PRESIDENTIAL

In systems that employ the division of powers, a head of state, usually

known as the president, is in charge of the executive branch, which is
independent of the legislative branch. This arrangement is known as a
presidential system, or single executive system. Most of the time, this head
of state also serves as the head of government. Under a presidential system,
the president is chosen, either directly or indirectly, by the people and is not
answerable to the legislature. The legislature also has the power to remove
the president, unless in extreme circumstances. In a parliamentary system,
on the other hand, the head of state is elected by the legislature. This is in
contrast to a presidential system.
The term "president" is not used in all presidential systems. Similarly,
, the title is sometimes used by other systems. It originated from a time
when such a person personally presided over the governing body, as with
the President of the Continental Congress in the early United States, prior to
the executive function being split into a separate branch of government. It
may also be used by presidents in semi-presidential systems. Heads of state
of parliamentary republics, largely ceremonial in most cases, are called
presidents. Dictators or leaders of one-party states, whether popularly
elected or not, are also often called presidents.

The presidential system is the dominant form of government in the mainland

Americas, with 18 of its 22 sovereign states being presidential republics, the
exceptions being Canada, Belize, Guyana and Suriname. It is also prevalent
in Central and southern West Africa and in Central Asia. By contrast, there
are very few presidential republics in Europe, with Belarus, Cyprus, and
Turkey being the only examples.
other systems do not always use the title. Its roots can be found in an era
when the head of state was personally in charge of the executive branch, as
was the case with the President of the Continental Congress in the early
United States, before that branch was divided off. Presidents in semi-
presidential systems may also utilize it. Presidents are the heads of state of
parliamentary republics; they are typically purely ceremonial positions.
Presidents are also frequently used to refer to autocrats or leaders of one-
party regimes, whether or not they are elected by the people.
With the exception of Canada, Belize, Guyana, and Suriname, 18 of the 22
sovereign states in the continent of North America have presidential
republican systems of government. It is also widely used.
in Central Asia. By contrast, there are very few presidential republics in
Europe, with Belarus, Cyprus, and Turkey being the only examples.
in the Asian region. In comparison, Europe has very few presidential
republics; the only ones are Turkey, Cyprus, and Belarus.
Systems of government can be broadly categorized into parliamentary and presidential systems,
with the executive branch playing a central role. In a parliamentary system, the executive is
derived from the legislative branch, typically headed by a prime minister. Conversely, in a
presidential system, the executive branch, led by a president, is independent of the legislature.
These systems influence decision-making processes, checks and balances, and the distribution of
powers within a government.

Government systems, particularly focusing on the executive branch, are commonly categorized
into parliamentary and presidential systems. 1. Parliamentary System: - Executive Formation:
The head of government (e.g., Prime Minister) is typically a member of the legislative branch
and emerges from the majority party or coalition. - Role of Legislature: The executive's power is
intertwined with the legislature, with the ability to dissolve parliament in some cases. -
Flexibility: Rapid government changes are possible through votes of no confidence. 2.
Presidential System: - Executive Independence: The head of state (President) is elected
separately from the legislature, maintaining a distinct separation of powers. - Stability: Fixed
terms provide stability to the executive branch, as the president is not dependent on legislative
support for continuation. - Checks and Balances: The separation of powers between the
executive and legislative branches ensures a system of checks and balances. These systems
influence governance styles, decision-making processes, and the relationship between the
executive and legislative branches in a country.

The Executive branch is controlled by the higher political officials such president and vice
president
 ADVANTAGE

Direct Elections: Because Robert E. Dahl's concept of "polyarchy" emphasizes

responsibility, the president is frequently elected directly by the people, endowing his
authority with greater legitimacy than that of an indirect appointee.
Separation of Powers: A presidential system establishes the three branches of the
government – the executive, legislative, and judiciary as independent with each other. This
allows each structure to monitor and check the other, preventing abuses of power.
Stability: Compared to a prime minister who can be fired at any time, a president is often
more stable due to their fixed tenure. In contrast to parliamentary systems, where the
prime minister may call elections whenever they see fit or organize their own vote of no
confidence to force an election when they are unable to pass legislation, supporters of the
presidential system view the fixed nature of elections as a welcome "check" on the powers
of the executive

DISADVANTAGE.

Authoritarian inclination: In a presidential system, the people gives the president and legislature
equal mandates. It's possible that disputes between the departments of government won't be
resolved. There is a significant incentive to adopt extra-constitutional methods to break
deadlocks when the president and legislature cannot agree and the government is not functioning
efficiently.

Political Gridlock: Under a presidential system of separation of powers, the legislature and the
President are established as two independent institutions. When the president and the majority of
lawmakers are from different parties, as is frequently the case, critics contend that this can lead
to an unfavorable and protracted political impasse because voters typically anticipate new
policies to take effect sooner than is practical.

