FUNDAMENTALS

OF LIGHTING:
MODULE 10
REVIEW

Illuminating Engineering Society

[Link]

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 1

 CONTINUING EDUCATION: AIA APPROVED

The IES is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of

Architects Continuing Education System. Credit earned on
completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA
HSW-LU approved courses.

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for HSW continuing

professional education. As such, it does not include content that
may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by
the IES or AIA of any material or product.

Partial attendance will not be eligible for the IES CEU certificate of
completion. Individuals are responsible for their respective
credential maintenance reporting requirements.

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-2

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 2

 CONTINUING EDUCATION: GBCI APPROVED

The IES is a Registered Provider of GBCI Approved Courses for

Continuing Education.

This program is registered with GBCI for continuing professional

education. As such, it does not include content that may be
deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement of GBCI of
any materials or product.

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-3

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 3

 REVIEW

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-4

Module 1: Introduction to Light and Lighting

Module 2: Electric Light Sources
Module 3: Daylighting
Module 4: Luminaires
Module 5: Controls
Module 6: Metrics, Photometry, Calculations, and Rendering
Module 7: Codes, Standards, and Economics
Module 8: Lighting for Interiors
Module 9: Lighting for Exteriors
Module 10: Review

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 4

 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Increasing wavelength →
← Increasing frequency
“Light is _________that is
capable of exciting the
retina and producing a
visual sensation.

The visible portion of the

electromagnetic spectrum
extends from about 380 to
770 nanometers”.

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-5

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 5

 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Increasing wavelength →
← Increasing frequency
“Light is radiant energy that
is capable of exciting the
retina and producing a
visual sensation.

The visible portion of the

electromagnetic spectrum
extends from about 380 to
770 nanometers”.

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-6

The simplest definition of light is “visually perceived radiant energy.” “Visible” light, then, is just a small
segment of what we call the “electromagnetic spectrum” — a broad range of radiant energy that also
includes X-rays, ultraviolet and infrared energy, microwaves and radio waves. This small segment is
what stimulates our visual system and enables us to see. Any form of electromagnetic energy, including
light, radiates outward from its source in straight lines at “the speed of light.”
The wavelengths of light that stimulate the human visual system range from approximately 380 to 770
billionths of a meter. And since a billionth of a meter is a nanometer, we say that light, as part of the
electromagnetic spectrum, occurs in the range of wavelengths from 380 to 770 nanomenters (nm).

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 6

 VISION: FOUR COMPONENTS

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What I hope you take away from this course is applying the fundamentals of what you do everyday.

What are the four components?

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 7

 VISION: FOUR COMPONENTS
our body clock (circadian rhythm)

Source Interpreter

Receiver
Reflecting
Surface
(modifier)

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-8

The visual system is perhaps the most important sensory system for humans, as vision is our primary
means of interacting with and learning about our world.
Our eyes and brain are the primary organs of our visual system; however, our ability to see is as
dependent upon light and objects as it is on our biology.
Vision is the result of a complex interaction of four components:
Source: Light is emitted from a source (the sun, an electric lamp, etc.) and then interacts with surfaces
and objects in a space.
Modifier: Light reflected from or transmitted through an object or surface is modified (i.e., it is no longer
the original direct light source) and is then directed into our eyes, where it is processed by the visual
system.
Eye: The eye acts as the receiver of light stimuli and initiates neural processing.
Brain: Nerve impulses from the eyes, which are initiated by light, are interpreted in the brain, thus
bringing perception to consciousness , resulting in vision.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 8

 VISION & PERCEPTION

Contrast

Darkness

Adaptation

Color

Color Metrics
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Throughout the previous 9 modules, we introduced vocabulary to build upon the understanding that Light
and our Perception of our environments is intertwined.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 9

 VISIBILITY

• Task size
• Contrast
• Color
• Luminance
• Speed/Time
• Age

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-10

Which 2 are missing?

