“WASTE WATER TRETMENT”

MINOR Project Report

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the requirement for the Award of

Degree of Bachelor of Technology In

CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted To
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL
Summitted By
AJITESH KUMAR (0177CE223D04)
SATENDRA KUMAR SAH (0177CE223D48)
VIVEK KUMAR (0177CE223D59)
Under The Guidance of
MR. YOGESH VISHWAKARMA

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

IES COLLAGE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
SESSION 2023-2024
 IES COLLAGE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work embodies in this Project entitled "Waste water
Treatment" being submitted by AJITESH KUMAR (0177CE223D04)
SATENDRA KUMAR SAH (0177CE223D48) VIVEK
KUMAR(0177CE223D59) partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of "Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering" from "Rajiv
Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P)" during the
academic year 2022-23 is a record of bonafide piece of work, carried
out by him under my supervision and guidance in "Department of
Civil Engineering", IES COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL (M.P).

Guide H.O.D EXTERNAL

MR. YOGESH VISHWAKARMA DR. MONIKA VYASH

 IES COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in Major

Project, entitled "Waste water Treatment" for partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil
Engineering branch, submitted in the department of IES COLLEGE OF
TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL (M.P) is an authentic record of our own work carried
under the guidance of " MR. YOGESH VISHWAKARMA" we have not
submitted the matter embodied in report for award of any other degree.

AJITESH KUMAR (0177CE223D04)

SATENDRA KUMAR SAH (0177CE223D48)
VIVEK KUMAR (0177CE223D59)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are extremely obliged and thankful to Dr. MONIKA VYAS Head of

Department for his keen interest, continued encouragement and
precious advice for the work. With immense pleasure I place on record,
my profound sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to Project Guide "
MR. YOGESH VISHWAKARMA" for his valuable guidance, motivation,
inspiring encouragement, and continuous support for this work.
We also thank all the staff members of our college and technicians for
their help in making project a successful one. Finally, we take this
opportunity to extend our deep appreciation to our family and friends,
for all that they meant to us during the crucial times of the completion
of our project.

AJITESH KUMAR (0177CE223D04)

SATENDRA KUMAR SAH (0177CE223D48)
VIVEK KUMAR (0177CE223D59)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr. No. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 ABSTRACT 1

2 CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION 2-9

3 CHAPTER - 2 WASTE WATER TREATMENT PROCESS 10-13

4 CHAPTER - 3 PRIMARY TREATMENT 14-22

5 CHAPTER - 4 SECONDARY TREATMENT 23-37

6 CONCLUSION 38

7 REFERENCE 39
 ABSTRACT
Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from
wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the
water cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an
acceptable impact on the environment or is reused for various purposes
(called water reclamation) [1] The treatment process takes place in a
wastewater treatment plant. There are several kinds of wastewater
which are treated at the appropriate type of wastewater treatment
plant. For domestic wastewater (also called municipal wastewater or
sewage), the treatment plant is called a sewage treatment plant. For
industrial wastewater, treatment either takes place in a separate
industrial wastewater treatment plant, or in a sewage treatment plant
(usually after some form of pre-treatment). Further types of wastewater
treatment plants include agricultural wastewater treatment plants and
leachate treatment plants.

Processes commonly used include phase separation (such as

sedimentation), biological and chemical processes (such as oxidation) or
polishing. The main by-product from wastewater treatment plants is a
type of sludge which is usually treated in the same or another
wastewater treatment plant. [2]: Ch.14 Biogas can be another byproduct
if anaerobic treatment processes are used. Some wastewater may be
highly treated and reused as reclaimed water. The main purpose of
wastewater treatment is for the treated wastewater to be able to be
disposed or reused safely. However, before it is treated, the options for
disposal or reuse must be considered so the correct treatment process is
used on the wastewater.

