CLASS – 12

314
WORKSHEET- ATOMS

A. EARLY MODELS AND RUTHERFORD’S MODEL OF ATOM

(1Mark Questions)

1. According to Rutherford’s atomic model, the electrons inside an atom are

(a) stationary (b) centralized (c) non stationary (d) none of these
Ans. (c)

2. Choose the correct alternative from the clues given at the end of each statement:
(a) The size of the atom in Thomson’s model is ………. the atomic size in Rutherford’s
model. (much greater than/no different from/much less than.)
Ans. no different from
(b) In the ground state of ………. electrons are in stable equilibrium, while in ……….
electrons always experience a net force. (Thomson’s model/ Rutherford’s model.)
Ans. Thomson’s model, Rutherford’s model
(c)A classical atom based on ………. is doomed to collapse. (Thomson’s model/
Rutherford’s model.)
Ans. Rutherford’s model
(d) An atom has a nearly continuous mass distribution in a ……….but has a highly non-
uniform mass distribution in ……….(Thomson’s model/ Rutherford’s model.)
Ans. Thomson’s model, Rutherford’s model
(e)The positively charged part of the atom possesses most of the mass in ……….
(Rutherford’s model/both the models.)
Ans. both the models

(2 Marks Questions)

3. Estimate the radius of a Gold nucleus when -particle of energy 10MeV is scattered by it
through 180°. Given: (i)Zgold = 79, (ii) Z = 2 and (iii) 1/40 = 9×109 nm2 C-2
Sol. Atomic number of gold = 79
Kinetic energy of -particle = KE = 10MeV
At closest approach, all the kinetic energy of the alpha particle has converted into
potential energy i.e. KE = PE
kZe(2e)
Potential energy at closest approach, PE = r
2kZe2
But = 10meV
r
2(9×109 )×79×(1.6×10−19 )2
∴ = 10×1.6 ×10-13 ⇒ r ≈ 9.10 × 10-14 m.
r

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
 64
4. A Helium nucleus of energy 10 MeV collides on with a 29Cu nucleus and retraces its
path. Calculate the radius of the Cu nucleus. 315
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5. Explain how Rutherford’s experiment on scattering of -particles led to the estimation of

the size of the nucleus.
Sol. The electrons and nucleus are held together by the electrostatic force of attraction. This is
how the alpha ray scattering experiment of Rutherford led to the estimation of the site of
the nucleus.

6. Suppose you are given a chance to repeat the alpha-particle scattering experiment using a
thin sheet of solid hydrogen in place of the gold foil. (Hydrogen is a solid at temperatures
below 14 K.) What results do you expect?
Sol. In the alpha-particle scattering experiment, if a thin sheet of solid hydrogen is used in
place of a gold foil, then the scattering angle would not be large enough. This is because
the mass of hydrogen (1.67×10−27) is less than the mass of incident α−particles
(6.64×10−27).

(5 Marks Questions)

7. Draw a labeled diagram for -particle scattering experiment. Give Rutherford’s

observations and discuss the significance of this experiment. Obtain the expression which
helps us to get an idea of the size of a nucleus, using these observations

Sol. Alpha particles experiment led Rutherford the discovery of atomic nucleus.

Observations: (i) Most of the alpha particles pass straight through the gold foil. It means
that they do not suffer any collision with gold atoms. (ii) Only about 0.14% of incident

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
 alpha particles are scattered by more than 1°. (iii) About 1 alpha particle in every 8000
alpha particles deflect by more than 90° 316
Significance: His experiment led him to conclude that, the entire positive charge of the
atom must be concentrated in a tiny central core of the atom. The tiny massive central
core of the atom was named as atomic nucleus.
The first experimental determination of a size of a nucleus was made from the results of
Rutherford scattering of α particles. Distance of closest approach was found to be read
into 3 ×10-14 m for 7.7 MeV energetic α particles. This fact indicated that the size of the
nucleus should be less than 3 ×10 -14 m. For α particles having a kinetic energy of more
than 7.7 MeV, the distance of the closest approach will be smaller.
At K.E more than 5.5 MeV distance of closest approach will be smaller. At K.E more
than 5.5 MeV, attractive nuclear forces start affecting the Coulomb’s repulsive force
between α particles and gold nucleus. The size of the nucleus can be measured by using
fast electrons instead of α particles for the scattering experiment. The nuclear size was
found to vary linearly with the mass number (A). Since the nucleus is supposed to be
spherical, having radius R.
R = R0A1/3 where R0 = 1.2×10-15 m

B. BOHR MODEL

(1Mark Questions)

1. The ionization potential of the hydrogen atom is 13.6eV. What will be its energy in n = 2
state?
Sol. Energy of the electron in the first orbit of the atom, E 1 = - 13.6 eV. Its energy in the
second orbit, E2 = 13.6eV/(2)2 = - 3.4eV.

