Relationshiso blio_ ft and SR! The Selationhip blo the un [, and the slew sate SC: = '* 2 OR Ze ay ok 4Vp wy where Vp = 25 mV ot 100m Lemp. Wee Inf fo =i Mnz. Fo te 41, S@= 4x 25x10? 22x . Sein _bandeid ti Ses 100x103 x2nx1 xI08 3 Sk= 0.6263 VitS Thtaumentation Lifer: [ie anitncentation engiP a basally ifn oreplifica Bi meels certain nequivements » Th pee eee ities Such Os benp. pfs, aed huncdit ee is Seg uivedd, A trQradurcer As ued ts Convent ‘these, Guonbities inte o onat_ electrical s Quspute | the transbucer Dine applied ip on ie oe a oneple, ito the Low Jovel ofp sig of thePrarsdusces Wilh noi of ina a porinie SOME code to such a_hevel _ Brat Me CON CALE the ik Con rit Can dhive 4. iow howe. — Cap sof faectira hoe ¥ High Up reutance — Queict | Of the ip sxe Piet atipation — ‘tneesse the bate Me = ees erume Man, UncsbOted 6) cata aie = Pine Mesldnt dos decuate, cle asp api = Aguala aod aut LES ap Ie ieee vat i aye oeaansin: foals nee he Thee Qp- Arup Trebusmerctation Anplii Cwith Adystabie Gain) <— op Section —— <——l/p sectionclassmate Date Page The high impedance Oneplifcer. cated anplifier has been Shoo pond A, are non- inerting arptifieas Lai th theixn_invating Onde, connect tD resistor & d ctu it to As, the U coma guaund..As.the Up impedance. ¢ QU The “Op-Qmpi are 0 be then Up cument is zero. ae Therefore, p Corrente gine the reistor Ry Ro ord Ra iy same Mie. Sapission apm Using the fonceak. of Withuial hour, We Can abtarn thes ot node A and Bs Va_= and Va, = Vs. - -O Qwaent IT, T= Va-Ve . Vo-V, -@ Ro Ro The off je Of Opamp 2 ts, or “inte = Vp tTey Voo—* Vat Vir a=W) Re Checome2 e [eo R2. Vos (0, +2) Vo -Viky a Ro = +S= Ve Ss (v2-V, DR: Ra, = ViR,- VaR, tViRy Ro, . Vo = Gite) Vi- Vo By, = @ Ro, : = -bv. + [ee Neva The Olp of the fast Stage 2 og = Vy = (ereava = RV, _ rev, 6h Ro | = spot = fig, tavs EQLiVe «98 KRAVE ] 7 OAR Ro = _Wa-Vi) (Rit 23) + & (V2-Vy) e2Date Page CVe-v). Chit bot &,) Ro = (22, +R.) (vy-Vj) Ra. 2, Vea = Voy = fs ap] Cuncua, - © he . gain is + Dui =. Voo-Vo, - I+ 2 -@© Va - Vi Ro! cote guia get tect 0b Re ye, the cust pada Av of the three Cp-Onp unsbruumentation angpli fire. : Ay = Ay x Ava Aes Tit ag fel Here , by usy A voriable Lesistx Ry the overallpee be a pangs ‘Vo Do Advantages : With the. help of a \e. veuic ble. Pes iw 8 ical : The up Mpeiaoae a because the ifp this \ onthe tos, A;and A>. Joe tDlerance _jreristt <—Oneplifies re accusatly b de olecicted b b THD lp irc = sa. octet lp infebe, ja “te eae te has a git capa 3 1 one fie cpa eae ae wtto Cument (Vito LT) Convertex (Volt ek Cursent’ Sauce VCCS): The. voltage to cument CV to 5) Corwetes can be d boo type , ey ‘ sitio» the Load . “They are% @ to I eo tot Ling Load Qi Vw LT Convert. with beso Leak Vl to Cument Convuter CVCCS) toh. Leads The tod 2, ja catled os ating Loach because ik lp not Connected to i \ :Pag Ip = Lor paneer ce is Wagh-y Kp SS Clk, CONCEPE 5 et By vi eT chssnts YON KEL at V2, 6B As. fst. AS ‘ip OM | in_ple j [Cathe comntional’ non iewebing. Grp), ~ Fu vicuit ja_aeo called Os _cusnent Seutey | Feeolback anvptifcer. This ds becawe 4 an 2 auoss Rts proportional b ~ the Op tunent “Ty ard Oppears in Seia with, WA vito J a Vine Vie Vin-Ve = Vo. we Lan as the ae in ep Ay of ths Op-anp —Aysoo. =z! ¢- Vi, “e => Vin = Vo Buk Vy & XT, (as Tao). |classmate. | Na | a [a= via ke Vin Ri whee k= t/a, Curhtchna Constant) $0, Op-Qmp is behaying Mike A cunent s0utce, whith ds eontratteot be (the _i/p voltage. Hence, this