Lecture Notes on Mathematical Concepts in AI

For Continuous Assessment 1

Dr. Shiladitya Munshi

Introduction to Linear Equations

Definition of a Linear Equation

A linear equation is an algebraic equation where the highest power of

any variable is 1. It can be represented in the form:

ax + b = 0

where a and b are constants, and x is the variable.

Slope-Intercept Form
The slope-intercept form of a linear equation is:

y = mx + b

where:
• m is the slope of the line
• b is the y-intercept (the point where the line crosses the y-axis)

Point-Slope Form
The point-slope form of a linear equation is:
y - y1 = m(x - x1)
where:
• (x1, y1) is a point on the line
• m is the slope of the line

Standard Form
The standard form of a linear equation is:
Ax + By = C
where A, B, and C are constants.
Graphing Linear Equations
To graph a linear equation, you can:
1. Find the y-intercept: Set x to 0 and solve for y.
2. Find the x-intercept: Set y to 0 and solve for x.
3. Plot the intercepts: Plot the points you found in steps 1 and 2.
4. Draw the line: Draw a straight line through the plotted points.

Applications of Linear Equations

Linear equations are used in many real-world applications, such as:
• Calculating the cost of a phone plan
• Determining the amount of interest earned on a savings account

Intercepts and Slopes

X-Intercept

The x-intercept is the point where a line crosses the x-axis. At this point, the y-
coordinate is 0. To find the x-intercept, set y to 0 in the equation of the line and solve for
x.

Y-Intercept

The y-intercept is the point where a line crosses the y-axis. At this point, the x-
coordinate is 0. To find the y-intercept, set x to 0 in the equation of the line and solve for
y.

Slope

The slope of a line is a measure of its steepness. It is defined as the rise over run
between two points on the line. Mathematically, the slope (m) can be calculated using
the formula:

m = (y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1)

where (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are two points on the line.
Relationship Between Slope and Y-Intercept

The slope-intercept form of a linear equation, y = mx + b, shows the relationship

between the slope and the y-intercept:

• m is the slope of the line.

• b is the y-intercept of the line.

Applications of Slope and Intercepts

Slope and intercepts have many real-world applications, such as:

• Calculating the rate of change of a quantity

• Determining the initial value of a quantity
• Analyzing the relationship between two variables

Intercepts and Slopes: Examples

Example 1: Finding the Intercepts and Slope

Given the equation 2x + 3y = 6, find the x-intercept, y-intercept, and

slope.
• X-intercept: Set y to 0 and solve for x:
o 2x + 3(0) = 6
o 2x = 6
o x = 3
o X-intercept: (3, 0)
• Y-intercept: Set x to 0 and solve for y:
o 2(0) + 3y = 6
o 3y = 6
o y = 2
o Y-intercept: (0, 2)
• Slope: To find the slope, we can use any two points on the line.
Let's use the x-intercept and y-intercept:
o m = (2 - 0) / (0 - 3) = -2/3
Therefore, the x-intercept is (3, 0), the y-intercept is (0, 2), and the
slope is -2/3.
Example 2: Graphing a Line Using Slope and Y-Intercept

Graph the line y = -1/2x + 3.

1. Plot the y-intercept: The y-intercept is (0, 3). Plot this point on the
graph.
2. Use the slope to find another point: The slope is -1/2, which
means that for every 1 unit you move down, you move 2 units to
the right. Starting from the y-intercept (0, 3), move 1 unit down and
2 units to the right. This brings you to the point (2, 2).
3. Draw the line: Draw a straight line through the points (0, 3) and (2,
2).

Example 3: Real-World Application

The cost of renting a car is $25 per day plus $0.20 per mile. Write a
linear equation to represent the total cost of renting a car for a day, and
find the cost of renting a car for 100 miles.
• Let x be the number of miles driven.
 • Let y be the total cost.
• The equation is: y = 0.20x + 25
• To find the cost of renting a car for 100 miles, substitute x with 100:
o y = 0.20(100) + 25
o y = 20 + 25
o y = 45
• The cost of renting a car for 100 miles is $45.

Systems of Equations

Definition

A system of equations is a set of two or more equations with the same

variables.

Solving Systems of Equations by Graphing

1. Graph each equation individually.
2. The solution is the point(s) where the graphs intersect.

Solving Systems of Equations by Substitution

1. Solve one equation for one variable.
2. Substitute the expression from step 1 into the other equation.
3. Solve the resulting equation for the remaining variable.
4. Substitute the value found in step 3 back into either original
equation to find the other variable.

Solving Systems of Equations by Elimination

1. Multiply one or both equations by constants so that the coefficients
of one variable are opposites.
2. Add the equations together to eliminate one variable.
3. Solve the resulting equation for the remaining variable.
4. Substitute the value found in step 3 back into either original
equation to find the other variable.
Applications of Systems of Equations

Systems of equations are used to solve real-world problems involving

two or more unknowns, such as:

• Determining the cost of two items

• Finding the dimensions of a rectangle
• Analyzing a mixture problem

Solving Systems of Equations: Examples

Example 1: Solving by Graphing

Solve the system of equations:
• x + y = 4
• 2x - y = 1
Solution: The lines intersect at the point (1, 3). Therefore, the solution to
the system is x = 1 and y = 3.