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 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Sewerage - General Considerations:

Waste water treatment is the process of removing contaminants from

wastewater and household waste water, both runoff (effluents) and
domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to
remove physical. chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is
to produce a treated effluent and a solid waste or sludge suitable for
discharge or reuse back into the environment. This material is often
inadvertently contaminated with many toxic organic and inorganic
compounds.
Waste water implies the collecting of wastewaters from occupied areas
and conveying them to some point of disposal. The liquid wastes will
require treatment before they are discharged into the water body or
otherwise disposed of without endangering the public health or causing
offensive conditions.
As the cities have grown, the more primitive method of excreta disposal
have gain place to the water-carried sewerage system. Even in the small
cities the greater safety of sewerage, its convenience, and freedom from
nuisance have caused it to be adopted wherever finances permit

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1.2 Definitions:
 Sewerage is the art of collecting, treating and finally disposing of
the waste water.
 Waste water is liquid, consists of any one or a mixture of liquid
waste origins from urinals, latrines, bath rooms, kitchens of a
dwelling, commercial building or institutional buildings.
 Storm waste water is a liquid flowing in sewer during or following a
period of rainfall and resulting there from.
 A Partially Separate Sewer System is the sewerage system in
 which the domestic waste water is carried with the storm water in
the rain season.
 Activated sludge is the active biological floc produced in activated
sludge plants, largely composed of saprotrophic bacteria,
protozoan flora (amoebae) and a range of other filter feeding
species.
 Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS) is the amount of
suspended solids in the mix of raw water and activated sludge.
 Return activated sludge (R.A.S) is the activated sludge extracted
from the system and mixed with raw water to form the mixed
liquor.

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  Waste activated sludge (W.A.S.) or Surplus Activated Sludge
(S.A.S.) is excess activated sludge that is extracted from the system
to be directed to sludge treatment.
 Sludge Age is the average residence time of biological solids in the
system. It can be defined as the average lifespan of bacteria in the
system.
 Overflow rate / Surface loading is the discharge per unit of plan
area. This parameter is the design factor in designing the settling
tanks.
 Food to Micro-organisms ratio (F/M ratio) is the ratio between
daily BOD load applied to Aerator System and total microbial mass
in the system.
1.3 Treatment Of Waste water:
The treatment of waste water consists of many complex functions. The
degree of treatment depends upon the characteristics of the raw inlet
waste water as well as the required effluent characteristics.
Treatment processes are often classified as:
1. Preliminary treatment
2. Primary treatment

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 3. Secondary treatment.
4. Tertiary treatment.
1.3.1. Preliminary Treatment
Preliminary treatment consists solely in separating the floating materials
like tree branches, papers, pieces of rags, wood etc. and heavy settable
inorganic solids. It helps in removal of oils and greases and reduces the
BOD by 15% to 30%.
The processes under this are:

 Screening - to remove floating papers, rags, clothes.

 Grit chamber - to remove grit and sand.
 Skimming tank - to remove oils and greases

1.3.2. Primary Treatment:

Primary treatment consists in removing large suspended organic solids.

It is usually accomplished by sedimentation in settling basins. The liquid
effluent from the primary treatment often contains a large amount of
suspended organic material and has a high BOD (about 60% of original).

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 1.3.3. SECONDARY TREATMENT:

Here the effluent from primary treatment is treated through biological

decomposition of organic matter carried out either aerobic or anaerobic
conditions.

Aerobic Biological Units:

1) Filters (intermittent sand filters, trickling filters)

2) Activated Sludge Plant (feed of active sludge, secondary settling tank
and aeration tank.
3) Oxidation ponds and Aerated lagoons.