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 10

 VISIBILITY CONTRAST AND COLOR

• Task size
• Contrast
• Color
• Luminance
• Speed/Time
• Age

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-11

Light, and the lack thereof, impacts our ability to perform daily tasks. We reviewed all of the impacts on
visibility in Module 1. We will revisit Contrast and Color in this review.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 11

 PHOTOPIC, SCOTOPIC, AND MESOPIC VISION

Photopic Mesopic Scotopic

Receptors Cones Rods and cones Rods
Color
Full color vision Some color vision Black and white vision
Sensitivity
Visual
Excellent Diminished Very poor
Acuity
Operating
Range Daylight and nearly all Bright moonlight and Dark night sky
(typical) interior lighting conditions most street lighting (no electric illumination)

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-12

Before we get too far, let’s take a look again at which receptors are responsible for color and black and
white vision.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 12

 PERCEPTION: CONTRAST AND BRIGHTNESS

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White Dog effect - The grey squares in the black and white lines have the same reflectance.
Simultaneous contrast
is the heightening of the difference in brightness when objects are placed next to each other.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 13

 DARKNESS

Varied ground condition

Low reflectances
Mesopic adaptation
Weather

…impact visibility and

perception.

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-14

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 14

 DARK EXTERIOR ENVIRONMENTS – HUMAN VIEW

Movement
Multiple traffic modes
Multiple perspectives

…impact visibility and

perception.

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-15

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 15

 CONTRAST: TRANSIENT ADAPTATION

How we adapt to a wide range of luminance levels

Daytime transition:
indoors to out
outdoors to in
Nighttime transition:
indoors to out
outdoors to in

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Adaptation refers to the adjustment of our visual system to lower or higher light levels, than what is
currently experienced. We talked about this some in Module 1 and again in Module 5 when we discussed
compensating daylight contribution.

What have you learned about spaces you occupy and these types of contrast issues?

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 16

 COLOR…

1 Contrast
2 Rendering (CRI, TM-30)

3 Temperature 3
4 Consistency (source to source) 4000K

4
And: 4000K

Stability (over time)

4000K

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 2 FOL 10-17

Objects themselves do not have an inherent color; rather they reflect, transmit, and absorb various
wavelengths of light in different proportions.
A key point in understanding color is to understand that the color we see in objects is the result of the
spectrum of light energy that reaches our eyes, which itself is a result of the complex interaction between
the spectrum of light produced by the light source and the modification (i.e., reflection, transmission, or
absorption) of that spectrum by an object.

Tools such as IES/ANSI TM-30 Technical Memorandum: IES Method for Evaluating Light Source Color
Rendition can help a designer understand the spectral components of the light source. This resource
must be combined with an evaluation of the object reflectance in order to understand what the resulting
color impression may be in the space. We talked about TM-30 in Module 1 for color, and in Module 6 for
photometry.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 17

 COLOR: OBJECTS HAVE NO COLOR

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In dark or in light, in white or in colored light; objects themselves have no color.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 18

 COLOR: SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE

Spectral Power Distribution Spectral Reflection Distribution Reflected Spectral Distribution

Daylight Red Apple

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-19

Objects themselves do not have an inherent color; rather they reflect, transmit, and absorb various
wavelengths of light in different proportions. When an object is viewed under various light sources both
the object and the light contribute to color appearance (what we see). On the left, the spectral power
distribution of daylight just as we saw SPDs for electric sources in the previous slides. In the center, is a
red apple’s spectral reflection distribution, or SRD. And on the far right, is how this red apple would
appear to us in daylight. If we swapped out daylight for a different source, the reflected spectral
distribution would change (even if the apple remained the same). A key point in understanding color is to
understand that the color we see in objects is the result of the spectrum of light energy that reaches our
eyes, which itself is a result of the complex interaction between the spectrum of light produced by the
light source and the modification (i.e., reflection, transmission, or absorption) of that spectrum by an
object.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 19

 COLOR RENDERING

• Color Rendering Index (CRI) • ANSI/IES TM-30 describes a method for evaluating light
measures the fidelity of a light source source color rendition that takes an objective and
statistical approach, quantifying both overall average
compared to a reference of the same
properties (color fidelity, gamut area) and hue-specific
CCT
properties (fidelity, chroma shift, hue shift) .
• CRI is reported as an average

• Like CRI, IES TM-30-20 is based on

comparisons of colors as rendered
by a test source and a reference at
the same CCT.