2. Taking the Bohr radius as a0 = 53pm, the radius of Li++ ion in its ground state, on the
basis of Bohr’s model, will be about
(a) 53 pm (b) 27 pm (c) 18 pm (d) 13 pm
Ans. (c)
According to Bohr’s model of atom reading of an atiom in ground state is r = r0/z where
r0 is Bohr radius and z is a atomic number. Given r0 = 53 pm.
The atomic number of lithium is 3, the radius of Li++ ion in its ground state, on the basis
of Bohr’s model, will be about 1/3 times to that of Bohr radius.
So, the radius of lithium ion is r0/z = 53/3 = 18 pm

3. The simple Bohr model cannot be directly applied to calculate the energy levels of an
atom with many electrons. This is because
(a) of the electrons not being subject to a central force.
(b) of the electrons colliding with each other
(c) of screening effects
(d) the force between the nucleus and an electron will no longer be given by Coulomb’s
law.
Sol. (a)

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
 The simple Bohr model cannot be directly applied to calculate the energy levels of an
atom with many electrons. So the nuclear the electrons not being subject to a central 317
force.

4. Two H atoms in the ground state collide inelastically. The maximum amount by which
their combined kinetic energy is reduced is
(a) 10.20 eV (b) 20.40 eV (c) 13.6 eV (d) 27.2 eV
Sol. (a)
We know that. Electron on the lowest sate of atom called the ground state have the lowest
energy and the electron revolving in the orbit of smallest radius the Bohr radius, r. The
energy of this state (n = 1) E1 is – 13.6eV. Total energy of two H atoms in the ground
state collide in elastically = 2 × (-13.6eV) = -27.2eV.
The maximum amount by which their combined kinetic energy is reduced when any one
H atom goes into first excited state after the inelastic collision. So that the total energy of
the two H atoms after the inelastic collision = (13.6/22) + (132.6) = 17.0eV. [Since for
excited state (n = 2)].
So maximum loss of their kinetic energy due to inelastic collision
= 27.2 – 17.0 = 10.2 eV

5. The mass of a H-atom is less than the sum of the masses of a proton and electron. Why is
this?
Sol. According to mass energy equivalence established by Einstein, If B represents binding
energy of hydrogen atom (= 13-6 ), the equivalent mass of this energy = B/c2. Hence,
mass of a H-atom It is less than sum of the masses of a proton and an electron.

(2 Marks Questions)

6. Calculate the speed of electron revolving around the nucleus of hydrogen atom in order
that it may not be pulled into the nucleus by electrostatic attraction.
Sol. The speed of electron in ‘stable’ orbits of hydrogen-like atoms in given by

For hydrogen atom (Z = 1) and in the first orbit (n = 1), the electron speed is

Substituting the given values :

7. Wavelength of first line Balmer series in hydrogen spectrum is 6563Å. Calculate the
wavelength of second line in this series.
1 1 1 1 1 1
Sol. = R H [22 − 32 ] and λ = R H [22 − 42 ]
λ1 2

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
 λ2 5 16 20
= 36 × 30 = 27
λ1 318
20
2 = 27 ×6563 ×10-10 = 4861 × 10-10 m = 4861 Å

8. Calculate the radius of the smallest orbit of a H-atom

Sol. The radius of the smallest orbit of the electron( aO) in hydrogen atom is 0.053 nm.
The radius of the nth orbit of a hydrogen atom is given by

Radius of innermost orbit, called Bohr’s radius, is obtained by putting n = 1. It is denoted

by r0 =

r0 = 0.53 x 10-10 m = 0.53nm.

9. The electron in a hydrogen atom having energy – 0.85eV makes a transition to a state
with energy – 3.4eV. Calculate the wavelength of the emitted photon.
Sol. From the energy data, we see that the 'H' atom transits from binding energy of 0.85 e V to
excitation energy of 102 e V.
= Binding Energy of - 3.4 e V
So, n = 4 to n =2
1 1 16
We know that 1/ = 1.097 × 107 × 107 (4 − 16) or  = 1.097×3×107 = 4.8617×10-7
= 487nm.

10. Calculate the frequency of the photon radiated by a hydrogen atom when it de-excites
from the first excited state to the ground state.
Sol. Given system de excites from its excited state to ground state
So, n1 = 1 and n2 = 2
1.097×107 1
1/ = ( ) (1 − ) ⇒ λ = 2.43×10-7 m = 2430Å
2 4

11. State Bohr’s postulates for explaining the spectrum of hydrogen atom.
Sol. It states that 'Whenever an electron jumps from one of its specified non-radiating orbit to
another such orbit, it emits or absorbs a photon whose energy is equal to the energy
difference between the initial and final states'.

12. The value of ground state energy of hydrogen atom is – 13.6eV. (i) What does the
negative sign signify? (ii) How much energy is required to take an electron in this atom
from the ground state to the first excited state?
Sol. (i) Negative sign shows that electron in ground state is bound in H-atom due to attractive
force between electron and nucleus.