Anaerobic Biological Units:

I) Anaerobic lagoons
II) Septic tanks
III) Imhoff tanks.
The effluent from the secondary treatment contains a little BOD (5% to
10% of original) and may contain several milligrams per litre of s DO.
1.3.4. Tertiary Treatment:
The purpose of tertiary treatment is to provide a final treatment stage to
raise the effluent quality before it is discharged to the receiving
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environment (sea, river, lake, ground, etc.). More than one tertiary
treatment process may be used at any treatment plant. If disinfection is
practiced, it is always the final process. It is also known as "effluent
polishing".
1.4 Design Period:
A sewerage scheme involves the laying of underground sewer pipes and
construction of costly treatment units, which cannot be replaced or
increased in their capacities easily or conveniently at a later date. The
future period for which the provision is made in designing the capacities
of various components of the sewerage is known as design period.

1.5. Calculation Of Waste water Generation:

TOTAL DISCHARGE CALCULATION:

FOR HOSTEL:

Population = 801 persons

Per capita demand = 135 per head

Water demand = 801 x 135

= 108135 V/day
= 0.0012 m²/day
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Waste water demand, Qsi = 0.8 x 0.012
=0.001 m³/sec
FOR COLLEGE:
Population = 2548-801-1747 persons

Per capita demand = 45 per head

Water demand = 1747 x 45

= 82109 l/day
= 0.0009 m3/day

Waste water demand, Qs2 = 0.8 x 0.0009

= 0.00076 m³/sec

Total Waste water Demand,Qs =0.001+0.00076-0.0017 m³/sec.

And peak factor = 3.5(..ref RAO & DUTTA)

Therefore, Q =3.5 x 0.0017

= 0.0059 m³/sec.

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9|Page
 CHAPTER-2 WASTE WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

2.1 General:

Waste water contains various types of impurities and disease bacteria.

This waste water is disposed of by dilution or on land after its collection
and conveyance. If the waste water is directly disposed of, it will be
acted upon the natural forces, which will convert it into harmful
substances. The natural forces of purification cannot purify any amount
of waste water within specified time. If the quantity of waste water is
more, then receiving water will become polluted or the land will
become waste water sick. Under such circumstances it becomes
essential to do some treatment of the waste water, so that it can be
accepted by the land or receiving water without any objection. These
treatment processes will directly depend on the types of impurities
present in the waste water and the standard up to which treatment is
required.

2.2 Location of Treatment Plant:

The treatment plant should be located as near to the point of disposal as

possible. If the waste water as to be disposed finally in to the river, the
plant should be located near the river bank. Care should be taken while

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locating the site that it should be on the downstream side of the city and
sufficiently away from water intake works. If finally the waste water as to
be applied on land, the treatment plant should be located near the land
at such a place from where the treated waste water can directly flow
under gravitational forces toward the disposal point. The plant should
not be much far away from the town to reduce the length of the sewer
line. On the other hand the site should not be close to the town, that it
may cause difficulties in the expansion of town and may pollute the
general atmosphere by smell and fly nuisance.

2.3 Layout of Treatment Plant:

The following point should be kept in mind while giving layout of any
waste water treatment plant:

 All the plant should be located in the order of sequence, so that

waste water from one process should directly go to other process.

 If possible all the plant should be located at such clevation that

waste water can flow from one plant into next under its force of
gravity only

 All the treatment units should be arranged in such a way that

minimum area is required it will also ensure economy in its cost
 Sufficient area should be occupied for future extension
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  Staff quarter and office also should be provided near the treatment
plant, so that operators can watch the plant easily.

 The site of treatment plant should be very neat and give very good
appearance.

 Bypass and overflow weir should be provided to cut out of

operation any unit when required.

2.4 Point Considered In Design:

Following points are considered during the design of waste water

treatment unit:

 The design should not be done on the hourly waste water flow
basis, but the average domestic flow basis.
 Instead of providing one big unit for each treatment more than two
numbers small units should provided, which will provide in
operation as well as no stoppage during maintenance and repair of
the plant.
 Overflow weirs and the bypasses should be provided to cut the
particular operation if desired.
 Self cleaning velocity should develop at every place and stage.

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 The design of the treatment units should be economical; easy in
maintenance should offer flexibility in operation.