Obstacles to the Transition of Leadership: Presidential systems frequently make it difficult to

remove a president from office early, for instance, following the adoption of controversial
actions. Even if a president is shown to be ineffective, even if he loses popularity, and even if the
majority of his fellow citizens disagree with his policies,
 PARLIAMENTARY

PARLIAMENTARY: a form of government where a "monarch" or "president" is in charge of

the ceremonial or nominal head of state, and a "premier" or "prime minister" is in charge of the
executive head of government.

Cabinet Formation: Following the general election, the prime minister names the members of his
cabinet, also known as the council of ministers. The job of the prime minister is crucial.

Teamwork: Under the parliamentary system, all ministers collaborate with one another. They
have to compromise on an issue in a cabinet meeting and the minister involved must either resign
or be dismissed from cabinet because of different perspectives

Premier's Supremacy: In a ministerial system of government, the prime minister is extremely

powerful and endowed with several authorities. He or she serves as the president of the chamber
in the legislative and as the head of the ministerial council in the executive branch.

Coordination of Powers: The legislative and the executive branch, which together comprise this
structure's two main branches, are each responsible for exercising a certain set of powers. The
legislature and the executive branch are mutually dependent.

Political Collective Responsibility: Another important aspect of the parliamentary system is that
the cabinet is accountable to the legislature collectively. The legislature has a number of
procedural tools at its disposal to scrutinize and contest the decisions of the cabinet. As long as
ministers have faith in the legislation, they will continue to have authority.

Term: The Constitution will decide the office's tenure, albeit not in a strict sense. A minister may
be removed or replaced at any moment. It is possible to dissolve parliament in times of national
emergency. The administration leaves office with the dissolution of parliament. By a vote of no
confidence, the parliament can overthrow the administration.

Maintains Government Continuity: In the event of a change in government, the Head of State
remains in office. The Head of Government alone, along with her entire government, does. The
benefit is that there is someone to keep the State together until a new government is established.
 ADVANTAGES

It Lightens the Workload: A legislative structure has a dual executive. Stated differently, there is
a Head of State and a Head of Government. As a result, it makes sense for the two executives to
divide up the executive responsibilities. It is less stressful for them both to share the workload.
One feature of a representational system of government is the existence of an official opposition,
which makes it less likely to turn tyrannical. Maintaining the status quo of the government is one
of the opposition's main goals. If the government is maintained, the leader is less likely to turn
into a despot.
Less expensive: Under the parliamentary form of government, candidates must cast their votes
for the seats that represent their constituency. The party with the majority seat will then go on to
establish the next government, which will be led by the prime minister. The advantage is that
there is just one possible amount, so there will be lower expenses.
Ensures responsible governance: In ministerial system, the whole cabinet is collectively
responsible for all their acts before Parliament. Parliament is a representative of the people and
has the right to pass a vote of no confidence in the cabinet if it is no longer accepted by them. In
this case, the government needs to resign to replace the en-bloc with another.
State loyalty: The Head of State has a nonpartisan, or at least planned, position. Thus, the nation-
state is embodied in the Head of State. Because of this, the populace seems devoted to the state's
head of state.

DISADVANTAGES

Conflicts between the opposition and the ruling party: The system may cause the opposition and
the ruling party to develop unhealthy rivalry. The opposition is seen as a potential government
and has official recognition. Thus, in an attempt to obtain political advantage, they may fall into
the trap of criticizing the current government excessively.
Expensive to run: The Parliamentary system of government's dual executive branch results in
increased costs because the offices of the President, the Queen, and the Prime Minister each
require different facilities and logistical support. As a result, unneeded national resources are
wasted.
It goes against the idea of separation of powers, which holds that the legislative, executive, and
judicial branches of government should have distinct roles, staffing levels, and authority.
Nonetheless, the legislative and executive branches share authority under the parliamentary
system.
Disagreement between the head of state and the head of government: In a parliamentary form of
government, the dual executive may give rise to disputes. This could happen as a result of
disagreements between the two executives regarding state policies and programs.
Parliamentarians exhibit a lack of initiative: The parliamentary system strictly adheres to party
discipline. A member of Parliament, for example, is not permitted to vote against party policy.
Drift toward instability: There's a chance that things will go in that direction. This occurs when
the legislature passes a vote of no confidence in the government, forcing it to step down. Stated
differently, the government may be overthrown before its rightful time.
 INSTITUTIONAL TYPES OF GOVERNMENT

A UNITARY government is one in which all political authority is centralized at the federal
level. Because power is centralized in one location, a unitary government is also known as
a centralized government. Generally speaking, local governments' only responsibility is to
carry out and enforce the laws and regulations passed at the federal level.

CHARACTERISTICS

Centralization of power: The state's whole power structure is centered around the central
government, which has all authority within its unitary framework. In this system, there are no
state governments, and the Constitution gives the federal government complete authority to enact
laws, manage affairs, and make decisions. There isn't another organization that shares authority
with the federal government. On the one hand, the central government manages the state
administration transparently, fearlessly, and with complete authority over external intervention.
On the other hand, the rulers use their power in a completely uncontrolled way.