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-20

Learning to navigate color rendering metrics is critical to understanding colors in our built environment.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 20

 COLOR: CCT

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) is a measure of warmth or coolness of a light source’s

appearance. It is measured in kelvin (K).
[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-21

Explain the definition to the class, and then provide a few examples. Do you have a favorite? Can you
associate different CCTs now with different environments you occupy?

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 21

 IMPACT OF COLOR TEMPERATURE

Warm light source (3000K) Cool light source (5000K)

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CCT matters to our perception of a space.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 22

 COLOR: TUNABLE WHITE (CCT)

• Control color and output independently

CCT
[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-23

As we reviewed in Module 5, tunable white a method of mixing LEDs of different colors to achieve a
range of tonalities of white light and independently dim light output. Today the most popular approach in
commercial applications is a mixture warm and cool LEDs. Given what we’ve learned about the impact
of CCT on our impressions of a space, what applications can you imagine that might benefit from this
adjustability?

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 23

 COLOR TERMS

• Color Temperature: the ”whiteness” of a light source

• Color Rendering: ability of a light source to show the color in objects
• Fidelity: a metric for color rendition, comparing a light source to a
reference
• CRI: a widely used fidelity metric.
• Chromaticity: the color of a light source, specified in two dimensions.
• Hue: a color (red, green, blue, etc)
• Saturation: the intensity of color (saturated color is not diluted with white)
• Brightness: the subjective experience of light

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-24

This slide summarizes the key points on Color.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 24

 QUESTIONS?

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-25

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 25

 DAYLIGHT, ELECTRIC LIGHT, CONTROLS

Orientation and adjusting for daylight

Light sources

Photometry

Controls process and devices

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-26

Throughout the previous 9 modules, we introduced vocabulary to build upon the understanding that Light
and our Perception of our environments is intertwined.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 26

 ORIENTATION AND DAYLIGHT

N S E W
• Less shading means • Overhangs control • Afternoon façade • Morning façade
sustained daylight high-angle summer shaded: conditions shaded: conditions
delivery annually sunlight similar to North similar to North
• Easiest to control • Blinds and shades • High solar loads
• No direct (except high control low-angle occur late afternoon
altitudes early/late winter sunlight during peak temp; high
summer) • High latitudes have cooling loads

• Lowest available lower sun angles • Blinds and shades control low-angle morning
incident daylight • High solar loads sunlight in work areas
• Most stable occur during the • Vertical shading devices control morning
coldest time of year winter solar angles at higher latitudes
• Quality diffuse daylight

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-27

These notes are copied directly from the IES Lighting Practice LP 3-20 Designing and Specifying
Daylighting for Buildings. They capture the important differences, benefits, and disadvantages in
daylight experience according to the cardinal orientation of a façade.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 27

 DAYLIGHT PENETRATION FROM SIDE LIGHTING

1 2 3
Daylight
Daylight zone
h Daylight h
h zone zone

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Understanding daylight zones is critical to navigating today’s codes and adjusting electric light
accordingly.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 28

 SHADING CONTROL

INTERIOR

EXTERIOR

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-29

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 29

 ADJUSTING TO CHANGING DAYLIGHT

Example: dark clouds

Available↓daylight
Artificial
light level
100%

Electric light

10%

Dawn Dusk

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-30

Daylight harvesting is highly suitable for lighting zones adjacent to windows and clerestories and under
skylights and roof monitors—anywhere daylight is consistent and plentiful. Once favored as a stretch
option for LEED and other green projects,
Daylight harvesting is now required by the latest generation of energy codes and may be adopted in
support of sustainability and cost reduction strategies, as well.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 30