Table 3.2. chemical quality of raw and standard sewage

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 CHAPTER 3 PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
3.1 Screening
Screening is the very first operation carried out at a waste water
treatment plant and consists of passing the raw waste water through
different opes of screens so as to trap and remove the floating matter
such as tree leaves, paper, gravel, timber pieces, rags, fibre, tampons,
cans, and kitchen refuse etc.

3.1.1. Purpose Of Screening:

Screening is essential in waste water treatment for removal of materials

which would otherwise damage the plant, interfere with the satisfactory
operation of treatment unit or equipment.

 To protect the pumps and other equipments from the possible

damages due to floating matter.

 To remove the major floating matters from the raw waste water in a
simple manner before it reaches into the complex high energy
required process.

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3.1.2. Coarse Screens:

The coarse screens essentially consist of steel bars or flat placed 30° to
60° inclination to the horizontal. The opening between bars are 50mm
or above.

These racks are placed in the screen chamber provided in the way of
sewer line.

The width of the rack channel should be sufficient so that self cleaning
velocity should be available and a bypass channel should be provided to
prevent the overtopping. The bypass channel is provided with vertical
bar screen. A well drained trough is provided to store the impurities
while cleaning the rack.

3.1.3. Design Of Coarse Screen:

Peak discharge of waste water = 0.0059m3/sec

The velocity at average flow is not allowed to exceed 0.9 m/s
Vertical projected area of screen, A = Q/V
= 0.0059/0.9
= 0.0065 m²
Vertical projected gross area of screen=
15 | Page
Thickness = 10mm
Width = 25mm
Clear spacing = 30mm
Therefore, Area = 0.0065(30+10/30) 0.0086 m².
The screen is inclined @ 45°
Horizontal gross sectional area of screen= area/sin45.
=0.0086/sin45
=0.012 m².
If 20 no of bars are provided, then no of openings = 21.
Width of screen= (no.of bars x thickness) + (no.of opening x spacing)
=20 x 0.01 +21 x 0.03
=0.83m.
Assuming depth as 0.9m including free board.
Coarse screen channel is designed for the size of 0.83m x 0.9m

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 TABLE 3.1
Details Of Coarse Screen
S. NO. PARAMETER RANGE

1 Width

2 Depth

3 Velocity 0.8-1m/s

DESIGN PARAMETER VALUE

1 Pick flow through core screen 0.0059m^3/sec

2 Velocity through the screen 0.9m/s

3 Clear opening area 0.012m^2

4 Clear opening between bars 0.03m

5 No. of clear opening in coarse screen 21

6 Width of channel for coarse screen 0.83m

7 Depth of channel for coarse screen 0.9m

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3.2. Skimming Tank

Skimming tanks are the tanks removing oils and grease from the waste
water constructed before the sedimentation tanks. Municipal raw waste
water contains oils, fats, waxes, soaps, fatty acids etc. The greasy and
oily matter may form unsightly and odorous scum on the surface of
settling tanks or may interfere with the activated sludge process.

In skimming tank air is blown along with chlorine gas by air diffuser
placed at the bottom of the tank. The rising air tends to coagulate and
solidify the grease and cause it to rise to the top of the tank whereas
chlorine destroys the protective colloidal effect of protein, which holds
the grease in emulsified form. The greasy materials are collected from
the top of the tank and the collected are skimmed of by specially
designed mechanical equipments.