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
 (ii) Energy of electron in H-atom in nth orbit is
319

For first excited state n= 2

Energy required to take electron from ground state to first excited state

13. What is the shortest wavelength present in the Paschen series of spectral lines?
Sol. For shortest wavelength of Paschen series, n1 = 3, n2 = ∞
1 1 1 R
Therefore, λ = R [32 − ∞] = 9
s
R 9
Or s = 9 = 1.097×107 = 8.2041×10-7m = 8204.1 Å

14. A 12.5eV electron beam is used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at room temperature.
What series of wavelengths will be emitted?
Sol. In the above case if 12.5eV electron beam is used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at room
temperature, the Lyman series will be emitted.

(3 Marks Questions)

15. A muonic hydrogen atom in bound state of a negatively charged muon (denoted by ) of
mass 207m, and a proton, and the muon orbits around the proton. Obtain (i) radius of its
first Bohr orbit and (ii) its ground state energy.
Sol. Same as 30.

16. The energy levels of an atom are as shown below. Which one of the transitions will result
in the emission of a photon of wavelength 275nm?

hc
Sol. The energy E of a photon of wavelength 275nm is given by E = λ
6.626×10−34 ×3×108 6.626×10−34 ×3×108
= J = 275×10−9×1.6×10−19 eV = 4.5eV
275×10−9

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
 This energy corresponds to the transition B for which the energy change from 0 – (- 4.5)
= 4.5eV. 320

17. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is – 13.6eV. (i) What is the kinetic energy of
an electron in the 3rd excited state? (ii) If the electron jumps to the ground state from the
3rd excited state, calculate the wavelength of the photon emitted.

Sol. (i) 2nd excited state means 3rd normal state of n = 3state
total energy of nthlevel is En=E0/n2 ,
given that E0=−13.6eV
So total energy for 3rd state will be E3 = −13.6/9 = −1.51eV
We know that total energy= - kinetic energy so kinetic energy
= - (-1.51eV) = 1.51eV
(ii) Energy of the transition will be the difference in energy levels so
E=−1.51−(−13.6)=12.09eV
𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟕.𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟕.𝟓
Wavelength λ= 𝐄(𝐞𝐯) 𝐧𝐦 = 𝟏𝟐.𝟎𝟗 𝐧𝐦 = 102.3 nm.

18. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is – 13.6eV. If an electron makes a transition
from an energy level – 0.85eV to – 3.4eV, calculate the wavelength of the spectral line
emitted. To which series of hydrogen spectrum does this wavelength belong?
Sol. When energy is – 0.85eV then n = 3, when energy is – 3.4ev then n = 2
1 5
Therefore 1/ = R ( ) = 1.1 × 107 ×
22 −32 36
36
 = 5×1.1 × 10−7 = 6.545 × 10−7 = 6545Å
Thus it belongs to Balmer series.

19. The energy level diagram of an element is given below. Identify by doing necessary
calculations which transition corresponds to the emission of a spectral line of wavelength
102.7 nm.

Sol.

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
 321

Hence, transition shown by arrow D corresponds to emission of l =102×7nm.

20. A difference of 2.3eV separates two energy levels in an atom. What is the frequency of
radiation emitted when the atom makes a transition from the upper level to the lower
level?
Sol. Here E = 2.3eV = 2.3×1.6×10-19J
As E = hv
E 2.3×1.6×10−19
So, frequency, v = h = = 5.6×1014Hz
6.6×10−34

21. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV. What are the kinetic and potential
energies of the electron in this state?
Sol. Total energy, E = - 13.6eV, KE = - E = - (- 13.6) = 13.6eV,
PE = - 2KE = - 2 × 13.6 = - 27.2eV

22. A hydrogen atom initially in the ground level absorbs a photon, which excites it to the n
= 4 level. Determine the wavelength and frequency of photon.
13.6
Sol. Energy of an electron in the nth orbit of H atom, E n = − n2 eV
13.6
Energy in the ground state (n – 1) level, E1 = − = - 13.6eV
12
13.6
Energy in fourth level (n 4) level, E 4 = − = - 0.85eV
42
E = E4 – E1 = - 0.85 – (- 13.6) = 12.75eV = 12.75 × 1.6 × 10-19J
As hv = V
𝚫𝐄 𝟏𝟐.𝟕𝟓×𝟏.𝟔×𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗
Therefore frequency, v = = = 3.078×1015Hz
𝐡 𝟔.𝟔×𝟏𝟎 −𝟑𝟒
𝐜 𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟖
Wavelength,  = 𝐯 = 𝟑.𝟎𝟕𝟖×𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟓 = 0.9744 × 10-7 m = 974.4 Å

