PLANNING 2

REVIEWER CORRIDORS/ HALLWAYS- ROADS/

PEDESTRIAN PATHS
I. Introduction to Urban Design and
Community URBAN DESIGNERS:
- Architects
WHAT IS URBAN DESIGN?: Section - Town Planners
3 of R.A 9266 - Landscape Architects
- Arrangement, appearance, and
function of suburbs, towns, and URBAN DESIGN CONSIDERS:
cities. ● Pedestrian Zones
- Process and outcome of ● Incorporation of Nature within a
creating localities City
- Design and coordination that ● Aesthetics
make up cities and towns ● Urban Structures
● Urban Typology, Density and
Sustainability
Urban Design operates at three ● Accessibility
scales: ● Legibility and Wayfinding
● Animation
● REGION (CITY & TOWN ) - ● Function and Fit
Urban design gives FORM ( ● Complimentary Mixed-Uses
PATTERN) ● Character and Meaning
● Order and Incident
● NEIGHBORHOOD ( DISTRICT ● Continuity and Change
& CORRIDOR)- Urban design ● Civil Society
gives SHAPE ( SPATIAL ● Participation and Engagement
STRUCTURE)
GOOD URBAN DESIGN
● BLOCK (STREET &
BUILDING)- Urban design gives 2013 Urban Design Compendium- set
CHARACTER out the key aspects of urban design:

Places for People. Places to be well

URBAN DESIGN —>Physical used, well-loved.must be safe,
Improvement comfortable, varied and attractive.

URBAN PLANNING—> Management Enrich the Existing. New

and development development should enrich the
qualities of existing urban places.
ARCHITECTURE—> Building Design
& Plan Make Connections. Places need to
be easy to get to.
Relationships of Spaces between one
another: Work with the landscapes. Strike
ROOMS- BUILDINGS balance between natural and
VERANDA/ BALCONIES- PLAZAS & man-made environment.
PARKS
GOOD URBAN DESIGN: ● Concepts of beauty
● Education
Mix Uses and Forms. Stimulating, ● Language
enjoyable, and convenient places meet ● Law and politics
a variety of demands. ● Religion
● Social organizations
Manage and Investments. A project ● Technology and material culture
must be economically viable to be ● Values
developable and well-cared for it. ● attitude

Design For Change. Needs to be Social Factors

flexible enough to respond to future ● Reference groups
changes in use, lifestyle and ● Family
demography. ● Role and status in society
● Time
NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF POORLY ● Available resources
DESIGNED URBAN PLACES:
Importance of Socio-Cultural Basis
- Poorly designed places can of Design of Community
quickly become areas with Architecture
alienated communities, few or
spoiled natural aspects Sociocultural perspective- point of
view that is built upon the idea that
- Areas often decline society and culture are major factors
economically and with influencing personal development
consequences
Sociocultural refer to a man: Factors
- Designing new developments to that affect quality of life, business and
the site within their space health
means negative impacts are ● Religion
mitigated, and economic, social, ● Attitudes
and environment benefits can ● Economic status
be more felt. ● Class
● Language
● Politics
II. Socio-Cultural Basis of Design of ● Law
Communities and Historical
Background: Aesthetics/
Community Architecture

Socio- Cultural Factors

- Combination of social and
cultural factors
- Customs, lifestyle, and values
that characterize a society or
group