3.2.1 Design of Skimming tank :

The surface area required for the tank A = 6.22 X 10-3 X q/Vr m²
Where q = rate of flow waste water in m3/day
Vr = minimum rising velocity of the oily
material to be removed in m/min q
=0.0059 x 60 x 60 x24

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 =509.76 m/day

Vr=0.25 m/min
=0.25 x 60 x 24 - 360 m/day
A = .00622 x 509.76/360
=0.008 m²
≈ 0.001m²

Provide the depth of the skimming tank is 1.5 m

The length breadth ratio is 1.5: 1

Therefore L = 1.5B
LxB=1.5B2
0.01 = 1.5 B2
B = 0.08m
L= 0.12 m

Skimming tank is designed for the size of 0.12m x 0.08m x 1.5m

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Table 3.2. details of skimming tank for primary waste water treatment
plant

S. NO. DESIGN PARAMETER VALUE

1 Peak Flow Of Waste Water In 509.76m^3/day

Skimming Tank

2 Area Of Skimming Tank 0.01m^2

3 Width Of Skimming Tank 0.08m

4 Length Of Skimming Tank 0.12m

5 Depth Of Skimming Tank 1.5m

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 INSTALLATION

This includes activities like excavation, plastering, brick work, plumbing,

flooring etc along with the cost of construction material. The different
items which are required for construction are walls of solid cement
blocks with outside and inside plastering for water tightness, PCC base,
PVC pipes, baffle walls, gravel filter media, RCC slab, perforated slabs,
vent pipes and plants/reeds like cana, cattails, bulrushes etc. The cost
component pertaining to the construction and installation varies from
cities to cities. Typically, for installation of a plant of 8-10 KLD capacity
would cost around Rs. 2.5-3 lakhs.

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

Decentralised wastewater treatment systems are low cost on site

treatment approach but continuous operation and maintenance is
necessary for the sustainability and to maintain the desirable
performance of the plant. The annual operation and maintenance cost
for the plant is generally in the range of Rs. 3000-5000. Regular de-
sludging of the settler and baffled reactor is required in

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the span of 1-3 years in order to meet the effluent standards.
Replacement of filter media is also necessary when treatment efficiency
goes down. The normal period of cleaning the gravel filter media is in
the interval of 8-10 years.

As the capacity increases, up-to some level DEWATS is effective but for
larger capacity multi- units of DWWT system is recommended of smaller
manageable sizes limited to 100kld. Average cost of construction is Rs.
25,000-30,000 per KL flow per day (approximately).

22 Page
 CHAPTER 4

PRIMARY TREATMENT

4.1 Primary Sedimentation Tank:

Primary sedimentation tank is the settling tank constructed next to

skimming tank to remove the organic solids which are too heavy to be
removed i.e. the particles having lesser size of 0.2 mm and specific
gravity of 2.65.

These are fabricated using carbon steel with epoxy lining on the inside
and epoxy coating on the outside. Built on the concept of inclined plate
clarification, these clarifiers use gravity in conjunction with the projected
settling area so as to effect a fairly high percentage of removal of
suspended solids as 60 to 65% of the suspended solids and 30 to 35% of
the BOD from the waste water.
4.2 Design of Primary Sedimentation Tank:
Total amount of water to be treated = 0.0059m3/sec

Quantity of waste water to be treated in 2 hours

Volume = Discharge x detention time

= 0.0059 x 2 x3600
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 = 42.49 m²

Provide depth =4.3m

Surface area = volume/depth

=42.49/4.3
= 9.88 m²
= 10 m²
Diameter of the tank =√(10x 4/m)
=3.56 m
D=4m
We know, free board = 0.3m
Hence, actual depth =4.3+0.3-4.6m
Primary sedimentation tank is designed for the dimension of 4m x 4.6m

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Table 4.1 details of primary sedimentation tank
S.NO. PARAMETER RANGE

