 2 3 4 5

The student response earns five of the following points:

(i)

1 point is earned: For any statement of conservation of momentum

pf = pi

1 point is earned: For the correct answer

pf = 0.6kg * m/s

(ii)

Page 82 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

Knowing the final momentum, the final velocity can be calculated

pf = mfvf

vf = pf / mf

1 point is earned: For the correct value of the final velocity

vf = 0.4 m/s

Using the expression for kinetic energy

Kf = ½mfvf2

1 point is earned: For using the sum of the two masses

Kf = ½(1.5kg)(0.4 m/s)2

1 point is earned: For the correct answer

Kf = 0.12J

Part C

1 point is earned : For any statement of conservation of energy

The kinetic energy after the impact is equal to the maximum energy stored in the spring.

K f = ½ kA 2

Solving for the amplitude of the motion:

1 point is earned : For substituting the answer to (b)ii for the kinetic energy

1 point is earned : For the correct answer

A = 0.05 m

0 1 2 3

The student response earns three of the following points:

1 point is earned : For any statement of conservation of energy

AP Physics 1 Page 83 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

The kinetic energy after the impact is equal to the maximum energy stored in the spring.

K f = ½ kA 2

Solving for the amplitude of the motion:

1 point is earned : For substituting the answer to (b)ii for the kinetic energy

1 point is earned : For the correct answer

A = 0.05 m

Part D

1 point is earned : For the correct expression for the period

1 point is earned : For the correct answer

T = 0.77 s

0 1 2

The student response earns two of the following points:

1 point is earned : For the correct expression for the period

1 point is earned : For the correct answer

T = 0.77 s

Units points

1 point is earned: For having both one correct energy unit and one correct momentum unit on answers in parts (a) and
(b), and no incorrect units.

Page 84 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

0 1

The student response earns one of the following points:

1 point is earned: For having both one correct energy unit and one correct momentum unit on answers in parts (a) and
(b), and no incorrect units.

AP Physics 1 Page 85 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

17. This question is a long free-response question. Show your work for each part of the question. (15 points, suggested
time 25 minutes)

A block of mass is pulled by a rope that makes an angle (theta) above the horizontal, as shown above. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and floor is (mu).

The block is initially at rest and starts accelerating to the right along the floor. Three students each draw a diagram
to indicate all of the forces that are exerted on the block as it moves. In the students’ diagrams, which are shown
below, the lengths of the arrows indicate the relative magnitudes of the forces.

Only one of the students has drawn a diagram that could correctly represent the forces. The other two students’
diagrams are incorrect.

(a) Which student has drawn a diagram that could correctly represent the forces exerted on the block?

(b) For the incorrect student diagrams, explain why the diagram could not represent the forces exerted on the
block. If there is more than one specific reason a diagram is incorrect, identify each of the reasons.

(c) Briefly explain why slightly increasing the angle (without changing the magnitude of the force exerted by the
rope) could cause a decrease in the block’s acceleration.

Suppose the rope is pulled with a force that has a magnitude that is one-third the weight of the block, or . In
this case, when the block accelerates, its acceleration is .

(d) Explain why the above equation is consistent with the claim that an increase in the angle could cause a

Page 86 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

decrease in the acceleration.

The rope is now attached to the center of the top of the block, as shown above. The force exerted by the rope is
initially zero newtons at time . The force steadily increases, becomes equal to the block’s weight at time
, and continues to increase further. Three students sketch the graphs shown below to represent the normal force
exerted by the floor on the block as a function of time . One of the graphs is consistent with this scenario, while
the other graphs are not consistent with this scenario.

(e) Which graph is consistent with the scenario in which the force exerted by the rope on the block steadily
increases?

(f) Identify all features of the other two graphs that make them inconsistent with this scenario. Explain your
reasoning.

AP Physics 1 Page 87 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

With one end of the rope still attached to the block, the other end of the rope is attached to a ceiling to create a
pendulum with length , where is much greater than the dimensions of the block. A second pendulum is made
from an identical block and a rope of length , as shown above. Both pendulums are displaced by the same small
angle and released from rest.