Cultural Aspects
Socio-Cultural factors in community 3. Cultural Landscape
design ● Ethnographic
Landscape- landscapes
1. Geology and Ecology are “symbolic
environments” that
● Availability of Local people create to give
Materials- most designer meaning
design with available ● Historical Sites-
materials and not significant for their
common for people to association with a
design w/ materials that historic event etc
arent available ● Vernacular landscape-
● Environmental Issues - landscape evolved
Include climate change, through use by the
pollution, environmental people whose activities
degradation and or occupancy shaped
resource depletion those landscapes
● Disaster Prone Areas-
sustainable defined as Why are cultural landscapes
using a resource so that important?
it is not depleted, - The provide scenic, economic,
Sustainability is one of ecological, social, recreational,
the most significant and educational opportunities
concepts of this decade
influencing the design of Community Architecture can be traced
community planning back to the 1930s from urban renewal
● Diverse Land- Architects in U.K. and North America.
design on many places.
Slum Clearance Movement
2. Anthropology - gave birth to Urban Renewal
Policies.
● Vernacular Architecture - Outcome of the great
- Architectural style depression around 1930’s
designed base on
local needs, Modern Movement in Architecture
availability - Led by architects like Le
- Did not use Corbusier, propogated the
formally schooled notion of high-rise buildings
architects but
relied on skills Blighted Areas- for problem like this ,
,slum clearance and urban renewals
Factors Affecting Vernacular were the solutions
Architecture
● Climatic Condition Paul Davidoff- urban Planning
● Culture Professor,activist, and lawyer
● Technology Advancement
Advocacy Planning in the US. Paul architecture movement, same driving
Davidoff- first significant step as a principle of getting the people to join in
result of the 1960’s debate on the designing and development.
community participation in planning
and decision-making Aesthetics- set of principles
concerned with the nature and
Advocacy And Pluralism in appreciation of beauty
Planning- November 1965 issue of
the journal of the American Institute of Ancient Aesthetics
Planners - Greece had the most influence
on the development of
Democracy in the Planning aesthetics in the west.
Profession- Davidoff article, where - Plato felt that beautiful objects
voices of all interest groups are heard incorporated proportion,
harmony and unity
UK launched community action in the - Aristotle found that universal
1960s and 1970s elements of beauty were order,
symmetry, and definiteness.
Community Architecture Movement-
the project that laid the foundation in Islam Aesthetics
Britain, its was the black Road Area - Islamic. Any form of art created
Improvement Project in Macclesfield, in an Islamic culture
Cheshire , under the leadership of Rod - According to Islam, Human
Hackney- the first community architect works of arts are inherently
in Britain flawed compared to the work
of god.
Community architecture is the
architecture of the community - Indian Aesthetics
1970 - Indian Art. emphasis on
- No rules to community inducing special spiritual or
architecture, it is more “ An philosophical states in the
attitude of mind”, that inspires audience
architects to take on work Science of Architecture
directly with their lower- income - Traditional hindu system of
user clients. architecture
RIBA- The Royal Institute Of British Chinese Aesthetics
Architects - Confucius emphasized the role
- Released a paper titled “ Guide of Arts and Humanities
to Localism” - “Li” etiquette, the rites
- Part 1- Neighborhood - Mozi , who is an opponent of
Planning Confucius argued that the
- Part 2- Getting Community music and fine arts were
Engagement Right classist and wasteful