Example 2: Solving by Substitution

Solve the system of equations:
• x + 2y = 5
• 3x - y = 1
1. Solve the first equation for x: x = 5 - 2y
2. Substitute this expression for x in the second equation: 3(5 - 2y) - y
=1
3. Simplify and solve for y: 15 - 6y - y = 1
o 15 - 7y = 1
o 7y = 14
o y = 2
4. Substitute y = 2 back into the first equation: x + 2(2) = 5
o x + 4= 5
o x = 1
Solution: x = 1 and y = 2.

Example 3: Solving by Elimination

Solve the system of equations:
 2x + 3y = 8
•
• 3x - 2y = 1
1. Multiply the first equation by 2 and the second equation by 3:
o 4x + 6y = 16
o 9x - 6y = 3
2. Add the equations: 13x = 19
o x = 19/13
3. Substitute x = 19/13 back into the first equation: 2(19/13) + 3y = 8
o 3y = 8 - 38/13
o 3y = 62/13
o y = 62/39
Solution: x = 19/13 and y = 62/39.

Exponentials, Radicals, and Logarithms

Exponential Functions
An exponential function is a function of the form:

y = a^x

where a is a positive constant called the base, and x is the exponent.

• Properties of Exponents:
o a^0 = 1
o a^1 = a
o a^m * a^n = a^(m+n)
o (a^m)^n = a^(mn)
o a^(-m) = 1/a^m
o (a/b)^m = a^m / b^m

Radical Expressions
A radical expression is an expression containing a root, such as the
square root or cube root. The nth root of a number x is written as:
√x
where n is the index of the root.
 • Simplifying Radical Expressions:
o √(ab) = √a * √b*
o √(a/b) = √a / √b
o √(a^m) = a^(m/n)

Logarithmic Functions
The logarithm of a number x to the base a is written as:
log_a(x)
It is the exponent to which a must be raised to equal x.
• Properties of Logarithms:
o log_a(a) = 1
o log_a(1) = 0
o log_a(x^m) = m * log_a(x)
o log_a(xy) = log_a(x) + log_a(y)
o log_a(x/y) = log_a(x) - log_a(y)

Examples of Exponential, Radical, and Logarithmic

Expressions

Exponential Expressions
• Simplify: 2^3 * 2^5
o 2^3 * 2^5 = 2^(3+5) = 2^8 = 256
• Evaluate: 5^(-2)
o 5^(-2) = 1/5^2 = 1/25
• Solve: 2^x = 16
o 2^x = 2^4
o x = 4
Radical Expressions
• Simplify: √72
o √72 = √(36 * 2) = √36 * √2 = 6√2
• Evaluate: ∛27
o ∛27 = 3
• Solve: √(x+4) = 3
o x+4 = 9
o x = 5
Logarithmic Expressions
• Evaluate: log_2(8)
o 2^3 = 8
o log_2(8) = 3
• Solve: log_3(x) = 2
o 3^2 = x
o x = 9
• Simplify: log_5(25) + log_5(125)
o log_5(25) + log_5(125) = log_5(25 * 125) = log_5(3125) = 5

Practice MCQs Based on Previous Lecture Notes

Linear Equations
1. A linear equation is an equation where the highest power of any
variable is:
o (a) 2
o (b) 1
o (c) 0
o (d) 3
2. In the slope-intercept form y = mx + b, m represents the:
o (a) y-intercept
o (b) x-intercept
o (c) slope
o (d) constant term
3. The point-slope form of a line passing through the point (2, 3) with
a slope of 4 is:
o (a) y - 2 = 4(x - 3)
o (b) y - 3 = 4(x - 2)
o (c) y + 3 = 4(x + 2)
o (d) y + 2 = 4(x + 3)
Intercepts and Slopes
4. The x-intercept of a line is the point where it intersects the:
o (a) x-axis
o (b) y-axis
o (c) origin
 o (d) diagonal
5. The slope of a horizontal line is:
o (a) 0
o (b) 1
o (c) undefined
o (d) -1
Systems of Equations
6. A system of equations has no solution if the graphs of the
equations:
o (a) intersect at one point
o (b) are parallel
o (c) coincide
o (d) are perpendicular
7. The solution to the system of equations x + y = 5 and x - y = 3 is:
o (a) (4, 1)
o (b) (1, 4)
o (c) (2, 3)
o (d) (3, 2)
Exponentials
8. The value of 2^3 * 2^4 is:
o (a) 32
o (b) 64
o (c) 128
o (d) 256
9. The expression 5^(-2) is equivalent to:
o (a) 25
o (b) -25
o (c) 1/25
o (d) -1/25
Radicals
10. The simplified form of √72 is:
• (a) 6√2
• (b) 2√6
• (c) 3√8
• (d) 4√3
11. The value of ∛27 is:
 • (a) 3
• (b) 9
• (c) 81
• (d) 27
Logarithms
12. The value of log_3(81) is:
• (a) 2
• (b) 3
• (c) 4
• (d) 5
13. The expression log_2(8) is equivalent to:
• (a) 2
• (b) 3
• (c) 4
• (d) 5
Applications of Linear Equations
14. The equation y = 15x + 25 represents the total cost of renting
a car, where x is the number of miles driven. What is the cost per
mile?
• (a) $15
• (b) $25
• (c) $40
• (d) $10
15. A phone plan costs $30 per month plus $0.10 per minute. If
you use 200 minutes in a month, what is your total bill?
• (a) $30
• (b) $50
• (c) $70
• (d) $90