(g) Does the longer pendulum or the shorter pendulum have a greater period of oscillation? Briefly explain your
choice without reference to equations, but by describing the restoring forces exerted on and motion of each block.

Part A

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for indicating that Student 1 drew a correct diagram.

Example Response:

The diagram for student 1 is correct.

Part B

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

Page 88 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

0 1 2 3

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that Student 2’s diagram has equal left and right forces and thus would
result in a constant horizontal velocity or no horizontal acceleration.
1 point is earned for indicating that Student 3’s diagram has equal left and right forces and thus would
result in a constant horizontal velocity or no horizontal acceleration.
1 point is earned for indicating that Student 3’s diagram would result in a downward acceleration
component since the sum of the upward components is less than the force of gravity.

Example Response:

Student 2’s diagram is incorrect because it has equal left and right forces, which would cause the block to move at a
constant speed. Student 3’s diagram is not correct because it has equal left and right forces as well. Student 3’s diagram
is also incorrect because the downward components are greater than the upward components. This would cause a
downward acceleration, which is not occurring.

Part C

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that the horizontal component of the force exerted by the rope becomes
smaller.
1 point is earned for indicating that the net force, therefore, decreases.

Example Response:

If the angle is increased without changing the magnitude, the forward horizontal force would decrease, so the net force on
the block could decrease. This would result in a smaller acceleration.

Part D

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

AP Physics 1 Page 89 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that the cosine term decreases when increases.
1 point is earned for indicating that, if the decrease in the cosine term is greater than the increase in the
sine term, the acceleration will decrease.

Example Response:

As the angle increases, two terms in the expression are affected. The cosine term will decrease, and the sine of the angle
will increase. If the decrease in the cosine term is greater than the increase in the sine term, the acceleration will
decrease.

Part E

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for identifying Graph 1 as consistent with the scenario in which the force exerted by the
rope on the block steadily increases.

Example Response:

Graph 1 is consistent with the scenario in which the force exerted by the rope on the block steadily increases

Part F

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2 3 4

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that the normal force is equal to the weight of the block minus the tension
force, until the tension equals the weight.

Page 90 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

1 point is earned for indicating that graph 2 is incorrect because the normal force does not remain
constant before time .
1 point is earned for indicating that graph 3 is incorrect because the normal force does not increase before
time .
1 point is earned for indicating that graph 3 is incorrect because the normal force does not equal the
weight after time .

Example Response:

The normal force on the block is equal to the difference between the weight and the tension force, as long as the tension
force is less than the weight. If the tension force exceeds the weight, then the normal force becomes zero because the block
is lifted off the floor. Thus, graph 2 is incorrect because it indicates the normal force is constant until the tension equals
the weight. And graph 3 is incorrect because the normal force is depicted as increasing until it equals the weight rather
than decreasing until it is zero.

Part G

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that both pendulums have the same maximum restoring force at the same
maximum angular displacement from equilibrium.
1 point is earned for indicating that the path the longer pendulum takes is a greater distance so for the
same acceleration, it takes a greater time, and thus the longer pendulum has a greater period.

Example Response:

Since both are displaced the same angle, both have the same maximum restoring force, and thus the same maximum
acceleration. The longer pendulum travels a longer path, and thus it will take a longer time. Thus, the period of the longer
pendulum is greater.

AP Physics 1 Page 91 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

18. This question is a short free-response question. Show your work for each part of the question.

(7 points, suggested time 13 minutes)

Student and Student conduct an experiment using a pendulum that consists of a metal sphere attached to a
lightweight string that hangs from the ceiling, as shown in Figure . The students displace the pendulum a small
angle from equilibrium and release it from rest at time .

(a) The students create the following graph of the speed of the sphere as a function of time.

i. The sphere first reaches the lowest point of its motion (when the string is vertical) at time . Indicate
time by writing “ ” in the appropriate box below the horizontal axis.

ii. The students have a new pendulum, identical to the original except that its sphere has twice the mass. The

Page 92 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

students plan to repeat the experiment by releasing the new sphere from rest at the same small angle as before.
Student predicts the graph of speed versus time will look different, and Student predicts it will look the
same as the graph in part (a)(i). The students’ predictions are shown in the following graph.