1 Diameter 3-60 m

2 Depth 3-4.9 m

3 Velocity 0.6-1.2 m

DESIGN PARAMETER VALUE

1 Quantity of waste water 0.0059m^3/sec

2 Volume of primary sedimentation 42.49m^3

tank

3 Detention period 2 hours

4 Surface area of primary 10m^2

sedimentation tank

5 Depth of primary sedimentation tank 4.3m

6 Diameter of primary sedimentation 4m

tank

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26|Page
 CHAPTER 5

SECONDARY TREATMENT

5.1 Activated Sludge Process:

The activated sludge process is an aerobic, biological waste water

treatment system to treat the settled waste water consist a variety of
mechanisms and processes that use dissolved oxygen to promote the
growth of biological floc that substantially removes organic material. The
essential units of the process are an aeration tank, a secondary settling
tank, a sludge return line from the secondary settling tank to the
acration tank and an excess sludge waste line.
5.1.1 Concept
Atmospheric air is bubbled through primary treated waste water
combined with organisms to develop a biological floc which reduces the
organic content of the waste water. The Mixed Liquor, the combination
of raw waste water and biological mass is formed. In activated sludge
plant, once the effluent from the primary clarifier get sufficient
treatment, the excess mixed liquor is discharged into settling tanks and
the treated supernatant is run off to undergo further treatment Part of
the settled sludge called Return Activated Sludge (R.A.5.) is returned to
the head of the aeration system to re-seed the new waste water
entering the tank. Excess sludge which

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eventually accumulates beyond R.A.S known Waste Activated Sludge
(W.A.S.) is removed from the treatment process to keep the ratio of
biomass to food supplied (F:M) ratio. W.A.S is further treated by
digestion under anaerobic conditions.

5.1.2 Process:
The activated sludge functions in the above mentioned concept by
following the Contact stabilization method. The effluent from primary
clarifier is mixed with 40 to 50% of own volume of activated sludge
(R.A.S). Then it is mixed for 4 to 8 hours in the aeration tank by the
combined aerator which does compressed air diffusion and mechanical
mixing. The moving organisms oxidize the organic matter and make it to
settle in the secondary clarifier. The settled sludge known as activated
sludge is then recycled to head of aeration tank and mixed with the new
entering waste water. New activated sludge is produced continuously
and WAS is disposed along with primary treated sludge after proper
digestion.

The activated sludge plant results 80 to 95% of BOD removal and 90 to

95% bacteria removal by making the necessary set up such as

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(i) Ample supply of oxygen to plant

(ii) Intimate and continuous mixing waste water with activated sludge.

(iii) Constant rate of return sludge is made to be kept through out the
process.

5.1.3 Design of Aeration Tank

Aeration tank is the mixing and diffusing structure in the activated

sludge plant. These are rectangular in shape having the dimensions
ranging 3 to 4.5m deep, 4 to 6m wide and 20 to 200m length. Air is
introduced continuously to the tank. Combined Aeration type aerators
having the diffused air aeration as well as mechanical aeration together
in a single unit are used in the project. The Dorroco model is designed as
it gives higher efficiency and occupies less space. This results in higher
efficiency and lesser detention period and lesser amount of compressed
air.
5.1.4 Design
Quantity of waste water = 0.0059 m³/sec
=509.76m/day
We know fro ASP unit.
Intial BOD = 180 mg/litre

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Final BOD 13 mg/litre
Efficiency = Unitia BOD-Final Bed) X 100/ Initial BOD
=(180-13) x 100/180
= 92.7%.
Therefore for between 82-92, We
have.
F/M = 0.3 and MLSS= 2000 mg/litre.
NOW F/M = Qx Yo /Vx Xt
=0.3 (509.76 x 180)/vx 2000
V=152.928 m³

5.1.5.1 Check for H.R.T:

T= V/Q
= 152.928 X 24/509.76
= 7.2 hours [ within the limit J.

