Lesson 2

Historical Antecedents Which

Revolutionized Science and
Technology in the Philippines

Credit Image Source: laurenhill.wmsb.qc.ca

Introduction
What was the Scientific Revolution and when was it? The Introduction states that it
started around 1500 and ended around 1700 and it is the most important and talked-about era in
the history of science. Some see it as a break from the medieval world. Others see it as an
illusion of retrospection. The period saw a substantial increase in the number of people asking
questions about the natural world, a proliferation of new answers, and the development of new
methods for getting answers. The Scientific Revolution laid many of the foundations that
continue to underpin modern scientific methods and knowledge.

Specific Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. 1.Engage in lifelong learning and be cognizant of the need to keep abreast of the
developments in the specific field of practice (PQF level 6 descriptor)
2. Effectively communicate orally and in writing using both English and Filipino
3. Work effectively and independently in multidisciplinary and multi-cultural teams (PQF
level 6 descriptor)
4. Recognize professional, social, and ethical responsibility 5. Appreciate “Filipino
historical and cultural heritage” (based on RA 7722)

Lesson Proper

Ancient, Middle and Modern Ages Science and Technology in the Philippines Intellectual
revolutions that defined society.

A. Nicolaus Copernicus-Polish Mikołaj Kopernik, German Nikolaus Kopernikus,

(born February 19, 1473, Toruń, Royal Prussia, Poland—died May 24, 1543,
Freudenberg, East Prussia [now Frombork, Poland]), Polish astronomer who proposed
that the planets have the Sun as the fixed point to which their motions are to be referred;
that Earth is a planet which, besides orbiting the Sun annually, also turns once daily on its
own axis; and that very slow long-term changes in the direction of this axis account for
the precession of the equinoxes. This representation of the heavens is usually called
the heliocentric, or “Sun-centered,” system—derived from the Greek helios, meaning
“Sun.” Copernicus’s theory had important consequences for later thinkers of the
Scientific Revolution, including such major figures as Galileo, Kepler, Descartes,
and Newton. Copernicus probably hit upon his main idea sometime between 1508 and
1514, and during those years he wrote a manuscript usually called
the Commentariolus (“Little Commentary”). However, the book that contains the final
version of his theory, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium libri vi (“Six Books
Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs”), did not appear in print until 1543,
the year of his death.

B. Charles Darwin-in full Charles Robert Darwin, (born

February 12, 1809, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England—died
April 19, 1882, Downe, Kent), English naturalist
whose scientific theory of evolution by natural
selection became the foundation of modern evolutionary
studies. An affable country gentleman, Darwin at first shocked religious Victorian society
by suggesting that animals and humans shared a common ancestry. However, his
nonreligious biology appealed to the rising class of professional scientists, and by the
time of his death evolutionary imagery had spread through all of science, literature, and
politics. Darwin, himself an agnostic, was accorded the ultimate British accolade of
burial in Westminster Abbey, London.

C. Sigmund Freud-(born May 6, 1856,

Freiberg, Moravia, Austrian Empire [now Příbor, Czech
Republic]—died September 23, 1939, London,
England), Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis. Freud’s article on
psychoanalysis appeared in the 13th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.

Science Technology and Nation Building

1. The Philippine Government S&T Agenda

The Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) spells
out the areas which will be the focus of scientific and technological efforts in 1993 to
1998. It is a part of a series of measures that shall be pursued to realize the vision of
Philippines 2000 which is to make the Philippines a newly industrializing country (NIC)
by the end of the century. The STAND emphasizes the development and utilization of
superior technologies to a level of competitive advantage. This document indicates the
major S&T intervention areas identified from a process of technical assessment and
consultation. The S&T intervention areas shall serve as basis for developing S&T
programs and projects by implementing agencies and for funding S&T programs and
projects of DOST and other government agencies and institutions.
Source Info: http://scinet.dost.gov.ph
2. Major development programs and personalities in S&T in the Philippines
The Science, Technology, Research, and Innovation for Development (STRIDE) Project
is a five-year $32 million initiative of the United States Agency for International Development
designed to spur inclusive economic growth in the Philippines by boosting science and
technology research.
Implemented by RTI International, the STRIDE project works closely with Philippine
academic institutions and industries to transform their capacity to produce research, university
graduates with industry-relevant skills and training, and innovative partnerships to accelerate
development in the country. STRIDE is achieving these goals through

 Improved higher education curriculum in response to the industry and the job market
needs
 Improved qualifications of faculty and staff in higher education institutions engaged in
relevant science, technology and innovation (STI) disciplines
 Improved research capacity in critical STI disciplines
 Strengthened linkages between universities and industry in high growth economic sectors
 Strengthened policy and management capacity of higher education institutions in
improving the STI ecosystem.