Which student’s prediction is correct?

_____Student _____Student

Briefly explain your reasoning.

(b) The students attach one end of a light spring to the sphere of the original pendulum and the other end to the
wall. Figure shows the new setup when the spring is oriented horizontally at its relaxed length and the string is
vertical. Figure shows the pendulum when the students displace the sphere the same small angle as in

AP Physics 1 Page 93 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

part (a).

At time , the sphere is then released from rest at this position.

i. The sphere reaches the lowest point of its motion at time . Compare to the time at which the sphere
reaches its lowest point in part (a)(i), . Is greater than, less than, or equal to ?

_____ _____ _____

Briefly justify your reasoning.

ii. The following dot represents the center of mass of the sphere at time when the sphere reaches the lowest
point of its motion. Draw a single arrow representing the direction of the instantaneous acceleration of the
sphere. If the acceleration is zero, write “ ” next to the dot.

iii. After having passed its lowest point, the sphere continues moving toward the wall and momentarily comes
to rest. At the moment when the sphere comes to rest, how does the magnitude of the angle the string makes
with the vertical compare to the angle from which it was released? Explain your reasoning.

Part A

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for writing in the correct box below the axis.

Page 94 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

1 point is earned for choosing “Student B” with a relevant justification

Accept one of the following:

◦ The equation of the period of the pendulum does not contain mass

◦ Mass cancels out when gravitational potential energy is equated to kinetic energy

Example Response

Student B’s prediction is correct. The equation for the period of a pendulum does not contain the mass, so the period is
unchanged, causing the pendulum to reach the same maximum speed.

Part B

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2 3 4 5

The response accurately includes all the following criteria.

1 point is earned for choosing “ ” with an attempt at a relevant justification.

1 point is earned for indicating one of the following:

◦ The greater force results in a greater speed / acceleration

◦ The greater spring potential energy results in a greater kinetic energy / speed

1 point is earned for an arrow that points toward the top of the page.
1 point is earned for stating that it is the same angle.
1 point is earned for an explanation that indicates conservation of energy.

Example Response

AP Physics 1 Page 95 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

because the net force exerted on the sphere is greater due to the addition of the spring force. A greater net force
means that there will also be a greater acceleration.

The displacement angle will be the same as the original displacement because the total mechanical energy of the sphere-
spring-Earth system is constant. The initial elastic and gravitational potential energies are converted to kinetic energy at
the equilibrium point and then back to elastic and gravitational potential energies at the turning point.

Page 96 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

19. This question is a long free-response question. Show your work for each part of the question. (15 points, suggested
time 25 minutes)

A block of mass is pulled by a rope that makes an angle (theta) above the horizontal, as shown above. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and floor is (mu).

The block is initially at rest and starts accelerating to the right along the floor. Three students each draw a diagram
to indicate all of the forces that are exerted on the block as it moves. In the students' diagrams, which are shown
below, the lengths of the arrows indicate the relative magnitudes of the forces.

Only one of the students has drawn a diagram that could correctly represent the forces. The other two students'
diagrams are incorrect.

(a) Which student has drawn a diagram that could correctly represent the forces exerted on the block?

(b) For the incorrect student diagrams, explain why the diagram could not represent the forces exerted on the
block. If there is more than one specific reason a diagram is incorrect, identify each of the reasons.

(c) Briefly explain why slightly increasing the force exerted by the rope on the block (without changing the
angle ) would cause a decrease in the friction force.

(d) The friction force is , where is the weight of the block and is the force exerted
by the rope. Explain why this equation is consistent with the claim that an increase in would cause a decrease in
the friction force.

AP Physics 1 Page 97 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

The rope is now attached to the center of the top of the block, as shown above. The force exerted by the rope is
initially zero newtons at time . The force steadily increases, becomes equal to the block’s weight at time
, and continues to increase further. Three students sketch the graphs shown below to represent the speed of the
block as a function of time . One of the graphs is consistent with this scenario, while the other graphs are not
consistent with this scenario.