Centralization of power: The state's whole power structure is centered around the central
government, which has all authority within its unitary framework. In this system, there are no
state governments, and the Constitution gives the federal government complete authority to enact
laws, manage affairs, and make decisions. There isn't another organization that shares authority
with the federal government. On the one hand, the central government manages the state
administration transparently, fearlessly, and with complete authority over external intervention.
On the other hand, the rulers use their power in a completely uncontrolled way.
Single and simple government: a unitary government is very straightforward system. With the
exception of Britain, the core has no regional legislatures and leaders, nor the upper chambers.
The center consists of a single central government. There is a popularly elected unicameral
legislature. There is the central legislature to legislate, executive to implement, and the judiciary
to adjudicate with no part. Their costs are lower and the state works with a single command.
Upper chambers are typically costly and vulnerable states are unable to afford those costs. So, it
is a method that's simple and understandable.
Uniformity of laws: Another feature of a unitary government is that, in contrast to federations,
laws under a unitary system are made by a single central government, but they are uniform in
nature. Laws enacted by the center are applied similarly in the rest of the state when in a
federation, without any territorial distinction; the structure of the law varies from province to
province. In the unitary set-up, therefore, uniformity of rules is in line with the concepts of
justice and human existence.
No allocation of powers: Federal form of state constitutions splits powers between the center and
the provinces. In a unitary organization, however, the constitution offers no explanation of the
distribution of authorities. All of the components make up the central government. Under this
plan, the government is not in the business of transferring authorities.

Versatile constitutions: In actuality, unitary state constitutions are frequently adaptable. Only
until strong and stable ties are established between the federating units and the center will a strict
constitution be required in the federation. One advantage of a unitary structure's constitution is
its adaptability to changing conditions and needs over time. A state must administer its affairs in
conformity with evolving objectives, and this requires a constitution. As time goes on, people's
goals change, and constitutions are modified to reflect these changes. Its adaptability opens the
door for progressivism.
Potential for despotism (tyranny): One of this structure's key characteristics is its susceptibility to
despotism in the event that its leaders fail to act in a loyal and patriotic manner. The center holds
all authority, and there are no restrictions on how these unbounded powers are used.
Accountability: Undoubtedly, the organization bears greater responsibility than federations. One
crucial aspect of this kind of state is that the obligation is set in the existing institutions. Central
legislatures are in charge of enforcing laws, supervising executive branches, and reviewing
judiciaries. These organizations try their utmost to adhere to the land law circular since they are
accountable for their constitutional duties.

ADVANTAGES
* The central government is the only entity to which citizens owe loyalty. This might encourage
a united country.
* Excellent for tiny geographically located nations.
* It is less expensive because it does not require funding from the state for other tiers of
government.
* More likely to promote unity and internal stability among the nation's diverse ethnic groupings.
* facilitates making decisions quickly.
* Since the national government is directly in charge of everything, development is more likely
to be consistent and even throughout the nation.
 DISADVANTAGES

*Because all the power is centralized, there is an excessive amount of work to be done.
* Has the tendency to become dictatorial.
* There is hardly room for experiments to figure out the pitfalls and loopholes of policies rolled
out by the government.
* The allocation of the nation's resources may not always be equitable because certain areas may
be disregarded for political reasons. To put it another way, certain minority interests might be
disregarded.
* Many citizens under unitary governments are used to waiting for the central government to
initiate and implement policies and this could stifle local initiatives.
 FEDERAL
A federal government is one that distributes authority between a powerful federal government
and smaller local governments. This indicates that local autonomy is granted to federal states or
local government bodies.

CHARACTERISTICS

* There are two tiers of governance under federalism. One is a central authority that manages the
nation's main affairs. The other is more of a local government that manages the daily operations
and affairs of that specific area.
* The same citizens will be governed by all levels of government, while their areas of authority
will alter. This implies that the ability to enact, amend, and carry out laws will be specific to each
level of government. Each government will have a distinct area of jurisdiction. One of the
governments won't be limited to serving as a figurehead.
* The requirement that this federal form of government be guaranteed by the constitution is
another crucial component. This ensures a federal form of governance by requiring the powers
and responsibilities of both or all governments to be enumerated in the nation's constitution.
* A single tier of government is not authorized to unilaterally alter or amend the fundamental and
significant clauses of the constitution. For such changes to be implemented, they need to be
approved by all governmental levels.
* Conflicts between the federal and local governments must be able to be settled by the courts.
*There should be a system in place for revenue sharing. Both levels of government should have
their own autonomous revenue streams. Because if one such government depends on the other
for funds to carry out its functions, it really is not autonomous in its true nature.

ADVANTAGES
*The local government units or federal states have the authority to solve its own problems.
*The local government units or federal states have the authority to create their own laws and
policies which they think may be beneficial to them.
*Division of work between the central and the regional governments leads to optimum utilization
of resources. The central government can concentrate more on international affairs and defense
of the country while the provincial government can cater to the local needs.
*Federalism provides room for innovation and experimentation. Two local governments can
have two different approaches to bring reforms in any area of public domain, be it taxation or
education. The comparison of the results of these policies can give a clear idea of which policy is
better and thus, can be adopted in the future.
DISADVANTAGES