Localism Bill- where the paper is part

of
Localism- the project of RIBA,
another form of community
III. Orientation and Identity in Analysis of Task- a gender analysis
Community Architecture tool that raises community awareness ,
according to gender and familiarizes
Data Collection- the methodical planners with the degree of role
process of gathering and analyzing flexibility
specific information
Logical Framework- a matrix that
Hypothesis- testing eliminates illustrates a summary of project
assumptions while making a design, emphasizing the results that
proposition from the basis of reason are expected. Logical Framework
approach to project planning has been
The core forms in which data can be adapted for use in participatory
collected are primary and secondary methods.
data.
Assessments of Needs - A tool that
draws out information about people's
Importance of Data Collection varied needs, raises participants'
awareness of related issues and
● Integrity of the Research- A provides a framework for prioritizing
key reason for collecting data, needs
ensure that the integrity of the
research question is indeed Participants Observation- fieldwork
maintained technique used by anthropologist and
● Reduce the likelihood of sociologist to collect qualitative and
errors - The correct use of quantitative data leads in- depth
appropriate data collection of understanding of peoples practices ,
methods reduces the likelihood motivations and attitudes.
of errors consistent with the
results. Seasonal Diagrams- Show the major
● Decision Making- To minimize changes that affect a household,
the risk of errors in community, or region within a year
decision-making, it is important
that accurate data is collected Socio-Cultural Profiles- Detailed
so that the researcher doesn’t descriptions of the social and
make uninformed decisions. cultural dimensions that in
● Save Cost and Time- Data combination with technical, economic
collection saves researcher time and environmental dimensions
and funds
● To support a need for a new Village Meetings- Meetings with many
idea, change and/ or users in participatory development,
innovation- to prove the need including information sharing and
for a change in the norm or the group consultation
introduction of new information.
Identifying Sense of Time and
Access to Resources- collect Place- seeking to design communities
information and raise awareness that have stronger “sense of place.”
among beneficiaries
Spatial Organization is a way to tie envelop a smaller
the spaces together to create a spaces inside the
collective and organized whole. building
b. Three-
- Spatial organization can aid in Dimensional Field-
problem-solving to come up the larger space
with effective design solutions. acts s a 3
dimensional field
Climate considerations and zoning for the smaller
based on the needs of the site. space.
c. Contrasting
● Site-level future expansion Orientation- by
considerations. orienting the
● Access paths and circulation smaller space in
needs of the site. the opposite
● Privacy and security of the direction to the
spaces on the site. larger space,
● Functional segregation of d. Freestanding-
spaces in the design. differing the
● Dimensional requirements of functionality if both
each space. spaces
● Site context and the
surrounding environment. 2. Adjacent Space
● Organization based on the - When two different spaces are
significance of each space. placed next to each other and
hence share a common
9 Principles of Spatial Organization boundary.
1. Space within space a. Separating Plane- a
2. Adjacent space plane, either completely
3. Interlocking spaces or partially covered
4. Spaces linked by a common b. Row of Columns-
space choosing to separate the
two spaces with the help
Macro Level: of columns
1. Centralized Organization c. Change in level- spatial
2. Linear Organization separation can be
3. Radial Oraganization achieved for two
4. Clustered Organization adjacent spaces
5. Grid Organization
3. Interlocking Spaces
- When two spaces overlap each
1. Space within Space other to some degree
- When design calls for a. Shared Equally- portion
containing smaller-sized that is interlocked can be
spaces within one large equally shared
space. b. Merge volume-
a. Enveloped- a Interlocked spaces can
large space can
 take away from the ● Very sensitive to blockage
volume ● Requires control of growth
c. Creation of a new space- ● Lack of focus
Interlocked portion can
be converted into its own Radial Organization
space - Central spaces is dominant and
the rest of the spaces spread
4. Spaces Linked by a Common space out radially
- When two spaces rely on an 1. Pinwheel Pattern
external common space to form 2. Circular Pattern
a relationship Advantages
a. Linear spaces- Spaces have ● A direct line of travel
identical shapes and forms and ● Centrally directed flows
are linearly arranged ● Economics of a single point or
b. Distant spaces linked linearly- origin point
linear form itself can be ● Fewer intersections
considered as the intermediate ● Easier flow of traffic
space between two distant ● Aesthetic Appeal
spaces Disadvantages
c. Dominant Intermediate space- ● Central Congestion
intermediate space is the ● Local flow problems
largest among the existing ● Difficult building sites
space ● Unplanned growth can create
d. Residual Intermediate Space- traffic problems
spaces resulted from how the
existing spaces are arranged Clustered Organization
and form - Spaces are grouped randomly
but with close visual or physical
proximity
Centralized Organization 1. Repetitive spaces
- the central space takes hierarchy. 2. Organized by an axis
The circulation is often in the form of 3. Similarly shaped
radial, loop or spiral. 4. Sharing a common circulation path
5. Contained within a space
1. Regular 6. Axial or symmetrical
2. Symmetrical about its axis
3. Difference based on Advantages
requirements •Optional locations for focal activities
and system terminals
Linear Organization •Good psychological orientation
- A sequence of repetitive spaces •Adaptability to existing conditions
is arranged in a linear format
Advantages Disadvantages
● High accessibility •Depends on stability to key locations
● Adaptability to linear •Potential accessibility problems
growth •Tendency to dilute focal activities
● Useful along limited edge
Disadvantages Grid Organization
 - Spaces are placed in an Dispersed- when objects exist
ordered structural grid creating approximately equal
a three-dimensional framework
Centralization- central part of the city
Advantages has a organization of urban activities
•Shorter routes
•Easy to extend Cluster- overall perspective proximity
•Easy to find places that urban activities maintain.

