Chapter 1 Fluid Mechanics
1.1. Fluids at Rest
1.2. Ideal Fluids in Motion
1.3. Bernoulli’s Equation
Homework:
Chapter 14: 1, 2, 17, 28, 38, 39, 48, 58, 65, 71
1
1. A fish maintains its depth in fresh water by adjusting the air content
of porous bone or air sacs to make its average density the same as that
of the water. Suppose that with its air sacs collapsed, a fish has a
density of 1.08 g/cm3. To what fraction of its expanded body volume
must the fish inflate the air sacs to reduce its density to that of water?
Let the volume of the expanded air sacs be Vs and that of the fish be Vf:
m fish
ρ fish 1.08 (g/cm 3 )
Vf
m fish
ρ water 1 (g/cm 3 )
Vf Vs
Vs ρ fish ρ water
7.4%
Vf Vs ρ fish
2
2. A partially evacuated airtight container has a tight-fitting lid of
surface area 77 cm2 and negligible mass. If the force required to
remove the lid is 480 N and the atmospheric pressure is 1.0×105 Pa,
what is the internal air pressure
po
F = (po – pi)A
1N/m2 = 1 Pa pi
3
17. Crew members attempt to escape from a damaged submarine
100 m below the surface. What force must be applied to a pop-
out hatch, which is 1.2 m by 0.6 m, to push it out at that depth?
Assume that the density of the ocean water is 1024 kg/m3 and
the internal air pressure is at 1.0 atm.
po = p0 + gd
pi = p0
F = (po – pi)A = gdA
F = (1024)(9.8)(100)(1.2 0.6) = 7.2105N
4
28. A piston of cross-sectional area a is used in a hydraulic press to exert
a small force of magnitude f on the enclosed liquid. A connecting pipe
leads to a larger piston of cross-sectional area A (Fig. 14-36). (a) What
force magnitude F will the larger piston sustain without moving? (b) If the
piston diameters are 3.80 cm and 53.0 cm, what force magnitude on the
small piston will balance a 20.0 kN force on the large piston?
(a) According to Pascal’s principle,
F/A = f/a F = (A/a)f.
(b) We obtain
f = (a/A)F
f = (3.8)2/(53.0)2(20.0103) = 103 N.
5
38. A small solid ball is released from rest while fully submerged in a
liquid and then its kinetic energy is measured when it has moved 4.0 cm
in the liquid. Figure (below) gives the results after many liquids are
used: The kinetic energy K is plotted versus the liquid density ρlid. What
are (a) the density and (b) the volume of the ball?
(a) An object, which has the same density
as the liquid surrounding, won’t gain any
kinetic energy (K = 0) after releasing
from rest: At K = 0, ρlid = 1.5 g/cm3. So,
ρball = 1.5 g/cm3 or 1500 kg/m3
(b) At ρlid = 0, K = 1.6 J: In this case, the
ball is freely falling in vacuum:
2 1 2 K 1.6
v 2gh ; K mv m 2
4.08 (kg)
2 gh 9.8 4.0 10
m
Vball 2.72 10 3 (m3 )
ρ ball
6
58. The intake in Fig. 14-47 has cross-sectional area of 0.74 m2 and
water flow at 0.40 m/s. At the outlet, distance D = 180 m below the
intake, the cross-sectional area is smaller than at the intake and the
water flows out at 9.5 m/s into equipment. What is the pressure
difference between inlet and outlet?
Bernoulli’s equation:
1 2 1 2
p1 ρv1 ρgy1 p 2 ρv 2 ρgy 2
2 2
p = 1.7 106 Pa = 1.7 MPa
7
71. Figure below shows a stream of water flowing through a hole at
depth h = 10 cm in a tank holding water to height H = 40 cm. (a) At
what distance x does the stream strike the floor? (b) At what depth
should a second hole be made to give the same value of x ? (c) At what
depth should a hole be made to maximize x ?
a)
x ‒ x0 = v0x t (1)
y − y0 = v0y t − ½g t2 (2)
mgh = ½ mv0x2 v0x = (2gh)1/2 (3)
(2) t = [2(y-y0)/g]1/2 = [2(H-h)/g]1/2
(1) x = v0xt = [2gh*2(H-h)/g]1/2
= 2[h(H-h)]1/2 = 35 cm
8
71. Figure below shows a stream of water flowing through a hole at
depth h = 10 cm in a tank holding water to height H = 40 cm. (a) At
what distance x does the stream strike the floor? (b) At what depth
should a second hole be made to give the same value of x ? (c) At
what depth should a hole be made to maximize x ?
b)
x2 = 4h(H-h) h2 – Hh + x2/4 = 0
h = ½(H (H2-x2))1/2
h1 + h2 = H
h1 = 10 cm h2 = 30 cm
c) f = x2 = 4h(H – h)
df /dh = 8h – 4H = 0 h = ½ H = 20 cm