Learning Systems Institute experts in career counseling, career center design and
administration, instructional design, and human performance technology improvement are
helping to achieve STRIDE goals by establishing university-based career services centers in
Palawan and Mindanao.
In Manila, LSI restructured engineering instructional curricula for several engineering
schools to be more responsive to the needs of industry and the job market.
Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1994 (Republic Act No. The labor force
totaled to 40.05 million and 11.21 million were employed in the agriculture sector which was
around 30% of the national employment. The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
(Republic Act No. Dr. Galvez observed mitotic disruptive properties of Lunasin in mammalian
cancer cells, he saw that it prevented normal cells from turning into cancerous cells.
The Philippine National Health Research System Act (2013), meanwhile, has formed a
network of national and regional research consortia to boost domestic capacity. Scientific output
is modest, with Filipino scientists producing just nine articles per million inhabitants in 2014,
according to Thomson Reuters' Web of Science (Science Citation Index Expanded).
128 of January 30, 1987, Reorganizing the National Science and Technology Authority.
Trillion Dollar Coach Book (Bill Campbell) Most of the researches are inclined in solving the
problem of increasing hunger in the country by creating a more efficient and cheaper process of
yielding produce. The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution. 2
weeks ago This has become a widespread concern of governments especially since the post-
world war II years. The Philippine National Oil Co. -Alternative Fuels Corp and the San Carlos
Bioenergy Inc. are discussing on creating a 1,000-hectare sweet sorghum plantation solely for
the purpose of using the produce as feedstock for bioethanol production. Engineering is the field
of science that applies both science and math to solve problems. The Department of Education,
with the National Science Development Board (NSDB), is organizing a project to provide
selected high schools with science teaching equipment over a four-year period. In his Third
State of the Nation Address on January 22, 1968, he recognized that technology was the leading
factor in economic development, and channeled additional funds to support projects in applied
sciences and science education. In his Fourth State of the Nation Address on January 27, 1969,
he gave a big part of the war damage fund to private universities to encourage them to create
courses in science and technology and to research. 1295 of January 27, 1978, Creating the
National Engineering Center. Your message goes here The main agency responsible for
managing science and technology (S&T) is the Department of Science and Technology (DOST).
Executive Order No. A Research and Development Plan was also formulated to examine and
determine which areas of research needed attention and must be given priority.
• Because of this situation, the DOST embarked on the Engineering and Science Education
Project (ESEP) in 1992 through a World Bank loan. The Science and Technology Master Plan
was formulated which aimed at the modernization of the production sector, upgrading research
activities, and development of infrastructure for science and technological purposes.

Such projects included research and development schools, technical institutes, science
education centers, and agricultural colleges and vocational high schools. In 1972, he created the
National Grains Authority to provide for the development of the rice and corn industry to fully
harness it for the economy of the country. The grants for the research and development programs
was included in the Omnibus Investment Law. There were noticeable improvements
regarding science and technology as stated in President Fidel Ramos' State of the Nation
Address. Forestry is the field of science that practice planting, managing and taking care of trees.
One example of the virtues of sustained support for research is the Technology Transfer Act
(2010) is expected to enhance innovation by providing a framework and support system for the
ownership, management, use and commercialization of intellectual property arising from
government-funded research and development (R&D).To better address needs in terms of
human capital, the Fast- Tracked Science and Technology Scholarship Act (2013)
expands the coverage of existing scholarship programmes and strengthens the
teaching of science and mathematics in secondary schools.