23. (a) Using the Bohr’s model, calculate the speed of the electron in a hydrogen atom in the
n = 1, 2, and 3 levels. (b) Calculate the orbital period in each of these levels.
𝟐𝛑𝐤𝐞𝟐 𝐯𝟏
Sol. (a) Speed of the electron in Bohr’s nth orbit is vn = =
𝐧𝐡 𝐧
𝟐𝛑𝐤𝐞𝟐
Speed of electron in Bohr’s first (n = 1) orbit is v1 = 𝐡
𝟐×𝟑.𝟏𝟒×𝟗×𝟏𝟎𝟗 ×(𝟏.𝟔×𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 )𝟐 6 -1
= = 2.186×10 ms
𝟔.𝟔𝟑×𝟏𝟎 −𝟑𝟒
𝐯𝟏
v2 = = 1.093 × 106ms-1
𝟐
𝐯𝟏
v3 = = 0.729×106 ms-1
𝟑
𝟐𝛑𝐫𝟏
(b) Orbital period of electron in Bohr’s first orbit is T1 = 𝐯𝟏

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
 𝟐×𝟑.𝟏𝟒×𝟎.𝟓𝟑×𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎
= 𝐬 = 1.52×10-16s
𝟐.𝟏𝟖𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟔 322
As Tn = n3T1
Therefore T2 = (2)3 × 1.52 × 10-16 = 12.16 × 10-16 = 1.22 × 10-15s
T3 = (3)3 × 1.52 × 10-16 =41.04 × 10-16 = 4.10× 10-15s

24. The radius of the innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3×10–11 m. What are
the radii of the n = 2 and n =3 orbits?
Sol. Here r1= 5.3 × 10-11m
As rn = n2r1
Therefore r2 = 22 × 5.3 × 10-11 = 2.12 × 10-10m
R3 = 32 × 5.3 × 10-11 = 4.77× 10-10m

25. In accordance with the Bohr’s model, find the quantum number that characterizes the
earth’s revolution around the sun in an orbit of diameter 3 × 10 11 m with orbital speed 3 ×
104 m/s. (Mass of earth = 6.0 × 1024 kg.)
Sol. According to Bohr’s quantization condition of angular momentum
𝐧𝐡
Angular momentum of the earth around the sun, mvr = 𝟐𝛑
𝟐𝛑𝐦𝐯𝐫 𝟐×𝟑.𝟏𝟒×𝟔.𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒 ×𝟏.𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 ×𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟒
Therefore n = = = 2.57×1074.
𝐡 𝟔.𝟔×𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒

26. The gravitational attraction amongst proton and electron in a hydrogen atom is weaker
than the coulomb attraction by a component of around 10 −40. Another option method for
taking a gander at this case is to assess the span of the first Bohr circle of a hydrogen
particle if the electron and proton were bound by gravitational attraction. You will
discover the appropriate response fascinating.
𝐡𝟐
Sol. The radius of the first orbit in Bohr’s model is given by v0 = 𝟒𝛑𝟐 𝐦 𝟐
𝐞 𝐤𝐞
If instead of electrostatic attraction between electron and proton, we consider the atom
𝐆𝐦 𝐦
bound by gravitational force 𝐫𝐩𝟐 𝐞, then the term ke2 should b replaced by Gmp me. The
radius of the first Bohr orbit in a gravitationally bound hydrogen atom will be
𝐡𝟐 (𝟔.𝟔×𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 )𝟐
𝐫𝟎𝐆 = 𝟒𝛑𝟐 𝐆𝐦 𝟐 = 𝟒×𝟗.𝟖𝟕×𝟔.𝟔𝟕×𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 ×𝟏.𝟔𝟐𝟓×𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟕 ×(𝟗.𝟏×𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟏 )𝟐 = 1.194×1029m
𝐩 𝐦𝐞
29
≈ 1.2 × 10 m
This radius is much greater than the estimated size of the whole universe.

27. Obtain an expression for the frequency of a radiation emitted when a hydrogen atom de-
excites from level n to level (n – 1). For a large n, show that this frequency equals the
classical frequency of revolution of the electron in the orbit.
Sol. From Bohr’s theory, the frequency v of the radiation emitted when an electron de excites
from level n2 to level n1 is given by
𝟐𝛑𝟐 𝐦𝐤𝟐 𝐙𝟐 𝐞𝟒 𝟏 𝟏
v= [𝐧 𝟐 − 𝐧 𝟐 ]
𝐡𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
Given n1 = n – 1, n2 = n
𝟐𝛑𝟐 𝐦𝐤𝟐 𝐙𝟐 𝐞𝟒 𝟏 𝟏
Therefore v = [ − ]
𝐡𝟑 (𝐧−𝟏)𝟐 𝐧𝟐