 LIGHT SOURCES, LAMPS, AND LUMINAIRES

Source Lamp Luminaires

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Daylight is the most dependable light source we have. However, obviously electric lighting supplements
our interior environments. Reminder of key terms.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 31

 LIGHT SOURCES, LAMPS, AND LUMINAIRES

LIGHT FORM Performance

Shape Power
Color
Base Efficacy
Output
Size Life
Distribution
Intensity

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All light sources share these ten attributes. Of course the specifics vary by source as we will see.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 32

 WHAT INCREMENTS IS THE DIAMETER?

60A19CL

R20 R30
CL = Descriptor
(clear)
19 = Diameter (1/8”)
A = Shape
60 = Wattage T3 T4

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-33

All light sources share these ten attributes. Of course the specifics vary by source as we will see.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 33

 WHAT INCREMENTS IS THE DIAMETER?

60A19CL

R20 R30
CL = Descriptor
(clear)
19 = Diameter (1/8”)
A = Shape
60 = Wattage T3 T4

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-34

All light sources share these ten attributes. Of course the specifics vary by source as we will see.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 34

 KEY PHOTOMETRIC TERMS

Metric Symbol Unit Abbrev.

Luminous Flux ϕ Lumen lm

Luminous Intensity I Candela or Candlepower cd

Illuminance E Lumens/sq. ft. (footcandle) lm/ft2 (fc)

Lumens/sq. meter (lux) lm/m2 (lx)

Reflectance ρ Percent %

Luminous Exitance M Lumens/sq. ft. lm/ft2

Lumens/sq. meter lm/m2

Luminance L Candela/sq. ft. cd/ft2

Candela/sq. meter cd/m2

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-35

When light is present, all six lighting metrics are also present.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 35

 INTERPRETING PHOTOMETRY

60° 60°

30° 0° 30°

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-36

Applying photometry insight effectively into design and environments takes practice. As the photo on the
right illustrates, the precise lines of the intensity diagram do NOT represent the appearance of light on an
intersecting surface, despite how what the diagram suggests. Lighting designers learn to translate
photometric data into visual experience by correlating the data to what they actually see.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 36

 INTERIOR LUMINAIRE PHOTOMETRY

Intensity Distribution Lateral Angles 90°/270°

Across
22.5° increments
⟂

0°/180°
Along
1100 cd at 112° ∥

Vertical Angles
2.5° increments
1200 cd 135°

90°

45°
0°
Nadir
[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-37

Applying photometry insight effectively into design and environments takes practice. Review Module 6 as
you learn more about calculations and visualization in your own work.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 37

 HORIZONTAL ILLUMINANCE

Illuminance at a point varies:

• Directly with the intensity of the source Center
Beam
• Inversely with the square of the distance to the target Intensity
θ
• With the “angle of attack” from perpendicular Perpendicular

angle of attack from perpendicular θ = D

aiming angle from nadir θ
Nadir
θ
Target

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-38

Once you have photometric information for a given source, horizontal and vertical illuminance can be
conceptualized either by hand or computer modeling.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 38

 LIGHT LOSS FACTORS

• Light Source Lumen Depreciation LLD (% remaining)

• Luminaire Dirt Depreciation LDD (% remaining)
• Room Surface Dirt Depreciation RSDD (% remaining)
• Ambient Temperature Factor ATF (% remaining)

Total LLF, using primary loss factors = LLD x LDD x RSDD

The total light loss factor is the product of all applicable factors.

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-39

Calculations require an understanding of a light source’s vulnerability to dirt, lumen depreciation, etc.
Considering these environmental factors is important.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 39

 FIELD MEASUREMENT

Luminance meter Color spectrometer Illuminance meter

1 2 3
Luminance expresses light directionally Illuminance luminous flux incident
reflected from or transmitted through a at a point on a surface.
surface to the viewer.