Disadvantages Visual form refers to the physical

• Associated with traffic congestion layout and design of the city, art of
• Many intersections/robots shaping the interaction between
• Time consuming people and place
• Fuel consuming
• Road rage/frustration • Shape
• Size
Three classical theories of Spatial • Color
Organization- constructed to examine • Texture
single cities and they do not • Position
necessarily apply to metropolitan • Orientation
areas so common in today’s world • Visual Inertia
(Garba, 2013)
Color
1. Burgess-Concentric Zone Theory A phenomenon of light and visual
2. Hoyt-Sector theory perception that may be described in
3. Ullman and Harris-Multiple nuclei terms of an individual's perception of
theory. hue,

Texture
Most common Urban Spatial The visual and especially tactile quality
Structures given to a surface by the size, shape,

● The Classical Monocentric Position

Model- strong high density The location of a form relative to its
denter environment
● The “ Urban Village” Model-
people meet their place of Orientation
employment The direction of a form relative to the
● The Polycentric Model- No ground plane,
dominant carrier, some sub
centers Visual Inertia
● The Composite Model- A The degree of concentration and
dominant center, some stability of a form
subcenters

Decentralization- central part of the

city has a dispersed organization
IV. Creating and Identifying the According to Trowbridge
Sense of Place and Sense of Time “Creating a sense of place can give
people the feeling of being at home or
The concept of a “sense of place” is having a home that they can go back
essential in understanding how to while also providing a sense of
communities perceive themselves and control over their own fate.”
their surroundings
Juhani Pallasmaa
- strong sense of belonging and - As the renowned Finnish
pride among residents . architect and theorist Juhani
Pallasmaa aptly stated, "A
Proper planning of a structure or building speaks not only of
structures within the confines of a site the intellect of its creator but
can be handled in four ways: also of the society and
• to merge culture that produced it."
• to command
• to face - Architecture is more than just
• and to surround the construction of buildings

- Defining the Sense of Place

"Architecture frames human
experience and becomes a
vessel of memory and cultural
continuity."

- Cultural Identity and Heritage

"The most profound
architectural experiences arise
from a sense of being present in
a place,