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
 𝟐𝛑𝟐 𝐦𝐤𝟐 𝐙𝟐 𝐞𝟒 𝐧𝟐 −(𝐧−𝟏)𝟐 𝟐𝛑𝟐 𝐦𝐤𝟐 𝐙𝟐 𝐞𝟒 (𝟐𝐧−𝟏)
= [ ]=
𝐡𝟑 (𝐧−𝟏)𝟐𝐧𝟐 𝐡𝟑 (𝐧−𝟏)𝟐 𝐧𝟐 323
For large n, 2n – 1 – 2n and n – 1 – n and for hydrogen Z = 1
𝟐𝛑𝟐 𝐦𝐤𝟐 𝐞𝟒 𝟐𝐧 𝟒𝛑𝟐 𝐦𝐤𝟐 𝐞𝟒
Therefore v = × 𝐧𝟐 .𝐧𝟐 = …(i)
𝐡𝟑 𝐧𝟑 𝐡𝟑
Now in Bohr’s model,
𝐧𝐡 𝐧𝟐 𝐡𝟐
Velocity of electron in nth orbit = 𝟐𝛑𝐦𝐫 and radius of nth orbit = 𝟒𝛑𝟐 𝐦𝐤𝐞𝟐
Thus orbital frequency of electron in nth orbit is
𝟐
𝐯 𝟏 𝐧𝐡 𝐧𝐡 𝟒𝛑𝟐 𝐦𝐤𝐞𝟐 𝟒𝛑𝟐 𝐦𝐤𝟐 𝐞𝟒
vc = 𝟐𝛑𝐫 = 𝟐𝛑𝐫 × 𝟐𝛑𝐦𝐫 = 𝟒𝛑𝟐 𝐦 × ( ) =
𝐧𝟐𝐡𝟐 𝐧𝟑 𝐡𝟑
which is same as obtained in equation (i).
Hence for large value of n, the classical frequency of revolution of electron in nth orbit is
same as that obtained from Bohr’s theory.

28. The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of the hydrogen atom is about -3.4
eV
(a) What is the kinetic energy of the electron in this state?
(b) What is the potential energy of the electron in this state?
(c) Which of the answers above would change if the choice of the zero of potential
energy is changed?
𝟏 𝐤𝐙𝐞𝟐
Sol KE of an electron in nth orbit, T = 𝟐 𝐫𝟐
𝐤𝐙𝐞𝟐
PE of an electron in nth orbit, V = 𝐫 = 𝟐𝐓
Total energy, E = T +V = T – 2T = - T
Therefore kinetic energy, T = - E = - (- 3.4) = 3.4eV
Potential energy, V = - 2T = - 2 × 3.4 = - 6.8eV
(c) If the zero of the potential energy is chosen differently, kinetic energy does not
change. Potential energy and hence total energy will be affected.

29. If Bohr’s quantization postulate (angular momentum = nh/2π) is a basic law of nature, it
should be equally valid for the case of planetary motion as well. Why then do we never
speak of quantization of orbits of planets around the sun?
Sol. Angular momenta associated with planetary motion are incomparably large relative to
h/2. For example, angular momentum of the earth in its orbital motion is of the order to
1070 h/2. In terms of the Bohr’s quantization postulate, thus corresponds to a very large
value of h (of the order of 1070). For such a large value of h/2 the differences in the
successive energies and angular momenta of the quantized levels of the Bohr model are
so small compared to the energies and angular momenta respectively of the levels that on
ecan, for all practical purposes, consider the levels continuous.

30. Obtain the first Bohr’s radius and the ground state energy of a muonic hydrogen atom
[i.e., an atom in which a negatively charged muon (μ−) of mass about 207me orbits
around a proton].
𝐧𝟐 𝐡𝟐 𝟏
Sol. In Bohr’s model, the radius of nth orbit is r = 𝟒𝛑𝟐 𝐦𝐤𝐙𝐞𝟐 i.e r ∝ 𝐦

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
 Now in a muonic hydrogen atom, a negatively charged muon (-) of mass 207 me
revolves around a proton. 324
𝐫𝛍 𝐦𝐞 𝐦𝐞
Therefore we can write 𝐫 = 𝐦 = 𝟐𝟎𝟕𝐦
𝐞 𝛍 𝐞
𝟏 𝟏
Therefore r = 𝟐𝟎𝟕 × 𝐫𝐞 = 𝟐𝟎𝟕 × 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 𝐦 = 2.5×10-13 m
𝟐𝛑𝟐 𝐦𝐤𝟐 𝐙𝟐 𝐞𝟒
Energy of electron in nth orbit, E = 𝐧𝟐 𝐡𝟐
When all other factors are
𝐄 𝐦 𝟐𝟎𝟕𝐦
Therefore 𝐄𝛍 = 𝐦𝛍 = 𝐦 𝐞
𝐞 𝐞 𝐞
Or E = 207 Ee = - 207 × 13.6eV = - 2.8 keV

31. Derive Rydberg’s formula to derive the wavelength of spectral lines of hydrogen from n1
orbit to n2 orbit.
Sol. The Rydberg formula is the mathematical formula to determine the wavelength of light
emitted by an electron moving between the energy levels of an atom. When an electron
transfers from one atomic orbital to another, it’s energy changes. When an electron shift
from an orbital with high energy to a lower energy state, a photon of light is generated. A
photon of light gets absorbed by the atom when the electron moves from low energy to a
higher energy state. The Rydberg Formula applicable to the spectra of the different
elements and is it is expressed as

Where, n and n2 are integers and n2 is always greater than n1.