(e) Which graph is consistent with the scenario in which the force exerted by the rope on the block steadily
increases?

(f) Identify all features of the other two graphs that make them inconsistent with this scenario. Explain your
reasoning.

Page 98 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

With one end of the rope still attached to the block, the other end of the rope is attached to a ceiling to create a
pendulum with length , where is much greater than the dimensions of the block. A second identical pendulum
is located on the Moon, where the acceleration due to gravity is less than that on Earth. Both pendulums are
displaced by the same small angle and released from rest.

(g) Does the pendulum on Earth or the pendulum on the Moon have a greater period of oscillation? Briefly explain
your choice without reference to equations, but by describing the restoring forces exerted on and motion of each
block.

Part A

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for indicating that Student 2 drew a correct diagram.

Example Response:

The diagram for student 2 is correct.

Part B

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2 3

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that Student 1’s diagram has equal left and right forces and thus would
result in a constant horizontal velocity or no horizontal acceleration.
1 point is earned for indicating that Student 1’s diagram would result in an upward acceleration
component since the sum of the upward components is greater than the force of gravity.
1 point is earned for indicating that Student 3’s diagram has friction in the incorrect direction.

Example Response:

Student 3 has correctly balanced the vertical forces but has the friction in the same direction as the motion. Student 1 has
vertical components in the upward direction that are greater than gravity, so the block would have an upward
acceleration. Also, student 1 has equal horizontal components which would not cause an acceleration to the right.

AP Physics 1 Page 99 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

Part C

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that as the pulling force increases, its vertical component increases,
decreasing the normal force on the block.
1 point is earned for indicating that since the friction force is proportional to the normal force, the friction
force decreases.

Example Response:

As the pulling force increases, its vertical component increases, decreasing the normal force on the block. Since the
friction force is proportional to the normal force, the friction force decreases.

Part D

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for any attempt to use a functional dependence between the friction force and the force
F.
1 point is earned for indicating that the term with F is subtracted, or that the expression
decreases when F increases.

Example Response:

In the given expression for friction, there is a term that depends on the pulling force F, but that term is subtracted from
the weight term. So as F increases, friction decreases.

Part E

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

Page 100 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

0 1

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for identifying Graph 3 as consistent with the scenario in which the force exerted by the
rope on the block steadily increases.

Example Response:

Graph 3 is consistent with the scenario in which the force exerted by the rope on the block steadily increases.

Part F

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2 3 4

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that graph 1 shows an initial non-zero speed even though the initial speed
is zero.
Note: If it was indicated that there is ONLY a horizontal component of the velocity before the vertical
force of the rope acts on the block (from the previous part of the question), this point can be earned for
thinking that graph 1 is correct in the first segment but graphs 2 & 3 are not correct in the first segment.
1 point is earned for indicating that the speed after time in graph 1 is incorrect because the upward force
is not constant, so the acceleration (slope of speed graph) should not be constant.
1 point is earned for indicating that graph 2 is incorrect because of the discontinuity in the graph at .
1 point is earned for indicating that graph 2 is incorrect because the speed is not constant after time , it
increases since there is a net force.

Example Response:

Graph 1 is incorrect because the speed should be zero before time and after it should have an increasing slope since
the net force is increasing. Graph 2 is incorrect because, although the speed is initially zero, the speed is not constant
after time because there is an upward net force.

Part G

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

Note: A response can mention the equation for a pendulum, and still get full credit as long as the points described below
are earned.

AP Physics 1 Page 101 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that the pendulum on the Earth has a greater restoring force at maximum
displacement from equilibrium.
1 point is earned for indicating that since the two pendulums have the same length, the amplitude of the
motion is the same, and thus the pendulum on the moon, with a smaller acceleration, will take longer to
complete once cycle.

Example Response:

Since both pendulums have the same length, they will both have the same amplitude. But the pendulum on the Earth will
have a greater restoring force and acceleration, so it will take less time to return to equilibrium. Thus, the pendulum on
the moon will have a greater period.