- Creating a Strong Community

According to Lynch
"Architecture is a form of art,
“Sense is the interaction between
and buildings should be crafted
person and place…[and]…depends on
with the same care and
spatial form and quality, culture,
attention to detail as a work of
temperament, status, experience and
art,"
current purpose of the observer”
- Emotional Well-Being
According to Steele
"The best architecture does not
A sense of place can be “created by
represent an abstract ideal;
the pattern of reactions that a setting
rather, it embodies the
stimulates for a person”
peculiarities and idiosyncrasies
of the specific place."
According to Norberg-Shulz
“Spaces where life occurs are places”
- Environmental Connection
is not limited to human-made
structures. Natural landscapes
 and open spaces also - Skyway- long or high bridges
contribute to this concept - Boulevard- Multilane Arterial
Thoroughfare
Connecting people to place. - Alley- narrow passageway
-
V. Elements of Urban Design and • TRANSPORT - CONNECT THE
The Image of the City PARTS OF CITIES HELP SHAPE
THEM AND ENABLE MOVEMENT
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN THROUGHOUT THE CITY.
- Train
• BUILDINGS - Bus
• PUBLIC SPACES - Taxis
• STREETS - Jeepneys
• TRANSPORT - Tricycles
• LANDSCAPE - Private Automobiles
- Bicycle
- Sidewalk
• BUILDINGS - ARE THE MOST • LANDSCAPE- GREEN PART OF
PRONOUNCED ELEMENTS OF THE CITY THAT WEAVES
URBAN DESIGN. THROUGHOUT
- Residential Building- Normal - Central Park- make new york
residential purposes such great place to live
- Educational Building- Schools
and Colleges
- Institutional Building- VI. Signs and Symbols in Urban
constructed by government Design
- Commercial Building- Retails,
Resto, types of business, Sign- convey information in pictorial
- Industrial Building- Factories, form
or large premises Symbols- are quickly becoming the
standard for traffic control devices
• PUBLIC SPACES -ARE THE CITY'S worldwide.
LIVING ROOMS, WHERE PEOPLE Sign and Symbol- commonly used in
COME TOGETHER TO ENJOY THE every situation
CITY.
- Public Square- Hardscapes SEMIOTICS - The study of SIGNS and
suitable for open markets, SYMBOLS and their use and
surrounded by small shops interpretation.
-
• STREETS - CONNECTIONS “Symbolism in Architecture is another
BETWEEN SPACES AND PLACES, form of communication.”- Robert
AS WELL AS BEING SPACES Venturi
THEMSELVES
- Main Street- Focal point for SAFETY COLORS
shops and retailers • SAFETY RED - Fire, danger, Stop
- High and Fore Street- Street • SAFETY YELLOW - Caution
name of the primary business • SAFETY ORANGE - Warning
street or towns • SAFETY GREEN - Safety First
• SAFETY BLUE - Notice ADDITIONAL SIGNS MALE AND
FEMALE - These signs are used
DIFFERENT FAMILIES OF SIGNS commonly to distinguish the male and
• MANDATORY SIGNS female toilets.
• PROHIBITION SIGNS
• WARNING SIGNS The meaning of colors on road
• SAFETY SIGNS signs.
• DANGER SIGNS
Red: Red generally means stop
White: A white background indicates a
MANDATORY SIGNS- Road signs regulatory sign.
which are used to set the obligations of Yellow: conveys a general caution
all traffic message.
- are circular, may use white Green: shows permitted traffic
symbols on movements
Fluorescent yellow/green: Indicates
PROHIBITION SIGNS - means a pedestrian crossings and school
safety sign behavior likely to cause a zones.
risk to health or safety Blue indicates road user services,
tourist information, and evacuation
WARNING SIGNS - These signs are routes.
yellow Orange is used for warning and
- type of sign which indicates a guidance
potential hazard, Coral: Coral is used for incident
management signs.
SAFETY SIGNS - medium of Brown: Brown is used to showing
communication that conveys guidance to sites of public recreation
information or instructions regarding or cultural interest.
the physical safety of people
An octagon road sign conveys the
DANGER SIGNS - Safety signs for need to stop. A stop sign is the only
warning when a hazard or a hazardous sign that uses this shape.
condition
An upside-down triangle road sign
always means “yield.”
Pennant-shaped road signs warn
ADDITIONAL SIGN RECYCLED- This drivers of no-passing zones.
mark is placed on recycled objects to Diamond-shaped road signs always
tell the consumer that they are buying warn of possible hazards ahead.
a recycled product Round-shaped signs are used for
railroad signs.
ADDITIONAL SIGN FRAGILE - This A pentagon-shaped road sign
mark is placed on breakable objects provides a warning that a school zone
packaging is ahead, or a school crossing zone is
approaching.
ADDITIONAL SIGN DISABLED - This
is used to show disabled access.