SAMPLING
Module – 4
Prepare by,
Drisya K Sasi
Assistant Professor
Department of EEE
SCET Kodakara
Definition
• It is the process of converting continuous time signals to
discrete time signals.
• The value of signal is measured at certain intervals of time
• Each measurement is referred to as sample.
Process of Sampling
• First obtain the signal values from the continuous time
signal at regular intervals of time and it is called sampling
period (Ts)
• Its reciprocal is called sampling frequency (fs)
• The result of this process will be a sequence of numbers.
• Discrete time signal will be denoted as x(n) such that
x(n) = x(nTs)
Process of Sampling
Eg:
x(t) = 3t
x(n) = 3 * n * Ts
Let Ts = 0.2 sec
x(n) = 3 * n * 0.2
x(0) = 3 * 0 * 0.2 = 0
x(1) = 3 * 1 * 0.2 = 0.6
x(2) = 3 * 2 * 0.2 = 1.2
x(-1) = 3 * -1 * 0.2 = -0.6
x(-2) = 3 * -2 * 0.2 = -1.2
Process of Sampling
• The continuous time signal x(t) is multiplied with an impulse
train δT(t).
Sampling Theorem
Sampling Theorem states that a continuous time signal can
be converted to its samples and can be completely recovered
from its samples, without information loss, provided the
sampling frequency (fs) is greater than or equal to twice the
maximum frequency component (fm) present in the original
signal.
𝑓𝑠 ≥ 2𝑓𝑚
Sampling Theorem
Sampling Theorem
Over Sampling (𝒇𝒔 > 𝟐𝒇𝒎 )
Under Sampling (𝒇𝒔 < 𝟐𝒇𝒎 ) Critical Sampling (𝒇𝒔 = 𝟐𝒇𝒎 )
Aliasing
If the signal is under sampled (𝒇𝒔 < 𝟐𝒇𝒎 ), the spectrum of
the sampled signal overlap with one another. This process of
spectral overlap is called aliasing.
Due to aliasing, the original signal cannot be recovered from
its samples without information loss.
Nyquist Rate
The minimum possible sampling rate (sampling frequency) to
avoid aliasing is called Nyquist Rate.
Nyquist Rate = 2𝑓𝑚