List of National Scientist of the Philippines

Year
Name Field of Specialization
Conferred
1. Juan S. Salcedo, Jr., M.D. (+) 1978 Nutrition and Public Health
2. Alfredo C. Santos, Dr.phil. (+) 1978 Physical Chemistry
3. Gregorio Y. Zara, D.Sc. (+) 1978 Engineering and Inventions
4. Fe Del Mundo, M.D. (+) 1980 Pediatrics
Plant Taxonomy, Systematics, and
5. Eduardo A. Quisumbing, Ph.D. (+) 1980
Morphology
6. Geminiano T. de Ocampo, Ph.D.
1982 Ophthalmology
(+)
7. Casimiro V. del Rosario, Ph.D (+) 1982 Physics, Astronomy, and Meteorology
8. Gregorio T. Velasquez, Ph.D. (+) 1982 Phycology
9. Francisco M. Fronda, Ph.D. (+) 1983 Animal Husbandry
 Human Nutrition and Agricultural
10. Francisco O. Santos, Ph.D. (++) 1983
Chemistry
11. Carmen C. Velasquez, Ph.D. (+) 1983 Parasitology
12. Teodoro A. Agoncillo, Litt.D. (+
1985 Philippine History
+)
13. Encarnacion A. Alzona, Ph.D. (+) 1985 Philippine History
14. Hilario D. G. Lara, M.D., Dr.
1985 Public Health
P.H. (+)
15. Julian A. Banzon, Ph.D. (+) 1986 Chemistry
16. Dioscoro L. Umali, Ph.D. (+) 1986 Agriculture and Rural Development
17. Luz Oliveros-Belardo, Ph.D. (+) 1987 Phytochemistry
18. Jose Encarnacion Jr., Ph.D. (+) 1987 Economics
19. Alfredo V. Lagmay, Ph.D. (+) 1988 Experimental Psychology
20. Paolo C. Campos, M.D. (+) 1989 Nuclear Medicine
21. Pedro B. Escuro, Ph.D. (+) 1994 Genetics and Plant Breeding
22. Clara Y. Lim-Sylianco, Ph.D. (+) 1994 Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry
23. Dolores A. Ramirez, Ph.D. 1998 Biochemical Genetics and Cytogenetics
24. Jose R. Velasco, Ph.D. (+) 1998 Plant Physiology
25. Gelia T. Castillo, Ph.D. 1999 Rural Sociology
26. Bienvenido O. Juliano, Ph.D. 2000 Organic Chemistry
27. Clare R. Baltazar, Ph.D. 2001 Systematic Entomology
28. Benito S. Vergara, Ph.D. 2001 Plant Physiology
29. Onofre D. Corpuz, Ph.D. (+) 2004 Political Economics and Government
30. Ricardo M. Lantican, Ph.D. 2005 Plant Breeding
31. Lourdes J. Cruz, Ph.D. 2006 Marine Biology
32. Teodulo M. Topacio 2008 Veterinary Medicine
33. Mercedes B. Concepcion 2010 Demography
34. Ernesto O. Domingo 2010 Infectious Diseases
35. Perla D. Santos-Ocampo (+) 2010 Pediatrics
36. Raul V. Fabella 2011 Economics
37. Bienvenido F. Nebres, S.J. 2011 Mathematics
38. Angel C. Alcala, Ph.D. 2014 Biological Sciences
39. Ramon C. Barba, Ph.D. 2014 Horticulture
40. Gavino C. Trono, PhD 2014 Marine Biology
41. Edgardo D. Gomez, PhD 2014 Marine Biology
Legend: (+) deceased; (++) posthumous conferment.

References/Additional Resources/Readings

Ackerman, Bruce; Fishkin, James S. “Deliberation Day”. Center for American Progress.
Retrieved April 21, 2015. [11] Hardin, Garrett. “The Tragedy of the Commons” (PDF).
www.sciencemag.org. American Association for the
 Advancement of Science. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
Asia Pacific Science Technology & Society Network
Bijker, W. E., Hughes, T. P., Pinch, T. and Douglas, D. G., The Social Construction of
Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology, MIT Press,
Cambridge, 2012.

Bohman, James (1998). “The Coming of Age of Deliberative Democracy”. The Journal of
Political Philosophy 6 (4): 400–425.

Chilvers, Jason (March 2008). “Deliberating Competence, Theoretical and Practitioners

Perspectives on Effective Participatory Appraisal Practice”. Science, Technology, &
Human Values 33 (2). Retrieved April 21, 2015.
Davidow, Bill. “The Tragedy of the Internet Commons”. theatlantic.com. The Atlantic.
Retrieved April 21, 2015. [13] Kahn, Matthew E. “Environmental and Urban
Economics”. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

Eisenstadt, Shmuel (Winter 2000). “Multiple Modernities”. Dædalus.

European Association for the Study of Science and Technology.

Feenberg, Andrew (1995). Alternative Modernity: The Technical Turn in Philosophy and
Social Theory. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520089860.
Japanese Society for Science and Technology Studies

Jasanoff, Sheila (2003). “Technologies of Humility: Citizen Participation in Governing

Science”. Minerva 41 (3): 223–244. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

Ryfe, David M. (March 4, 2005). “Does Deliberative Democracy Work?". Annual

Review of Political Science 8: 63–64. doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.8.032904.154633.
Retrieved April 10, 2015.
Winner, Langdon. “Artifact/Ideas and Political Culture.” Technology and the Future (1993):
283-92. Print.