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-40

Luminance meters, illuminance meters and color spectrometers are the most common tools for
measuring lighting in the field.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 40

 THINKING ABOUT CONTROLS

What lights are you What do you want

controlling? the lights to do?

on/off or dim?
Codes and cost have a
significant impact on these
decisions
How do you want How do you want
to control the to connect the
lights? controls?
wired or wireless?
manual or
analog or digital?
automatic?
stand-alone or
[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 networked? FOL 10-41

As with other lighting decisions, there are numerous options for controls. You can think through the
choices in a four-step process.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 41

 PASSIVE INFRARED DETECTION

• Sensor receives radiation across multiple

“cells” (each with a detector)
• As you move, the pattern of radiation changes
Change = motion or “presence”
We radiate
No change = no “presence” heat.

• PIR is LINE OF SIGHT.

• If motion is hidden, no presence
• If the sensor is hidden, no presence

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-42

• Passive infrared sensors (PIR) detect movement based on body heat. It’s passive because it on
receives – and doesn’t emit – radiation.
• PIR can only detect motion that is in direct line of sight.
• Once the sensor no longer detects motion, a clock starts the time-out period. If no motion is detected
before the time-out period expires, the sensor signals a relay to turn off the lights.
• If motion is detected within the time-out period, the lights stay on.
• PIR sensors are economical and flexible; they are widely used in interiors. However, they are prone
to false triggering, leaving occupants who weren’t detected annoyed and in the dark.
• The requirement for line of sight makes PIR sensors inappropriate for spaces with partitions (like
restrooms) or large furniture.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 42

 ULTRASONIC DETECTION

• Sensor emits ultrasonic radiation (inaudible sound wave)

• USR reflects off all surfaces and returns to sensor
• As you move, you disturb the pattern of reflected radiation
• Change = motion or “presence”
We reflect
• No change = no “presence” USR.

• USR does NOT require line of sight.

• Works in partitioned spaces (preferred)

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-43

• Ultrasonic sensors emit inaudible sound waves. When ultrasonic radiation reflects off moving objects
and return to the sensor, the change in wave pattern (“Doppler shift”) indicates motion.
• As with PIR sensors, when an ultrasonic sensor no longer detects motion, a clock starts the time-out
period. If no motion is detected before the time-out period expires, the sensor signals a relay to turn
off the lights.
• If motion is detected within the time-out period, the lights stay on.
• Ultrasonic sensors do not require line of sight and so are suitable for spaces with partitions and other
obstructions.
• They are more sensitive than PIR types but are also vulnerable to false triggering.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 43

 OCCUPANCY AND VACANCY MODES

• Occupancy mode: auto ON/auto OFF

• Vacancy mode: manual ON/auto OFF
• Auto OFF is the same for both
• Often selectable options on the device or programmable

Manual ON Auto ON Auto OFF

“vacancy” “occupancy” both

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-44

• Occupancy mode and vacancy mode use the same presence detection (PIR, USR, or Dual).
• Occupancy mode provides the convenience of entering a space without touching the controls. It is
often preferred for restrooms, storage areas, or any space unfamiliar to those entering.
• Vacancy mode leaves lights off until the occupant wants them on, saving energy compared to auto on
(to 100% light level)
• Occupancy mode set to 50% light level (a common code-compliant option) also saves energy. Both
this approach and vacancy mode require the occupant to adjust the controls for full light output.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 44

 QUESTIONS?