R is constant, called Rydberg constant and formula is usually written as

The modern value of Rydberg constant is known as 109677.57 cm-1 and it is the most
accurate physical constant.

(5 Marks Questions)

32. (a) Draw the energy diagram showing the ground state, and the next few excited states for
hydrogen (H) atom. Mark the transition, which corresponds of the emission of spectral
lines for the Balmer series. (b) Calculate the wavelength of the first spectral line in this
series.
Sol. (a)

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
 325

(b) We know that Balmer series terminates at n = 2. Hence the first spectral line of
Balmer series corresponds to transition from n 1 = 3 to n2 = 2. Hence we have

The second line of Balmer series of ionzied helium atom corresponds to transition from
n1 = 4 to n2 = 2

33. State Bohr’s postulates for atomic model. Derive the expression for total energy of an
electron bound to hydrogen atom.
Sol. Postulates of Bohr's Model of an Atom: In an atom, electrons (negatively charged)
revolve around the positively charged nucleus in a definite circular path called
orbits or shells. Each orbit or shell has a fixed energy and these circular orbits are known
as orbital shells.
According to Rutherford’s model we have

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
 326

Energy is negative implies that the electron nucleus is a bound or attractive system.

34. The electron in a given Bohr orbit has a total energy of – 1.5eV. Calculate its (i) kinetic
energy (ii) potential energy and (iii) wavelength of light emitted, when the electron makes
a transition to the ground state (Ground state energy = - 13.6eV).

Sol. Given E = 1.5 ev

(i) Kinetic energy of electron
K.E. = -E K.E. = -5(-1.5 ev)
K. E. = 1.5 ev
(ii) Potential energy of electron
P.E. = -2 K.E. P.E. = -2 x 1.5
P.E. = -3.0 ev
(iii) Energy of photon
ΔE = E2 - E1
ΔE = -1.5 - (-13.6)
ΔE = 12.1 ev
ΔE = 12.1 x 1.6 x 10-19 J
ΔE = 19.36 x 10-19 J
Energy of photon, ΔE =hc/= 19.36 x 10-19
6.6×10−34 ×3×108
Wavelength of radiation,  = 19.36×10−19
Or  = 1.022 × 10 m
-7

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
35. Derive the expression for the radius of the ground state orbit of hydrogen atom, using
Bohr’s postulates. Calculate the frequency of the photon, which can excite the electron to 327
– 3.4eV from – 13.6eV
Sol. For H atom, Z = 1
E = hv
⇒ |-13.6| - |-3.4| = 4.14×10-15 × v
10.2
v = 4.14×10−15 = 2.46 ×1015Hz

36. Using Bohr postulate derive the velocity of electron in nth orbit of hydrogen atom.
Sol. According to Bohr's postulates,

Angular momentum
Speed of moving electron in the orbit
radius of orbit
Planck's constant
mass of particle
For a dynamically stable orbit in a hydrogen atom,

By Bhors postulate

Therefore

37. In the Auger process an atom makes a transition to a lower state without emitting a
photon. The excess energy is transferred to an outer electron which may be ejected by the
atom. (This is called an Auger electron). Assuming the nucleus to be massive, calculate
the kinetic energy of an n = 4 Auger electron emitted by Chromium by absorbing the
energy from a n = 2 to n = 1 transition.

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
Sol. As the nucleus is massive, recoil momentum of the atom may be neglected and the entire
energy of the transition may be considered transferred to the Auger electron. As there is a 328
single valence electron in Cr, the energy states may be thought of as given by the Bohr
model.
The energy of the nth state En=-Z2R1/n2 where R is the Rydberg constant and Z = 24. The
energy released in a transition from 2 to 1 is

The energy required to eject a n = 4 electron is E4=Z2R1/16.

Thus the kinetic energy of the Auger electron is

C. CASE STUDY
1. The Photoelectric Effect: It has been observed when electromagnetic radiation of short
enough wavelength (or high enough frequency) falls on a metal, electrons are emitted
from tis surface. This phenomenon is called photoelectric effect and the emitted electrons
are called photoelectrons. Different substances emit photoelectrons only when exposed to
different kind of radiations. For a given emitter illuminated by light of a given frequency,
the photoelectric current is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident light. For
every emitter there is a definite threshold frequency below which no photoelectrons are
emitted, no matter what the intensity of light is. Above the threshold frequency, the
maximum kinetic energy of the photo electrons is proportional to the frequency of the
incident light. Einstein proposed a theory for photo electric effect. According to him,
when photon of light falls on a metal, it is absorbed, resulting in the emission of a
photoelectron. The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electron is given by K max = hv
– W0 where v is the frequency of incident radiation and W0 is the work function of the
metal. The constant h is called the Planck’s constant and its value is h = 6.63 × 10-34 Js.
Furthermore, W0 = hv0 where v0 is the threshold frequency.
(i) A metal of work function is 3.3eV is illuminated by a light of wavelength 300nm. The
threshold frequency of photoelectric emission is (take h = 6.6×10 -34Js)
(a) 8.0×1014Hz (b) 6.6×1014Hz (c) 4.0×1014Hz (d) 3.3×1014Hz
Sol. (a)
Use W0 = hv0

