QP 20176

PART A

1. Define ekistics

2. Write short notes on dynapolis

3. List the disadvantages of grid iron pattern

• Traffic Congestion: Increased congestion at intersections due to numerous traffic lights

and stop signs.
• Lack of Hierarchical Road Network: Inefficient traffic distribution as all roads have
similar capacity.
• Monotony and Lack of Variety: Uniform and repetitive layout reduces visual interest and
aesthetic appeal.
• Inefficient Use of Space: Large areas dedicated to roads and sidewalks, reducing space for
other uses.
• Pedestrian Challenges: Long, high-traffic streets can reduce walkability and pedestrian
friendliness.
• Poor Drainage: Uniform layout can lead to flooding and water accumulation.
• Reduced Sense of Place: Lack of distinctive features diminishes community identity and
sense of belonging.
4. Why urban sprawl is an issue?

• Environmental Impact:

• Loss of natural habitats and agricultural land.

• Increased pollution and water runoff.

• Energy and Climate:

 • Higher energy use and greenhouse gas emissions.

• Economic Costs:

• Expensive infrastructure and inefficient service distribution.

• Social and Health Issues:

• Reduced social interaction and increased health problems from sedentary lifestyles.

• Urban Decay:

• Inner city decline due to suburban migration.

• Aesthetic and Cultural Loss:

• Homogenized development and erosion of cultural sites.

5. Identify any 2 cities that have linear settlement pattern

IF UR BLIND, ITS MADRID CITY, SPAIN AND BRASILIA, BRAZIL

6. Define DCR

Development Control Regulations (DCR) are guidelines set by urban planning authorities
to manage land use and development within a jurisdiction. Key aspects include:

1. Zoning Regulations: Define permissible land uses (residential, commercial,

industrial) in different zones.
2. Building Standards: Specify construction norms such as height restrictions, floor
area ratio (FAR), setbacks, and density controls.
3. Infrastructure and Environmental Requirements: Establish essential infrastructure
needs and environmental protection measures to ensure sustainable development.

Importance of DCR:

• Ensures orderly and systematic urban development.

 • Promotes public safety and welfare through regulated construction practices.
• Protects the environment and enhances quality of life by maintaining infrastructure,
open spaces, and amenities.

7. Why a city needs a satellite city?

A city may require a satellite city for various reasons:

1. Population Pressure: To alleviate overcrowding and congestion in the main city.

2. Urban Expansion: For controlled growth and to prevent sprawl.
3. Employment Opportunities: To create jobs and promote economic development.
4. Housing Solutions: To provide affordable housing options.
5. Infrastructure Development: For planned infrastructure and amenities.
6. Environmental Sustainability: To minimize the environmental impact of
urbanization.
7. Resilience: To enhance disaster preparedness and resilience.

8. How do you explain a smart city?

A smart city utilizes advanced technology and data-driven solutions to enhance urban living. It
optimizes infrastructure, transportation, and services through connectivity and innovation. Key
features include efficient infrastructure, connected mobility, digital governance, enhanced
services, and data-driven planning. Smart cities aim to create sustainable, inclusive, and
resilient urban environments that meet the needs of residents and businesses. An example of a
smart city is Singapore.

9. How does globalisation influence city planning?

Globalization impacts city planning in various ways:

1. Urbanization: Drives population growth and migration to cities, necessitating

planning for housing and infrastructure.
2. Economic Development: Promotes investment and development of commercial and
industrial zones, requiring balanced planning for growth.
3. Cultural Diversity: Encourages cultural exchange and diversity, prompting inclusive
planning for social cohesion.
4. Infrastructure: Demands efficient transportation and digital connectivity, urging
prioritized investments in urban infrastructure.
5. Sustainability: Exacerbates environmental challenges, leading to the integration of
sustainability principles into planning for resilience.
6. Urban Design: Influences architectural styles and urban amenities, requiring a
balance between cultural preservation and modernization.
7. Governance: Calls for collaborative governance and policy frameworks to address
global challenges.