cock is called as “A valtare contimtled cument Aouce CveoS g : J Althee Q2e used tn pplication Such a Loo and ac voltmeteu , LED ad gyre. Aiede kutus, ec, Vole th Cwuent Converter Lith Grouncteol ‘Th || thn iz One tuminal Of the Lead is connected tD> pewge baPP no cue fase tet Lede igure ap, 2B eee:e 13 ee en peop et tthe VOALOS jo Vy HOE tee, =_ tp, eteumire We VE ce eg Ce) kamal Or and Hie Secord ay 5 erent” blo V, ard the ead cunt Applying KCL at node V+ | Ip= 1+. v, Vin-V T= Ve= ut, T= R, a Ri, = Vin-Vi 4 Vor 7 R R. > RD = VintV, =2V, + ‘ We Vin+Vo ~RTy 2 Zz m0 S (Asphe Op-amp 4 Connected in ‘the _non-inwall wade, = Ave= (L+ fe) ond €p=R=R, ~—The_gin of sre ae Aves + B= gi. 2 Vos due '. Ofp voltose , Mo Ave XVy_= OMe "Vi = Vin 2M -ekT(Qs i | 2 Thus, the Load eutrent is Aepenclent on the Up voltage Ord heist, In ths QW the sevistou must be (quat in value , ——— V-L_ Converteu with Lnweding Prnsplifien + > To-—> a to: te i} Up bapptced bo the taper "ey a tend. Tepe of Load i stil fill tppe | Point.® w at vital gourd and the curt {issaig fink the, tnudati ing beminal () iB 2e0- J : 2, In=InPage ay ds Ob virtual = Vin But, nn = Vip gourd | To =n _ through the, Lead is This, the. aoe feat ie voltage Vin. otional to ther & thu etre, is that the ol . Be asain ta tbe plied ip SOULE» Vv 2 tb Conyetter” V1 pA) 4 o-G OWA CL wv) or Cursrenti . Cusnent to Volt x; O Volt: Source Cecevs oe = Z |The cwsent to CL BV) converter Hua. Spel Case ae ad Annplifoer Wee open Leep gain Aye] the Qp-anspo i eT ¢ a dt pai tne! concept. Wy dual be V, © Vp The _ifp inn ce Op- as ee These the _wunords “entering into the pip b> veuy Small. =“Tp, = Tp 0 - Gain Of the inwseting Seat ee thy Oraplifcer; __—_ eheutt Aye = oe a= Ry Vin. “Vy s Re Vino But VyeVy Ond Vi=0. as the non-inverting CH) teninal ja tennected_tojountl Thus, the jrverting: terminal Cato 4 at Ue tak He entire input 2 Sakeoss | Bs f ab Node V, = Se VV | Bey ke Ve 9 Th = a ere i. Ty, = Vin | Tin. = O=ve a = Vo = — Tin Re Vin = Tin @y -® Gully true wane tgp Nom af Tink | ane -Re » T,The. ba slhages is pagottinnat tn Ti le cute into _@ pio pestional voltage. He This Cineuit. i catteal CCVS ‘as it shows that, ‘ 4 _puoy _ Tlence Gp- as eCquivelent tp a cunt controlled vadore 2009 ecvs, Acnuitivity of the TV Convater: The _O/p velinie Voe = Re Tin. Hence, ‘the. gash this conventer iy equal to - -Re, Te_nagnitudle, of the gar ie tat also ouilibt of Diy Gee fae cities The Qmount of chanse in . a qe ape Ce tip cma ge ef a By the sorubivite ofthe To V Gow sites enApplications of. Lip V Conuter: L— a&& Dis 2 photodiode = | Which is Reveue biased . a ee Point B te. the inweki fe oP: Vo= Re Ty termina! of the Op-Anfl Me S 4 Ab pulual gourd ih . F Photpatétectse Anplifse. “potential and“o negative tohen Light is Jecused en. the seveue biased _piotodiicd. a. eunrent? Ty wohith ie peopoitional to the intent Light skate fusions stp te j sau as the i/p cwxent to the I-v convert. Hence, the ofp voltage proportional to photocuucnt hy procluceot ) VU= ke Ty. Tn ths Lau ‘the TL bo V Converter : | Provicles cunsplif cadien fo_ fhe, Smalt photocurent 4.ZO | ies a ly a by taupe puma, measurers ory using wv a re) eove f/b 'o Ppaate the Cp-anp “an Us Ure. ch _nla_iosith Linear. : LR, Cy1 eh) — ol implementing the J isi Some. Linea applications 2} Opeictional anplifiens Tnvertins Gnvpli, tens ()__ Irstuumerttation Arnagi Gg Vv to T Lonuerteus. fe. tpgrerct ores Ea wo Active filters = Tntbenator ord Differertiaters . Tf ure Open high gain Qniplifier Such ag Hie. nz oath Bw ouitine Ceedbaok. ee uwothy no ok it toil Opeale, in dotatation . Cpbiitive a1 negative). This in cated a bistable behaviors of the Cp- np hit ig nes won-Lneor. “This Whe basis vbtHage eonspa Comparator Ani th Anctrer by a einbuie = » foci Q non-linear Operation js flo plo ustne non-linear Long) Crevice such Ua, chiocla, THe Source Cee sencgTt is the basic the. rans beinoal volkase _opplied 1p —d Th 2 also bnoion as A Sineocave to’ sqGme ware converter: pare coruerterCIASSMATE, Date, ~ Page Vin Tr tVoc 2 YUL Gn + Vi . i Or- AME. * Vo Vo, : - £ e i ; ka is —j— ’ over. 7 = |! = Vip Vaal mt Ak a Va = Vaei- Vie eo Neil St Ve. — dem, Vd ot When the ps Shhewoue. cos 300 Qrol hay ave = =Vin VCO Sey -_Vin70_-Vat at instant t=O, the ifjaentiol lp valine becomes Ere, Grol the ofp. etkaye wot Sik to — Vet When the 3 re and theo, 4 Sep ee ak instank t=T/o ‘oli .. “eilp Vol_bewo to ts teiminal Wow _the, crbernnal i ae pinta than the The, dram One ste crossing OletectOr thus ewilthes uld_Olp to the otha ime thon Diee Vp Wetter one the zero, UPook Detector usury Cp- Pup. Tie peak debextor cisoust is one.of the _non-Lneat.— a [ha ued to debeck ard hala opplicatins fpf TA das adel Sot the peak sh the Vo Sig. the Vp ard store Crethin) the marinus . jvalue, intinitely. , Te tt an _be of tue bypass Pesitive Peale Devector . pe iN) Niegatiue Peake Detector. g SS “MOSFET Vin L ne ° Reset Vee ~ Switch, 1 E Vplteage acects Faiitive peak Detectm (Non vrweding ops) Tie Op-dnep—ia_ued._Os avenge folleet.— eed the gaé ls Chou “is Uf. The D_ wil [azo_Of. this _Cincuists “is okie, b 5 e fowwrd biased @nly in the —Hold Medes New os the pdltase clecreaues, the Oliede ts *€rwe bioed _ and stops _¢ conclu ching. The _capauter they pnaintains a_conutant_ _Olp_vou voltage, IA So bd equal tp | ‘Phe _peak peal value, of, the ilp, Tes © catted Os boleh Tn the next ve half cycles the chigcle ix i wade, 3 Qs 860m as the, if oltase, Austs abhor neo highes ptak vole. : eo £f the peak value O| ip is Less than the existing Capacitet yeltaze , then Op dou nob change, sci oH ade D emis ne a 4 The MOSFET switth Cénnected arrow the capacitor Js tO reek the eitcuit,woe X Cz=O0 “The peak detectors fir the application, in Test ancl Mecuwnement Chand M1’) Meannencenss do= inituaments , They ane alo, wed os AM detectors, \\ Uindtabions: ak Oletector sprecl depends on woo factkou: Stes rate Of the Op- Amp. Mars \\\\\\\ The. speed of Qperation “ean be Tnere auedt using OP-Onup. v + 4 f Ol Wich Slag rates ond by dnteany the ing Cuamert te old capacites fling an edditional Hordtex. Songle ond Hold elif (SHAY: Te wa cineuit lohich cophures the value 6| ifp sla. u ord holds i tn bekoeen tne “ dnstounto « — a The _it ous captive ( ivtartones. Sonplisny ls_not practically feasible becuse the Capiire me L ted to zed, Hence, the coplhue Gime ia_increased Ond the 8 js called os track and held ompliie, ——— | (qa),- classmrte Date__ Page Sfu mas t sgh baal ands Response a, a some and hold arplaftee (SHA) Basie Sample And Hold Civcuit : Contgl 4/4 ‘ pe ¢ a S aoe SW Sample Vin. } se Vo a ——-— 2 i mia , u One Ofp aed_an UecTeonic Switch which cam be Conte, v toy : nade Aro hatd mucde eacling the psuction o the _Suoltth. “Pp :CIASSMALE |Sanpling Mee —__._, | Th mode this Switch iy * the &6& SE petion psition J at bo the _instorttancous up voltage. This Lis ess, —~ Yvoid Moder, 9 bn In