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
(ii) In Qs (i) above, the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons is
(a) 1.32×10-19J (b) 3.3×10-19J (c) 6.6×10-19J (d) 1.6×10-19J 329
Sol. (a)
c 3×108
Use Kmax = h(v – v0) where v = λ = 300×10−9 = 10 × 1014Hz
(iii) In Qs (i) above the stopping potential is
(a) 2.475V (b) 1.65V (c) 0.825V (d) 3.3V
Sol. (c)
Use Kmax = eV0
(iv) The photoelectric emission from a metal begins at a frequency of 6 ×10 14Hz. The emitted
photoelectrons are fully stopped by a retarding potential of 3.3V. The frequency of the
incident radiation if (take h = 6.6×10-34Js)
(a) 1.0×1015Hz (b) 1.2×1015Hz (c) 1.4×1015Hz (d) 1.6×1015Hz
Sol. (c)
Use eV0 = h(v – v0)
(v) Light of wavelength 3000Å is incident on two metals A and B whose work functions are
4e and 2eV respectively. Then
(a) A will emit photoelectrons but B will not (b)B will emit photoelectrons but A will not
(c) Both A and B will emit photoelectrons (d) neither A nor B will emit photoelectrons
hc (6.6×10−34 )×(3×108 )
Sol. The energy of the incident photon is E = hv = = = 6×10-19J =
λ (3300×10−10 )
3.75eV

2. X rays
Experimental investigations have revealed that there are two type of X rays –
characteristic X rays and continuous X rays. Characteristic X rays are produced when
high energy electrons strike the target in an X ray tube. The high energy electrons possess
enough energy to penetrate into the atom and knock out one of the two electrons of the K
shell. When an electron is missing from the K shell, an electron from the neighbouring L
shell jumps into it, simultaneously emitting high frequency X rays. When this transition
has taken place, an electron from the M shell jumps in to the vacancy of the L shell
resulting in the emission of another X rays photon and so on.
Continuous X rays are produced by another process called Bremsstrrahlung. When an
electron of energy eV (electron volts) travels towards the target, it is accelerated towards
the nucleus by the Coulomb force Ze2/r3 where Z is the atomic number of the target atom
and r is the distance at a particular time of the incident electron. Consequently the
electron is accelerated, the acceleration a being given by Ze2/re3 = ma.
The electron is progressively accelerated towards the nucleus and eventually deflected to
one side, the emitted X rays photon being deflected to the other side. The maximum
frequency of the emitted photon is given by eV = hvmax
(i) The production of characteristic X rays is due to the

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
 (a) consequence acceleration of incident electrons towards the nucleus
(b) continuous retardation of incident electrons towards the nucleus 330
(c) electron transitions between inner shells of the target atom
(d) electron transitions between outer shells of the target atom
Sol. (c)
(ii) Production of continuous X rays is due to the
(a) Acceleration of the incident electrons by the nucleus of the target atom
(b) Electron transitions between inner shells of the target atoms
(c) Electron transitions between outer shells of the target atom
(d) Annihilation of the mass of incident electrons
Sol. (a)
(iii) The study of the spectrum of characteristic X ray helps us to
(a) measure the energy of the incident electrons
(b) measure the wavelength of the incident electrons
(c) measure the energy of the emitted X rays
(d) identify the element of which the target is made
Sol. (d)
(iv) The maximum frequency limit of the continuous X rays spectrum depends upon
(a) the atomic number of the atoms of the target
(b) the kinetic energy of the incident electrons
(c) the maximum frequency limit of the characteristic X ray spectrum
(d) the degree of vacuum in the X ray tube
Sol. (b)
(v) The potential difference applied to an X ray tube is 5kV and the current through it is
3.2mA. Then the number of electrons striking the target per second is
(a) 2×1016 (b) 5×1016 (c) 1×1017 (d) 4×1015
Sol (a)
l 3.2×10−3
n = e = 1.6×10−19 = 2×1016 per second which is choice (a).