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-45

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 45

 PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

Process

Codes and Standards

Design and Layers of Light

Balancing needs

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-46

Throughout the previous 9 modules, we introduced vocabulary to build upon the understanding that Light
and our Perception of our environments is intertwined.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 46

 LIGHTING QUALITY

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-47

Quality lighting is at the center of every design process

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 47

 DESIGN PROCESS OVERVIEW

Post-
Schematic Design Construction Bidding Construction
Programming Occupancy
Design Development Documents Negotiation Administration
Evaluation

Gather relevant Create lighting Detail the chosen Fully document Evaluate bidders, Review submittals Assess installed
information about concepts for lighting concept the design in bids, and and RFI; project; modify
owner’s approval by owner in preliminary drawings, submissions; manage change aiming and controls
requirements and documents, specifications, Consider proposed orders; punch list; commissioning
constraints including luminaires schedules, and alternates aim luminaires;
and controls compliance supervise
submissions commissioning

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-48

Regardless of the planning strategy employed on a project, a lighting design process that parallels and
complements the building design process will make the most of lighting and of the architectural
resources involved.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 48

 CODES AND STANDARDS

Codes are laws that govern behaviors and are enacted by legislatures
• Codes may be enacted by Federal, State/Provincial, or Municipal
governments
• Regulations are rules promulgated by executive bodies
• The Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) interprets and enforces codes
• The AHJ varies with the code (eg, energy vs. electrical vs. fire)

MUST

MUST NOT

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-49

Codes are laws, regulations, ordinances. These are set by various levels of government.
Standards are “the recommended way to do things”, and refer to best practices as determined by a body
of experts working under the auspices of a standards setting organization (like IES) that then publish
them.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 49

 CODES AND STANDARDS

Standards are consensus “guidelines” often developed by affected bodies

Standards often form the basis for codes but may be modified in the code
The NEC is a standard, not a code (until enacted into law)
The IECC is a standard, not a code (until enacted into law)

SHOULD

SHOULD NOT

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-50

The best source many of these standards, particularly sustainability standards,

are their websites. Standards are “the recommended way to do things”, and
refer to best practices as determined by a body of experts working under the
auspices of a standards setting organization (like IES) that then publish them.
However, state laws will often wholly incorporate standards, making them
codes, and standards setting organizations are aware of this. But a standard is
not a code until so adopted.
It should be reinforced that to know which codes affect a project, jurisdiction is
key: the location where the project is located will determine the jurisdiction.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 50

 WHO WRITES LIGHTING STANDARDS?

Illuminating Engineering Society (IES)

Commission Internationale d’Eclairage (CIE)
International Dark Sky Association (IDA)
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
National Electrical Manufactures Association (NEMA)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Government…

DOE EPA FTC DOT CPSC

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-51

This slide contains a selected summary of various lighting standards developers.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 51

 LIGHTING DESIGN

Daylighting
Codes and standards
Form
Composition
Style

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-52

We’ve reviewed daylighting, and codes and standards. What’s next is the balance of needs for the
human visual experience and the environment.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 52

 PLANNING THE VISUAL EXPERIENCE

Context and degree

Attention
Refreshment
Patterns
Surprise
Harmony

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-53

Thinking of color, contrast, controls, and photometry: take a look again at these spaces.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 53

 THREE PRIMARY LAYERS OF LIGHT

Uniform, spatially Spatially or task- Object-oriented

oriented oriented
Contrast and intensity
Medium-to-low Medium to high
High illuminance
illuminance illuminance
(relative to ambient)
Horizontal plane Horizontal or
Flexibility and
vertical planes
Circulation areas adjustability
Source-task-eye
Widespread Vertical planes
geometry
distribution
Two- and three-
dimensional forms

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-54

Three primary layers of light.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 54

 LAYERS OF LIGHT

AMBIENT TASK ACCENT

Uniform, spatially Spatially or task- Object-oriented

oriented oriented
Contrast and intensity
Medium-to-low Medium to high
High illuminance
illuminance illuminance
(relative to ambient)
Horizontal plane Horizontal or
Flexibility and
vertical planes
Circulation areas adjustability
Source-task-eye
Widespread Vertical planes
geometry
distribution
Two- and three-
dimensional forms

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-55

Three primary layers of light.

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 BALANCING THE LAYERS OF LIGHT

&
Work Leisure

&
Mechanistic
Humanistic

&
Utility Luxury
[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-56

Carefully administered systems consisting of various techniques can offer efficiency and visual interest
benefits over single-technique approaches simply engineered to high illuminance values.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 56

 DESCRIBING LIGHTING LAYERS

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-57

How would you describe the visual composition within this scene?