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5.1.5.2 Check for volumetric loading rate :

VLR = .509 x 180/152

=0.6 kg/day/m3

5.1.5.3 Return sludge ratio : r=Qr/Q

Assuming SVI = 100 ml/g
R = 2000
= 10^6/100-200
T= 0.25

5.1.5.4 Check for solid retention time:

V.Xt= ay.Q(Yo-Yc) Bc/ 1 + Ke x 8c
44.064 x 2000 = 1x 146.88 (180-13 )x 0c/1+0.66 0c

5.1.5.5 Tank dimensions:

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 d=3m and b 4.5m
Total length of aeration tank = V/ bd
=44.064/3 x 4.5
=3.5 m.
Providing 2 baffles gives 3 sections
Length of each tank-3.5/3 L
= 1.2m.
Providing.
Thickness of baffle = 0.2 m.
Total width = (3 x 1.2)+(3 x 0.2)
= 3.6+0.4
Width = 4m.
Free board = 0.5 m.
Overall depth = 3.5 m.
Overall tank dimensions:
1.2m x 4m x 3.5m

5.1.5.6 Air requirement:

Assuming air = 100 m/day/kg of BOD removed
Air required = BOD removed x air required per kg of BOD
=0.509 1/day x (180-13 ) x 100
=5.76 m³/min

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33|Page
34|Page
5.2 Secondary Sedementation Tank:

A sedimentation tank constructed next to the aeration tank is the

secondary sedimentation. This tank will be as the primary sedimentation
tank with certain modifications as no floating materials are here,
provisions for the removal of scum, floatage are not needed. The surface
area for the secondary sedimentation tank is designed for both overflow
rate basis and solids, loading rate basis. The larger value is adopted.

5.2.1 Design:
Average flow Q=0.0059 m³/sec
Q=0.0059 x 3600 x 24 m³/day
Q-509 m²/day
Re-circulated flow is 53% of Q
Re-circulated flow = 270 m²/day
Hydraulic detention period = 2 hours
Total in-flow-509+270=779 m³/day
Volume of tank (inclusive of hopper) = 779 -779 x(2/24)
=65 m^3

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Providing liquid depth of 3.5m

Surface loading rate=25 m³/ day

Area of the tank =509/25

=20.36 m²

Therefore, area of the tank = 21 m²

Diameter of the tank {A(4/π)}^1/2

6m

Therefore, the diameter of the tank =6m

secondary sedimentation tank is designed for the dimension of 6m x

3.5m

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36|Page
37|Page
 CONCLUSION:

A successful technical project involves integration of various fields. This

is an attempt to combine several aspects of environmental, biological
and chemical and civil engineering

The plant is designed perfectly to meet the future expansion for the next
30 years in accordance with Indian Codal provisions. This project consists
the design of the complete components of a Waste water Treatment
Plant from receiving chamber, screening chamber, grit chamber,
skimming tank, sedimentation tank, secondary clarifier for waste water

Table 7: PLANT DETAILS

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 REFERENCE

1. Azad, A.S. (1995). "Design of primary waste water treatment plant".

Madras Agricultural Journal 1994, 81:5, pp 272-273;

2. Besnarek, W. and Tkaczyk, P. (1999) folia - "Waste water treatment

and disposal" agricultural journal 2001, pp 50-72;

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 ABSTRACT

The scarcity of fossil fuel and the increased pollution leads the use of
Electric Vehicles (EV) instead of conventional Internal Combustion Engine
(ICE) vehicles. The shortage of fossil fuel is the most critical issue over
worldwide and the immediate solution is to minimize the use of fossil
fuel as much as possible. Moreover, conventional IC engine vehicles emit
carbon dioxide and various greenhouse gasses by making it harder to
satisfy environmental regulations. The solution leads to adopting
alternate fuel vehicles such as Electric Vehicles (EV) does not emit
tailpipe pollutant like particulates, ozone, volatile organic compounds,
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, lead and oxides of nitrogen which plays
a vital role in air pollution and greenhouse gas Moreover the fossil fuel
issue can be minimized. The objective of this project work is to retrofit
the two-wheeler petrol vehicle into an electric vehicle that is less
expensive as compared to the new electric vehicle and it allows us to
utilize old petrol vehicles for retrofitting. It will create new opportunities
for start-ups. The business model implication highlight how a new
startup can set up and integrate ICE into EV conversion into existing
market structures.