Page 102 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

20.

The apparatus shown above consists of two identical springs of negligible mass, each with spring constant k =
20.4 N/m and each attached at one end to a vertical rotating pole. Identical small spheres of mass m are attached to
the other ends of the springs. The spheres are constrained to horizontal motion by horizontal guides of negligible
friction, each of which has a ruler below it for measuring the radial position r of the sphere. The system can be
manually rotated about the pole’s axis. In a lab experiment, a student adjusts the rotational speed so that the
spheres move to a desired radius r. For each such value of r, the student measures the rotational period T. The
student’s partially completed data table is shown below. The length of each unstretched spring is L = 0.15 m.

(a) Calculate the missing values from the table above. Show your work in the space below

(b) On the axes below, plot the data points for the spring force Fspring as a function of the acceleration ac. Label
the axes, including the scale. Draw a straight line that best represents the data

AP Physics 1 Page 103 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

(c)

i. Calculate the slope of your line.

ii. Indicate what the slope calculated in part (c)-i represents.

(d) One sphere and one spring are removed from the rotation apparatus. They are hung vertically so that the sphere
is now suspended from the spring, as shown below.

i. Describe a procedure you could use, and the measurements you would make, to verify the value obtained
in part (c) using the setup shown above.

ii. Show how you would use the measurements described in part (d)-i to verify the value obtained in part
(c).

Part A

Page 104 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

1 point is earned for using a correct expression for the centripetal acceleration

1 point is earned for substituting an expression for speed in terms of period

1 point is earned for a correct answer for the centripetal acceleration

ac = 33.7 m/s2

1 point is earned for using a correct expression for the magnitude of the spring force

Fspring = kx

1 point is earned for substituting the correct distance for the stretch of the spring

Fspring = (20.4 N/m)(0.240 m - 0.15 m)

Correct answer

Fspring = 1.84 N

0 1 2 3 4 5

The student response earns all of the following points:

AP Physics 1 Page 105 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

1 point is earned for using a correct expression for the centripetal acceleration

1 point is earned for substituting an expression for speed in terms of period

1 point is earned for a correct answer for the centripetal acceleration

ac = 33.7 m/s2

1 point is earned for using a correct expression for the magnitude of the spring force

Fspring = kx

1 point is earned for substituting the correct distance for the stretch of the spring

Fspring = (20.4 N/m)(0.240 m - 0.15 m)

Correct answer

Fspring = 1.84 N

Part B

Page 106 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

1 point is earned for properly labeling both axes with variables and units

1 point is earned for using and labeling a proper scale on both axes, to use approximately half the grid

1 point is earned for correctly plotting the data points

1 point is earned for drawing a straight line that best represents the data

0 1 2 3 4

The student response earns all of the following points:

AP Physics 1 Page 107 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

1 point is earned for properly labeling both axes with variables and units

1 point is earned for using and labeling a proper scale on both axes, to use approximately half the grid

1 point is earned for correctly plotting the data points

1 point is earned for drawing a straight line that best represents the data

Part C

1 point is earned for calculating the slope using points on the straight line in part (b)

1 point is earned for a correct answer with correct units

slope = 0.052 kg

1 point is earned for indicating the slope is the mass of each sphere

0 1 2 3

The student response earns all of the following points:

1 point is earned for calculating the slope using points on the straight line in part (b)

1 point is earned for a correct answer with correct units

slope = 0.052 kg

1 point is earned for indicating the slope is the mass of each sphere

Part D

1 point is earned for a procedure that could be used to verify the value found in part (c)

1 point is earned for indicating the measurements that must be made

• Equilibrium Example: Let the sphere hang in equilibrium. Measure how far the spring has stretched from its
unstretched length.

• Oscillation Example: You can pull down and release the sphere so that it oscillates and measure the period of
oscillation.