10. Give 2 examples for urban renewal project

• The High Line, New York City, USA:

• The High Line is a 1.45-mile-long linear park built on a historic freight rail line
elevated above the streets on Manhattan's West Side.
• The project transformed a disused railway into a vibrant public space featuring
gardens, art installations, and recreational areas.
• The High Line has revitalized the surrounding neighborhoods, attracting visitors,
businesses, and real estate development.

• Docklands, London, UK:

• The Docklands is a large-scale urban renewal project in East London that transformed
former docklands and industrial areas into a thriving business district and residential
community.
• The project involved the redevelopment of derelict warehouses and docks into
modern office buildings, residential complexes, retail centers, and cultural
institutions.
• Docklands has become a major financial hub, attracting businesses, residents, and
visitors to the area.

PART B

11.B. With sketches explain the factors influencing the settlement characteristics
1. Physical Geography: The natural environment, including topography, climate, soil
fertility, and access to water sources, profoundly influences settlement patterns. For
example, flat plains may encourage linear settlements, while fertile land near rivers
may attract agricultural communities.
 2. Resources and Economy: Availability of resources such as minerals, timber, fertile
land, and proximity to trade routes impacts settlement locations and economic
activities. Settlements often develop around resource extraction sites, trade routes, or
areas conducive to agriculture or industry.
3. Historical and Cultural Factors: Historical events, cultural heritage, and traditions
shape settlement patterns. Ancient civilizations often established settlements near
religious sites, defensive positions, or natural landmarks, influencing modern
settlement layouts and urban morphology.
4. Infrastructure and Accessibility: Access to transportation networks, including
roads, railways, ports, and airports, influences settlement locations and connectivity.
Settlements located along transportation routes or near major hubs tend to thrive
economically and attract investment.
5. Government Policies and Planning: Government policies, urban planning
regulations, zoning laws, and land-use policies impact settlement characteristics.
Planned settlements, such as new towns or garden cities, reflect deliberate efforts to
manage urban growth and improve living conditions.
6. Social and Demographic Factors: Population size, density, composition, and social
dynamics influence settlement patterns. Factors such as migration, urbanization,
family structure, and socio-economic status shape housing preferences, community
structures, and neighborhood characteristics.
7. Technological Advances: Technological innovations, such as advancements in
transportation, communication, and construction techniques, influence settlement
characteristics. For example, the advent of automobiles and highways facilitated
suburbanization, while digital connectivity enables remote work and virtual
communities.
8. Environmental Considerations: Environmental factors, including hazards such as
floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes, impact settlement vulnerability and resilience.
Settlements in hazard-prone areas may adopt adaptive measures or relocation
strategies to mitigate risks.

These factors interact in complex ways to shape settlement characteristics, creating diverse
urban and rural landscapes with unique cultural, economic, and social attributes.
Understanding these influences is crucial for effective urban planning, sustainable
development, and resilient communities.

12.A. Explain the types of city forms with suitable examples

12.B. i) Explain multiple nuclei model and sector model
ii) Explain the causes of urban decay

Urban decay refers to the deterioration of urban areas, often characterized by declining
infrastructure, disinvestment, and social problems. Several factors contribute to urban decay:

1. Economic Decline: Loss of industrial jobs, outsourcing, and economic restructuring

can lead to a decline in urban economies. Factories and businesses may close, leading
to unemployment and poverty.
2. Population Decline: Outmigration of residents to suburban areas or other cities can
result in population loss and vacant properties. This reduces the tax base and further
strains municipal finances.
 3. Obsolete Infrastructure: Aging infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and utilities,
may become outdated and in need of repair or replacement. Lack of investment in
infrastructure can lead to service disruptions and decreased quality of life.
4. Disinvestment: Lack of private and public investment in urban areas can contribute
to deteriorating buildings, neglected public spaces, and declining property values.
Absentee landlords may neglect maintenance, leading to blight and abandonment.
5. Social Problems: Crime, drug abuse, homelessness, and social disorganization can
exacerbate urban decay. High crime rates and perceptions of insecurity deter
investment and contribute to population loss.
6. Racial Segregation: Racial discrimination and segregation can lead to disparities in
access to resources and opportunities, exacerbating social and economic inequalities
in urban areas. Concentrated poverty and lack of social cohesion can contribute to
urban decay.
7. Environmental Degradation: Pollution, environmental hazards, and brownfield sites
can degrade urban environments and contribute to urban decay. Contaminated sites
may remain unused or underutilized, hindering redevelopment efforts.
8. Government Policies: Ineffective urban planning, zoning regulations, and housing
policies can exacerbate urban decay. Lack of coordination between government
agencies and short-term planning priorities may result in fragmented development and
neglect of certain neighborhoods.
9. Suburbanization: Suburban sprawl and the flight of businesses and residents to
suburban areas can drain resources and investment from urban cores, contributing to
urban decay. Suburban development may also lead to increased congestion, pollution,
and social isolation.