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 57

 DESCRIBING LIGHTING LAYERS

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-58

How do the layers of light here relate to one another? How might they be controlled?

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 DESCRIBING LIGHTING LAYERS

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-59

How do the layers of light here relate to one another? How might they be controlled?

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 BALANCING GOALS AND VALUES

Human Well-
being

Visual Energy
Performance conservation

Preservation
of the natural Safety
environment

Mitigation of Historic
climate preservation
change
[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-60

Numerous design goals must be balanced when lighting any space. Each project must simultaneously
meet code, regulatory and financial requirements.

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 LIGHTING SUSTAINABLY

Light with purpose

Vary the quantity of light
according to need
Learn about the materials
in luminaires
Consider future needs,
incorporate flexibility

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-61

Revisiting lighting sustainably.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 61

 ASPIRATIONAL STANDARDS: MOTIVATIONS

Intrinsic value
Brand value
Real estate value

LIVING
PRODUCT
CHALLENGE

LIVING
BUILDING
CHALLENGE

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-62

A variety of rating systems address the need for sustainability goals, stipulating measures which can be
categorized, scored, and rated. LEED®, which is one of the best known rating systems in North America,
established a language for most other rating systems.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 62

 BALANCING NEEDS: SKYGLOW

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-63

Sky glow: The brightening of the night sky that results from the reflection of radiation (visible and non-
visible), scattered from the constituents of the atmosphere (gas molecules, aerosols and particulate
matter) in the direction of observation. Sky glow may be natural or man-made.

Natural sky glow is attributable to visible radiation from celestial sources and luminescent processes in
the earth’s upper atmosphere. Man-made sky glow is attributable to man-made sources of radiation (e.g.
artificial outdoor lighting) including radiation that is emitted directly upwards and radiation that is reflected
from the surface of the Earth.

Think of the night conditions where you live. Can you see the stars? An interesting fact: during a
complete power outage in Los Angeles, emergency phone operators handled numerous reports of a
‘gigantic, silvery glowing cloud in the sky’. It turned out it was the Milky Way, never having been seen by
many residents in the city.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 63

 BALANCING NEEDS: 5 PRINCIPLES

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-64

Learning what you have about lighting and dark environments, and the balance of human needs, would
you find this difficult to implement?

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 64

 QUESTIONS?

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-65

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 65

 RESOURCES

• Lighting Science Collection: [Link]

o LS-7 Vision-Eye-Brain and LS-8 Vision-Perceptions and Performance
o LS-5 Color
o TM-30 IES Method for Evaluating Light Source Color Rendition
o Light and Human Health: An Overview of the Impact of Optical Radiation on Visual,
Circadian, Neuroendocrine, and Neurobehavioral Responses
o Concepts and Language of Lighting

• Lighting Science: Nomenclature and Definition for Illuminating Engineering

[Link]

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-66

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 66

 CONTINUING TO LEARN

Topic-specific
IES elearning education
Introduction Fundamentals LC exam
Section meetings Join a
to Lighting of Lighting CLD
technical
Industry events committee at
IES

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-67

Head to [Link] to learn more about light.

If you’re interested in credentialing, check out the Lighting Certification through NCQLP and Certified
Lighting Designer through IALD.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 67

 RESOURCES – INDUSTRY ORGANIZATIONS

CIE – International Commission on Illumination: [Link]

IALD – International Association of Lighting Designers [Link]
IDA – International Dark Sky Association [Link]
IES – Illuminating Engineering Society [Link]
International Day of Light [Link]
LCA – Lighting Controls Association
NAILD – National Association of Innovative Lighting Distributors [Link]
NALMCO – National Association of Lighting Management Companies [Link]

[Link] | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 10-68

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 68

 FUNDAMENTALS
OF LIGHTING:
MODULE 10
REVIEW

Illuminating Engineering Society

[Link]

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 10 69