thir_modle, thio swith is in the open position ard the | = capaciter 43 now disconnected. fom tre ip. ‘ As there 2s no oath "for the, capaci bb didege tbell hold the volkage _\hich epost fe Opening the SiDibdh The capacite ill this voltase trl the next SAnpling instant . SSS 55 Sonple Ord fold Aniplifier (SHA)! CTrack and Hold Ambir CTHA) a Instead of capturirg the. if Shout Ume the plue time. 4s dnucaseed g Te ofp wait tace the_Yp eee Qnd the. fret value capaluted at th ted Of the. racking ntewa) is held :YN ] S “ spp} | — He Ito ws of Sipe STI eh aoune€ Seta es onl, ea Te Cackoogd fun, Get 135 ae oe es OFA n- Channel Rare. cui Q_Conkiol volta, Ve act aS a Switth, The ico vattase Ve as Qpplied to the Geta of the MOSFET. The cincuit Qan be! splié. into thee Stages 3 First stage is the voltare second One the suikn nd capacites art the _thircl 4 Ogain the velkase, follourer, When Weis nagh. the _Moseey “tiena on andl acti bdeeclassmate. = 8, a _claied switch, This 1 gany rasde..The EA acitor char jrroygh the MasreT tO" the a i . a aunstartanepus blp_woinye ‘ As_seen a Voe0, the MOSFET tune Off Grd! the a CApaciter is diuconnected from Op- Prep 4. Op. — acitor cannot Olis je Mer Ag die bp Xt high Up” i Thus, tris i tne hotel ode .in shin the COpaciko hold, tne E value. Th cite C should be. Leak. pinot » Such Os oolaster & Teftan. Capacitors » The tal time pent = Th + Ts. Whee Ty & holding Heme. lea eifen - seme Qre used in A_p= Oliode oa Clipde Connected pails Lia Uutd Qs Q non-linear element uth, the Op-Are insu the 2o9 o anditog ampli, creuila.@)_Symbot_of pr junction Revue, S déode Coreen Cy) Tp V_ Characteuialia The _I-V_chatractitic a diode _is_e: ed Out Le tye Een -1]. hue Ve Police 6: revenue voltage auuss the diode Toe Pevue ‘sotwation unde Vi_= voltae Chsivelents of4 np. y= 2 for silicon ond L for Ge. Te faa diode chanacteristiu ean be cefned as: [ rp: T, Loven - +] whae Te and Vp oe the oad vee and curnent Pepper duuning , 2 WET — To ahve | Taking natu) Log on both sicte: | a Joy, CY) = Loge Cie) + ME We(BO —yrlig 0- cs = tag, C= —O¥ Ye has matched eharacteuitin wlth lode By, Ke iu a temp. eg RT ubance inureases twollh increase in temp, Ce: tp. eoefficiont qsenutvity) The dioole By and De aue matched means “theclassmate N ee angel fee ae ee a =a Chane in them tot}h teup. is also 4 s_alio aicaee pies ee COnutant kefuence velbage., Due to os impedarce Of Op-Frp Ao | “ pe ae =O, So the Cuanenk thio Auo, _V,_= Vy ip. -—O© Gowns 0.) Hae, V, i the bi Vi = — HV 10a0 [val “ @ g | re C he fousad volbase, acuas< _OLfocle Dy ls Veo = Ve ase E 7 -@Q r U [xo] C2 Vp nly age ZE) Vy_= wal te se = = a Talk = lag,- Classrane, iz ate ‘ Page —~_™ — >= [tose (Vin/e) = Lose (Tae) 24M | a Tes_capesion et noe contain To Caerue Saturation Current). SO, We Op VEE ob 5 : “10, is Ue Ochi assifn tn the second Op- Prep Ths Ops Ay Qui Qs. Q_ non-inverting * “The clereat seep Bair" of the Anplifee i: Aypo = + Ug, Fr ui \ Rie Re - 17 | e And the ofa woltoze a _-Qiven bys Mee Ayes x nV Ua pee f= tg faved = “ [e Le RitRr | “Vs - 4M Ri +Rr+Re) ; = : at CR + ery R Toes The has ove Lemp. Coe [Peer L\\ AV \\ AA ible 10 keep the been =V4 (eth Re) hi tke) eonitant —dnclepencent of Lewp, - lok ye Chatky +e) + Coomtant) U (R, +r) Sis equation ghoos that the o/p velbage cee, a \ and To. So, the ofp volbaxe J _nous ferap. bhepencent , 7 Applications of 404 Amplifier. ; Jo_pesfun the matkematieal epeations duh ay La) oe Leplo,) ex Sinh (2).