Page 108 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

1 point is earned for a correct indication of how the measurements can be used to confirm the value from part (c)

• Equilibrium Example: Once you know the stretch of the spring and you already know the spring constant, you
can set the gravitational force equal to the spring force (Fspring = mg = kx) and solve for the mass of the sphere.

• Oscillation Example: With the period of oscillation and the spring constant known, you could use the period of a

spring equation to determine the mass of the sphere.

0 1 2 3

The student response earns all of the following points:

1 point is earned for a procedure that could be used to verify the value found in part (c)

1 point is earned for indicating the measurements that must be made

• Equilibrium Example: Let the sphere hang in equilibrium. Measure how far the spring has stretched from its
unstretched length.

• Oscillation Example: You can pull down and release the sphere so that it oscillates and measure the period of
oscillation.

1 point is earned for a correct indication of how the measurements can be used to confirm the value from part (c)

• Equilibrium Example: Once you know the stretch of the spring and you already know the spring constant, you
can set the gravitational force equal to the spring force (Fspring = mg = kx) and solve for the mass of the sphere.

• Oscillation Example: With the period of oscillation and the spring constant known, you could use the period of a

spring equation to determine the mass of the sphere.

AP Physics 1 Page 109 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

21. This question is a short free-response question. Show your work for each part of the question.

(7 points, suggested time 13 minutes)

A spring of unknown spring constant is attached to a ceiling. A lightweight hanger is attached to the lower end
of the spring, and a motion detector is placed on the floor facing upward directly under the hanger, as shown in the
figure above. The bottom of the hanger is above the motion detector.

A object is placed on the hanger and allowed to come to rest at the equilibrium position. The spring is
then stretched downward a distance from equilibrium and released at time . The motion detector records
the height of the bottom of the hanger as a function of time. The output from the motion detector is shown in the
graph on the following page.

(a) Using the information given and information taken from the graph, calculate the spring constant.

Page 110 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

(b) At time , the object-spring-Earth system has a total kinetic energy and a total potential energy .
At , the object-spring-Earth system again has a total kinetic energy and a total potential energy .

i. Explain how a feature of the graph indicates that the total kinetic energy of the system is the same at these two
times.

ii. Briefly explain why the total potential energy of the system is the same at these two times.

(c) The experiment is repeated with a spring of spring constant and that has the same length as the original
spring. The object is hung from the new spring and allowed to come to rest at a new equilibrium position.

i. Determine the new equilibrium position above the motion detector.

ii. The object is again pulled down the same distance from the equilibrium position and released. On the
following graph, draw a curve representing the motion of the object after it is released. Label the vertical axis with
an appropriate numerical scale. A grid for scratch (practice) work is also provided.

The following graph is provided for scratch work only and will not be graded.

Part A

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

AP Physics 1 Page 111 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for obtaining a period from the graph of seconds.

1 point is earned for substituting the values of period and mass into a valid equation for the spring
constant.
Example Response:

Alternate Solution to part (a)

1 point is earned for stating that the spring is stretched to its equilibrium position (since the
equilibrium height is and the original height was ).
1 point is earned for substituting the amount of spring stretch and mass into a valid equation for the
spring constant.
Example Response (Alternate Solution):
The string is stretched under a force of . Since , we have
.

Part B

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for a valid reason why the kinetic energy is the same at both times.
Example Responses:
The magnitude of the slope of the graph is the same at both times, this means the speed and therefore the
kinetic energy is the same at both times
OR
The object is the same distance from equilibrium at both times, so the kinetic energy must be the same.
1 point is earned for a valid reason why the total potential energy is the same at both times.
Example Responses:
The total energy of the system is constant, so if K is the same at both times, U must be also.
OR

Page 112 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

The total energy of the system is constant, and equal energy is transferred from gravitational potential to
spring potential.

Part C

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2 3

The response accurately includes all the following criteria.

1 point is earned for writing .