D. ASSERTION REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false (d) If both assertion and reason are false
(e) If assertion is false but reason is true.
1. Assertion: Bohr postulated the electrons in stationary orbits around the nucleus do not
radiate.
Reason: According to e classical Physics, al moving electrons radiate.
Ans. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false

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 Bohr postulated that electrons around the nucleus do not radiate. This is true. According
to classical Physics, the moving electrons radiate only when they jump from a higher 331
energy orbit to lower energy orbit. So the reason is false.
2. Assertion: In the a-particle scattering experiment, most of the -particles pass
undeviated.
Reason: Most of the space in the atom is empty
Ans. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Most of the - particles pass roughly in a straight line (within 1°) without deviation. This
shows that no force is acting on them. So, the assertion is true. Most of the space in the
atom is empty. Only 0.14% of -particles are scattered more than 1°. So, the reason is
also true and explains the assertion.
3. Assertion: The total energy of an electron in a stationary state of ht hydrogen is –ve.
Reason: The –ve sign indicates that energy is required to remove the electron from the
hydrogen atom.
Ans. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
The –ve sign of the total energy of an electron moving in an orbit means that the electron
is bound with the nucleus. Energy wi be required to remove the electron from the
hydrogen atom to a distance infinitely far away from the nucleus.
4. Assertion: The positively charged nucleus of an atom has a radius of almost 10 -15 m.
Reason: The -particle scattering experiment, the distance of closest approach for -
particles is ≅ 10-15m.
Ans. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
In -particle scattering experiment, Rutherford found a small number of -particles
which were scattered back through an angle approaching to 180°. This is possible only if
the positive charges are concentrated at the centre or nucleus of the atom.
5. Assertion: According to classical theory, the proposed path of an electron in Rutherford
atom model will be parabolic.
Reason: According to electromagnetic theory an accelerated particle continuously emits
radiation.
Ans. (e) assertion is false but reason is true.
According to classical electromagnetic theory, an accelerated charge continuously emits
radiation. As electrons revolving in circular path\s are constantly experiencing centripetal
acceleration, hence they will be losing their energy continuously and the orbital radius
will go on decreasing and form spiral and finally the electron will fall on the nucleus.

E. CHALLENGING PROBLEMS

1. Choose a suitable solution to the given statements which justify the difference between
Thomson’s model and Rutherford’s model

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
 (a) In the case of scattering of alpha particles by a gold foil, average angle of deflection
of alpha particles stated by Rutherford’s model is (less than, almost the same as, much 332
greater than) stated by Thomson’s model.
(b) Is the likelihood of reverse scattering (i.e., dispersing of α-particles at points more
prominent than 90°) anticipated by Thomson’s model ( considerably less, about the same,
or much more prominent ) than that anticipated by Rutherford’s model?
(c) For a small thickness T, keeping other factors constant, it has been found that amount
of alpha particles scattered at direct angles is proportional to T. This linear dependence
implies?
(d) To calculate average angle of scattering of alpha particles by thin gold foil, which
model states its wrong to skip multiple scattering?
Sol. (a) almost the same as
In both the Rutherford’s model and the Thompson’s model, average angle was
considered for experimentation. So on these grounds, it can be established that the normal
point of diversion of alpha particles in Thomson’s model is about the same as in the case
of Rutherford’s model
(b) much less
In Rutherford’s model , back/reverse scattering is more likely to happen. Reverse-
scattering refers to the scattering of alpha particles at points more than 90°. The chances
of back scattering anticipated by Thomson’s model is considerably less than that that of
Rutherford’s model.
(c) Single collisions give rise to the dispersing phenomenon. The probability of a single
collision is directly proportional to the amount of target molecules. And since the number
of target particles increase with an expansion in thickness, the impact likelihood depends
directly on the thickness of the objective.
(d) Thomson’s model
Multiple scattering in Thomson’s model should not be disregarded in order to figure out
the average scattering angle of alpha particles by a thin gold film. This can be established
on the grounds that almost no deflection is caused by a solitary collision in this model.
Subsequently by considering multiple scattering, the watched normal scattering edge can
be clarified.

2. Classify an electron can be in nay orbit around the nucleus of an atom. Then what
determines the typical atomic size? Why is an atom not, say, thousand times bigger than
its typical size? The question had greatly puzzled Bohr before he arrived at his famous
model of the atom that you have learnt in the text. To stimulate what he might well have
done before his discovery, let us play as follows with the dimensions of length that is
roughly equal to the known size of an atom (  1010 m )
(a) Construct a quantity with the dimensions of length from the fundamental constants e,
me and c. Determine the numerical value.
(b) You will find that the length obtained in (a) in many orders of magnitude smaller than
the atomic dimensions, Further, it involves c. But energies of atoms are mostly in non-
realistic domain where c is not expected to play any role. That is why may have
suggested Bohr to discard c and look for something else to get the right atomic size. Now,
the Planck’s constant h had already made its appearance elsewhere, Bohr’s great insight
lay in recognizing that h, me and e will yield the right atomic size. Construct the quantity

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
 with the dimension of length from h, me and e and confirm that its numerical value has
indeed the correct order of magnitude 333
Sol. According to Coulomb's law, the force between hydrogen nucleus and electron is given as:
F= 1/4πε0.e2/r2
⇒r=1/4πε0/e2e2
Now, using the fundamental constants e, me and c, we will obtain a quantity which has the
dimensions of length.
We know that F.r (force x distance) is the amount work or energy and it is also given as =mc2
∴r=1/4πε0.mc2e2=2.8×10−15m.
It is comparatively smaller than the size of the atom.

SPACE FOR ROUGH WORK

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 334

SPACE FOR NOTES

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)