13.A. i) Explain the benefits of regional plan

Regional planning offers several benefits for sustainable development and efficient resource
management. Here are some key advantages:

1. Integrated Development: Regional planning facilitates coordinated development

across multiple municipalities, cities, or states within a larger geographical area. It
ensures that development decisions are made with consideration for the broader
regional context, leading to more integrated and cohesive growth.
2. Optimized Infrastructure: By identifying regional infrastructure needs and
opportunities, regional planning helps prioritize investments in transportation,
utilities, and public services. This optimizes the use of resources and improves the
efficiency of infrastructure systems, reducing costs and enhancing connectivity.
3. Land Use Management: Regional planning allows for strategic land use
management, including the designation of areas for urban growth, conservation,
agriculture, and recreation. It helps prevent sprawl, protect valuable natural resources,
and preserve open spaces, contributing to environmental sustainability and quality of
life.
4. Economic Development: By identifying regional economic strengths, opportunities,
and challenges, regional planning supports targeted economic development initiatives.
It fosters collaboration between public and private stakeholders to promote industries,
attract investment, and create job opportunities across the region.
 5. Environmental Protection: Regional planning considers environmental factors such
as water resources, air quality, biodiversity, and natural hazards. It helps identify
environmentally sensitive areas, mitigate risks, and implement measures to protect
ecosystems and natural habitats.
6. Resilience and Adaptation: Regional planning plays a crucial role in building
resilience to climate change, natural disasters, and other shocks. It integrates climate
adaptation strategies, disaster preparedness measures, and sustainable development
principles to enhance the region's ability to withstand and recover from adverse
events.
7. Equitable Growth: Regional planning promotes equitable access to resources,
services, and opportunities for all residents, regardless of their location or socio-
economic status. It addresses disparities in infrastructure, education, healthcare, and
social services, promoting social inclusion and reducing inequalities.
8. Collaborative Governance: Regional planning fosters collaboration and cooperation
among diverse stakeholders, including government agencies, community
organizations, businesses, and residents. It promotes participatory decision-making,
consensus-building, and transparent governance processes, leading to more effective
and equitable outcomes.

ii) Explain with case studies the programmes and policies of Indian government that aims at the
development of rural India
13.B. Explain the hierarchical system of settlements and their functions with reference to Indian
context

In the hierarchical system of settlements, urban areas are organized into a hierarchy based on
their size, population, functions, and administrative status. This system reflects the spatial
distribution of settlements and their roles within the urban hierarchy. In the Indian context,
the hierarchical system of settlements typically includes the following levels:

1. Metropolitan Cities:
o Metropolitan cities are the largest and most influential urban centers in India.
They serve as major economic, political, cultural, and administrative hubs,
attracting people, businesses, and investment from across the country and even
globally.
o Examples: Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, and Bengaluru.
o Functions: Metropolitan cities perform a wide range of functions, including
central government administration, financial services, corporate headquarters,
major industries, educational institutions, cultural centers, and international
transportation hubs.
2. Tier 1 Cities:
o Tier 1 cities are large urban centers that play significant roles in regional and
national economies. They have a diverse economic base, substantial
population, and extensive infrastructure.
o Examples: Hyderabad, Pune, Ahmedabad, Surat, and Jaipur.
o Functions: Tier 1 cities serve as regional economic hubs, providing services
such as banking, healthcare, education, retail, and entertainment. They also
attract skilled labor and investment in various sectors, contributing to
economic growth and development.
3. Tier 2 Cities:
o Tier 2 cities are smaller urban centers that serve as important regional nodes
within their respective states or regions. They have a moderate population size
and economic activity compared to metropolitan and Tier 1 cities.
o Examples: Nagpur, Lucknow, Kanpur, Vishakhapatnam, and Kochi.
o Functions: Tier 2 cities perform functions such as regional administration,
manufacturing, trade, transportation, and education. They serve as centers for
government offices, small-scale industries, wholesale markets, and educational
institutions.
4. Tier 3 Cities and Towns:
o Tier 3 cities and towns are smaller urban settlements that play local and sub-
regional roles within their immediate hinterlands. They have a smaller
population size and less economic diversity compared to higher-tier cities.
o Examples: Bhopal, Madurai, Mysore, Coimbatore, and Rajkot.
o Functions: Tier 3 cities and towns typically serve as district or sub-district
administrative centers, agricultural markets, transportation nodes, and centers
for small-scale commerce, services, and light industries.
5. Rural Centers and Villages:
o Rural centers and villages are the smallest settlements in the hierarchical
system. They serve primarily rural populations and provide basic services and
amenities to the surrounding agricultural areas.
o Examples: Gram Panchayats, Talukas, and small villages across India.
 o Functions: Rural centers and villages serve as agricultural markets, healthcare
centers, educational facilities, and administrative units for rural governance.
They also support traditional crafts, cottage industries, and rural tourism.

14.A.i) Explain the contents of master plan

A master plan, also known as a comprehensive plan or a development plan, is a strategic

document that outlines the long-term vision, goals, policies, and guidelines for the physical
development of a city or region. The contents of a master plan may vary depending on the
specific context and objectives, but typically include the following components:

1. Introduction and Background:

o Provides an overview of the purpose and scope of the master plan.
o Summarizes the existing conditions, trends, challenges, and opportunities
facing the city or region.
2. Vision Statement:
o Defines the desired future state and aspirations for the city or region.
o Outlines key principles, values, and priorities that guide the development
process.
3. Goals and Objectives:
o Sets specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART)
goals and objectives.
o Addresses various aspects of urban development, such as land use,
transportation, housing, environment, economy, and social equity.
4. Land Use Plan:
 o Identifies and allocates land for different uses, such as residential, commercial,
industrial, recreational, institutional, and open space.
o Establishes zoning regulations, development densities, building heights, and
setbacks to guide future development.
5. Transportation Plan:
o Addresses the transportation needs of the city or region, including roads,
public transit, pedestrian facilities, and cycling infrastructure.
o Identifies transportation corridors, hubs, intermodal facilities, and measures to
improve mobility, safety, and accessibility.
6. Infrastructure Plan:
o Plans for the provision of essential infrastructure and public services, such as
water supply, sewage, drainage, electricity, telecommunications, and solid
waste management.
o Defines service areas, standards, capacities, and investment priorities to
support future development.
7. Environmental Protection and Sustainability:
o Incorporates strategies and measures to protect natural resources, mitigate
environmental impacts, and promote sustainable development.
o Addresses issues such as air and water quality, biodiversity, climate change
adaptation, energy efficiency, and green infrastructure.
8. Community Facilities and Services:
o Identifies the need for and location of community facilities and services,
including schools, healthcare facilities, parks, libraries, community centers,
and emergency services.
o Ensures equitable access to essential services and amenities for all residents.
9. Implementation Strategies:
o Outlines a framework for implementing the master plan, including regulatory
tools, financial mechanisms, partnerships, and monitoring mechanisms.
o Specifies responsible agencies, timelines, and performance indicators to track
progress and evaluate outcomes.
10. Public Participation and Engagement:
o Describes the process for public participation and stakeholder engagement in
the development and review of the master plan.
o Includes mechanisms for gathering feedback, addressing concerns, and
fostering collaboration between government agencies, community groups,
businesses, and other stakeholders.

ii) Analyse the sustainable aspects of master plan

The sustainable aspects of a master plan encompass various elements that promote
environmental, social, and economic sustainability. Here's an analysis of how a master plan
can incorporate sustainability:

1. Land Use and Urban Form:

o Sustainable master plans prioritize compact, mixed-use development to
minimize urban sprawl and preserve open space.
o They promote higher-density, transit-oriented development to reduce car
dependency and encourage walking, cycling, and the use of public transit.
 o Zoning regulations may encourage infill development, brownfield
redevelopment, and the adaptive reuse of existing buildings to minimize land
consumption and preserve natural habitats.
2. Transportation and Mobility:
o Sustainable master plans prioritize sustainable transportation modes such as
walking, cycling, and public transit over private car use.
o They incorporate complete streets designs that accommodate all users,
including pedestrians, cyclists, and public transit users, while also providing
safe and efficient mobility for motor vehicles.
o Investment in public transit infrastructure, pedestrian facilities, and cycling
infrastructure is prioritized to improve accessibility, reduce congestion, and
lower greenhouse gas emissions.
3. Infrastructure and Services:
o Sustainable master plans ensure the provision of essential infrastructure and
services, including water supply, sanitation, energy, telecommunications, and
waste management, to support population growth and economic development.
o They integrate green infrastructure components, such as rainwater harvesting,
stormwater management systems, and green roofs, to enhance water
efficiency, reduce flooding, and improve urban microclimates.
4. Environmental Conservation:
o Sustainable master plans incorporate strategies for environmental conservation
and resource management, including protection of natural habitats,
biodiversity, and ecosystem services.
o They promote energy efficiency, renewable energy adoption, and the
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through building codes, energy
standards, and incentives for green building practices.
o Sustainable landscaping practices, such as native plantings, green buffers, and
urban forests, are encouraged to enhance air quality, mitigate heat island
effects, and promote biodiversity.
5. Social Equity and Inclusion:
o Sustainable master plans prioritize social equity and inclusion by ensuring
equitable access to essential services, amenities, and opportunities for all
residents, regardless of income, race, or ethnicity.
o They address social disparities through policies and programs that promote
affordable housing, social services, education, healthcare, and cultural
amenities in underserved communities.
6. Resilience and Adaptation:
o Sustainable master plans integrate climate change adaptation and resilience
strategies to prepare for and mitigate the impacts of climate-related hazards,
such as sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and heatwaves.
o They incorporate measures such as green infrastructure, floodplain
management, coastal protection, and building resilience standards to enhance
community resilience and reduce vulnerability to natural disasters.

14.B. With sketches, explain any 2 urban development projects of Indian government

• Smart Cities Mission:

 • Description: The Smart Cities Mission is a flagship urban development initiative
launched by the Government of India to transform cities into sustainable and citizen-
friendly urban centres. Under this mission, selected cities receive funding and support
to improve infrastructure, enhance liveability, and implement smart solutions.
• Features:
o Integrated Planning: The mission emphasizes integrated planning and
development, focusing on areas such as urban mobility, water management,
sanitation, housing, and technology adoption.
o Smart Solutions: Selected cities integrate smart technologies and innovations
to improve service delivery, enhance governance, and optimize resource
utilization. These include smart energy systems, ICT-enabled services,
intelligent transportation systems, and e-governance solutions.
o Citizen Engagement: The mission promotes citizen participation and
engagement in urban planning and decision-making processes, ensuring that
development initiatives address the needs and priorities of residents.
o Sustainability: Smart Cities aim to achieve environmental sustainability
through measures such as energy efficiency, waste management, green spaces,
and eco-friendly transportation options.
• Benefits:
o Improved Quality of Life: Smart Cities initiatives focus on enhancing the
quality of life for residents by providing better infrastructure, services, and
amenities.
o Economic Growth: The implementation of smart solutions and infrastructure
upgrades promotes economic growth, job creation, and investment
opportunities in urban areas.
o Technology Adoption: The mission accelerates the adoption of technology
and innovation in urban governance, making cities more efficient, responsive,
and resilient.
o Urban Transformation: Smart Cities initiatives facilitate the transformation
of cities into modern, sustainable, and inclusive urban centers, driving India's
urbanization agenda forward.

• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY):

• Description: Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) is a housing scheme launched

by the Government of India to provide affordable housing to all urban poor by 2022.
The scheme aims to address the housing shortage in urban areas and improve the
living conditions of low-income households.
• Features:
o Affordable Housing: PMAY provides financial assistance and subsidies to
eligible beneficiaries for the construction, purchase, or renovation of houses.
The scheme offers affordable home loans, interest subsidies, and direct
assistance to make homeownership accessible to economically weaker
sections (EWS), low-income groups (LIG), and middle-income groups (MIG).
o Inclusive Development: PMAY prioritizes inclusive development by
ensuring that housing projects cater to the needs of vulnerable and
marginalized communities, including slum dwellers, informal settlements, and
economically disadvantaged groups.
 o Urban Renewal: The scheme supports the redevelopment of slums and
dilapidated housing colonies, promoting sustainable urban development and
improving the living conditions of residents.
o Partnerships: PMAY encourages partnerships between government agencies,
private developers, financial institutions, and community organizations to
accelerate housing construction and delivery, leveraging resources and
expertise from multiple stakeholders.
• Benefits:
o Housing for All: PMAY aims to provide affordable housing to all eligible
beneficiaries, reducing homelessness, slum proliferation, and informal housing
in urban areas.
o Poverty Alleviation: By addressing the housing needs of low-income
households, PMAY contributes to poverty alleviation, social inclusion, and
improved livelihoods for urban poor communities.
o Infrastructure Development: The construction of new housing units under
PMAY stimulates infrastructure development, including roads, water supply,
sanitation, and electricity, in underserved urban areas.
o Social Cohesion: Access to affordable housing promotes social cohesion,
community resilience, and a sense of belonging among urban residents,
fostering inclusive and sustainable urban development.

GOOGLE FOR SKETCHES!

15.A. Explain the concept of integrated township. Analyse how integrated townships are more
sustainable
15.B.i) Explain the benefits of transit-oriented development

• Improved Access to Transportation: TOD promotes the use of public transit by creating
compact, mixed-use developments within walking distance of transit stations. This improves
access to transportation options for residents, reducing reliance on private cars and alleviating
traffic congestion.

• Reduced Car Dependency: By providing convenient access to public transit, TOD

reduces the need for car ownership and encourages residents to use alternative modes of
transportation such as walking, cycling, and ridesharing. This results in fewer vehicle miles
traveled, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and improved air quality.

• Enhanced Mobility and Connectivity: TOD fosters connectivity between neighborhoods,

employment centers, and amenities by linking them to transit networks. This enhances
mobility for residents, particularly those without access to private vehicles, and promotes
social inclusion by facilitating access to jobs, education, healthcare, and recreational
facilities.

• Support for Sustainable Development: TOD promotes compact, mixed-use development

patterns that optimize land use and reduce urban sprawl. By concentrating development
around transit nodes, TOD maximizes the efficiency of infrastructure investments, minimizes
land consumption, and preserves open space and natural habitats.

• Economic Development: TOD stimulates economic activity and investment by creating

vibrant, walkable neighborhoods with a mix of commercial, residential, and recreational
amenities. Transit-oriented developments often attract businesses, retailers, and developers
seeking to capitalize on the proximity to transit infrastructure and the potential customer base.

• Increased Property Values: Properties located near transit stations in TODs often
experience higher land and property values due to their accessibility and convenience. This
benefits property owners, developers, and local governments by generating higher tax
revenues and stimulating real estate development and investment.

• Health and Well-being: TOD promotes active transportation and physical activity by
encouraging walking and cycling for short trips. This contributes to improved public health
outcomes by reducing sedentary lifestyles, obesity, and related chronic diseases. TOD also
creates opportunities for social interaction and community engagement, enhancing residents'
overall well-being and quality of life.

• Resilience to Transportation Disruptions: TOD reduces vulnerability to transportation

disruptions, such as traffic congestion, accidents, and fuel price fluctuations, by providing
alternative transportation options and diversifying travel modes. This enhances the resilience
of communities and businesses to external shocks and emergencies.

ii) Explain SEZ with an Indian case study