1 point is earned for both of the following:
· A graph that has the same amplitude as the original graph.
· A graph that is centered on the new equilibrium value consistent with first section of c.
1 point is earned for a graph with half the period as the original graph

Example Response:

AP Physics 1 Page 113 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

22. This question is a short free-response question. Show your work for each part of the question.

(7 points, suggested time 13 minutes)

A cart on a horizontal surface is attached to a spring. The other end of the spring is attached to a wall. The cart is
initially held at rest, as shown in Figure . When the cart is released, the system consisting of the cart and spring
oscillates between the positions and . Figure shows the kinetic energy of the cart-spring
system as a function of the system’s potential energy. Frictional forces are negligible.

(a) On the graph of kinetic energy versus potential energy shown in Figure , the values for the -intercept
and -intercept are the same. Briefly explain why this is true, using physics principles.

When the cart is at and momentarily at rest, a block is dropped onto the cart, as shown in Figure . The block
sticks to the cart, and the block-cart-spring system continues to oscillate between and . The masses of the
cart and the block are and , respectively.

(b) The frequency of oscillation before the block is dropped onto the cart is . The frequency of oscillation after

Page 114 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

the block is dropped onto the cart is . Calculate the numerical value of the ratio .

(c) The dashed line in Figure shows the kinetic energy versus potential energy of the block-cart-spring
system after the block is dropped onto the cart. This graph is identical to the graph shown in Figure for the cart-
spring system before the block is dropped onto the cart.

i. Briefly explain why the two graphs must be the same, using physics principles.

ii. After the block is dropped onto the cart, consider a system that consists only of the cart and the spring. On
Figure , sketch a solid line that shows the kinetic energy of the system that consists of the cart and the spring
but not the block after the block is dropped onto the cart.

Part A

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response accurately includes the following criterion.

1 point is earned for an explanation that indicates that the maximum kinetic energy and maximum
potential energy are the same due to energy conservation.
Scoring Note: This point may be earned for only stating “conservation of energy.”

Example Response

The maximum kinetic energy and maximum potential energy of the car-spring system are both , because energy is
conserved in this system.

AP Physics 1 Page 115 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

Part B

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both the following criteria.

1 point is earned for using the equation for frequency or period in a ratio.
1 point is earned for substituting the total mass into the correct ratio: or .

Example Response

OR OR OR

Scoring Note: Simplified versions of the above ratios also earn this point.

Part C

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2 3 4

The response accurately includes all the following criteria.

1 point is earned for a valid explanation in terms of work or energy for why the systems’ energies should
be the same.
Accept one of the following:

◦ No work is done on the system

Page 116 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

◦ The maximum spring potential energy is the same

◦ The force exerted on the system is perpendicular to the direction of motion

1 point is earned for drawing a single straight line with a horizontal intercept that is the same as the
horizontal intercept of the original graph of .
1 point is earned for drawing a line with a vertical intercept that is less than the vertical intercept in the
original graph.
1 point is earned for drawing a line with the correct vertical intercept of .

Example Response

The maximum potential energy of the system does not depend upon the mass of the system, therefore there will be no
change when the block is added.

AP Physics 1 Page 117 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

23. This question is a long free-response question. Show your work for each part of the question. (15 points, suggested
time 25 minutes)

A dart with mass is launched toward a block of mass that is suspended from a string of length L, as shown
above at left. The dart is moving horizontally with speed v immediately before it strikes the block and remains
embedded. The dart-block system then swings up to a point at which its center of mass reaches a maximum height
H above its starting position, as shown above at right. The block’s mass is greater than the dart’s mass .

(a) Indicate which object, if either, experiences an acceleration of larger magnitude during the collision. If the
acceleration is the same magnitude for both objects, state this explicitly. Briefly explain your reasoning.

(b) If the experiment were repeated with a block with mass greater than , how would the maximum height
reached by the center of mass of the dart-block system compare to H ? Explain your response without deriving or
manipulating equations.

Two students are discussing the tension in the string at the moment immediately after the collision and state the
following:

Student 1: The tension in the string immediately after the collision is greater than the weight of the dart-block
system because the acceleration is upward at that instant.

Student 2: The tension in the string is equal to the weight of the block-dart system because there is no vertical
acceleration immediately after the collision.

(c) Which underlined phrase or phrases, if any, are correct about student 1’s statement? If neither phrase is
correct, write “none.”

(d) Which underlined phrase or phrases, if any, are incorrect about student 1’s statement? If neither phrase is
incorrect, write “none.”

(e) Which underlined phrase or phrases, if any, are correct about student 2’s statement? If neither phrase is
correct, write “none.”

(f) Which underlined phrase or phrases, if any, are incorrect about student 2’s statement? If neither phrase is
incorrect, write “none.”

(g) The students correctly derive an equation for the maximum height: . Explain how this
equation supports your claim in part (b).

Page 118 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

(h) Consider the case in which the collision between the dart and the block is perfectly elastic (the dart bounces off
the block to the left). In this case, is the speed of the block immediately after the collision greater than, less than,
or the same as the speed of the block in the original case? Justify your answer.

After the collision, the dart-block system is then allowed to swing freely, and the students produce the graph
shown below at left, labeled Group 1, of the vertical position of the center of mass of the dart-block system as a
function of time. A second group of students makes a single change to the setup and then repeats the experiment.
Their graph, labeled Group 2, of the vertical position of the center of mass of the dart-block system as a function
of time is shown below at right.

(i) Indicate the single difference in either the dart speed or the string length between group 1’s setup and group 2’s
setup that could lead to the difference between the two graphs. Justify your answer.

Part A

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for a statement that the dart experiences the larger acceleration because it has the
smaller mass with equal force exerted on it because of Newton’s third law.

Example Response:

Both the dart and the block experience the same force because they exert equal and opposite forces on each other because
of Newton’s third law, however the mass of the dart is smaller and so experiences a larger acceleration.

AP Physics 1 Page 119 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

Part B

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for a statement that the final height is smaller.

1 point is earned for a statement of conservation of momentum to indicate that the final speed of the dart-
block system is smaller AND an indication of conservation of energy leading to a smaller height.

Example Response:

Because the momentum of the dart before the collision must be equal to the momentum of the dart-block system after the
collision, a larger block mass will lead to a smaller dart-block speed after the collision because of conservation of
momentum. Because the dart-block system is traveling slower after the collision, it has less kinetic energy which means
that the dart-block system will not swing as high.

Part C

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for indicating both of Student 1’s statements are correct.

Example Responses:

Student 1’s entire statement is correct

OR

Both statements

Part D

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

Page 120 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

0 1

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for indicating student 1 has no incorrect statements.

Example Response:

None

Part E

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for indicating student 2 has no correct statements.

Example Response:

None

Part F

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for indicating both of Student 2’s statements are incorrect.

Example Responses:

Student 2’s entire statement is incorrect.

OR

AP Physics 1 Page 121 of 123

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

Both statements

Part G

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for a statement including functional dependence of the variables.

1 point is earned for correctly asserting that as the mass of the block increases in the equation H
decreases.

Example Response:

This equation matches my reasoning in part b – if the mass of the block increases, the height of the swing decreases
because the mass of the block is in the denominator.

Part H

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2 3

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for “greater”, with an attempt at an explanation.

1 point is earned for a statement indicating a larger change in momentum of the dart.
1 point is earned for a statement using conservation of momentum to show that the block momentum/
speed is greater.

Example Response:

When the dart bounces off the block, it has a larger change in momentum (going from v to instead of v to a smaller v),
which means that the block also has a larger change in momentum (since both objects receive the same impulse and
experience the same change in momentum). Because the block has a greater change in momentum, it has a larger speed
after the collision than in the original case.

Part I

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

Page 122 of 123 AP Physics 1

 Scoring Guide

chapter6

0 1 2 3

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for recognizing that the amplitude of the graph for group 2 is smaller.
1 point is earned for a statement discussing the dependence of amplitude on dart momentum.
1 point is earned for indicating that the speed of the dart could be smaller.

Example Response:

If group 2 used a dart with a smaller initial speed, the dart would have had less momentum, and so the dart-block system
would not have gone as high (making the amplitude smaller), but the string length is the same and so the period would
still be the same.

AP Physics 1 Page 123 of 123