Experiment No.

09

Experiment Title
Determination of Voltage Regulation of Single Phase Transformer for Different Kinds of Loads

Objective
1. To develop a comprehensive understanding of the equivalent circuit of a transformer,
including its resistive, inductive, and core-loss components

2. To determine the core loss resistance (𝑅𝑐 ) and magnetizing reactance (𝑋𝑚 ) using the open-
circuit test.

3. To analyze the relationship between the primary and secondary windings through the turns
ratio and its impact on voltage transformation.

4. To gain hands-on experience in transformer testing, measurement techniques, and interpre-

tation of experimental data.

5. To identify and quantify different types of losses in the transformer, including core losses
(hysteresis and eddy current) and copper losses.

Theory
Voltage Regulation (V.R) is a measure of the change in the secondary voltage of a transformer
as the load varies, from no-load (NL) to full-load (FL). It is expressed as a percentage of the
full-load voltage.
The Voltage Regulation (V.R) is given by the formula:
𝑉NL − 𝑉FL
V.R = × 100
𝑉FL
Where:

• 𝑉NL is the no-load voltage (the voltage across the secondary when the transformer is not
supplying any load),

• 𝑉FL is the full-load voltage (the voltage across the secondary when the transformer is
supplying full-load current),

• 𝑉𝑆 is the secondary side voltage, which depends on the load and its nature.

An alternate expression for voltage regulation can be written as:

𝑉NL − 𝑉𝑆
V.R =
𝑉𝑆
Where 𝑉𝑆 is the voltage at the secondary side under load conditions.

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Effect of Load Type on Voltage Regulation
Different kinds of loads affect the voltage regulation of the transformer in distinct ways. These
loads can be broadly classified as inductive, resistive, and capacitive loads.

1. Inductive Load
For an inductive load, the load current (denoted as 𝐼 𝑠 ) lags the voltage, creating a lagging power
factor. The voltage drop across the load is given by:

Voltage Drop = 𝐼 𝑠 𝑅𝑠 + 𝐼 𝑠 𝑋𝑠
Where:

• 𝑅𝑠 is the resistance of the secondary windings,

• 𝑋𝑠 is the reactance of the load.

As the load current (𝐼 𝑠 ) increases, the voltage drop across the load increases, causing the secondary
voltage (𝑉𝑠 ) to decrease. This results in a positive voltage regulation (i.e., the voltage decreases
under load).

2. Resistive Load
For a resistive load, the load current is in phase with the voltage, and the voltage drop across the
load is:

Voltage Drop = 𝐼 𝑠 𝑅𝑠
Where 𝑅𝑠 is the resistance of the transformer windings. As the load current (𝐼 𝑠 ) increases, the
voltage drop across the load increases, causing the secondary voltage (𝑉𝑠 ) to decrease. This also
results in a positive voltage regulation, but the effect is typically smaller compared to an inductive
load.

3. Capacitive Load
For a capacitive load, the current leads the voltage, resulting in a leading power factor. The
voltage drop across the load is given by:

Voltage Drop = 𝐼 𝑠 𝑅𝑠 − 𝐼 𝑠 𝑋𝑐
Where 𝑋𝑐 is the capacitive reactance. As the load current (𝐼 𝑠 ) increases, the voltage drop across
the load decreases, which causes the secondary voltage (𝑉𝑠 ) to increase. This leads to negative
voltage regulation (i.e., the voltage increases under load).

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Phasor Diagrams for Different Types of Loads
1. Phasor Diagram for Inductive Load
For an inductive load, the current 𝐼 𝑠 lags behind the voltage 𝑉𝑠 by an angle 𝜙. This is due to
the inductive reactance 𝑋𝑠 , which causes the current to be out of phase with the voltage. In the
phasor diagram, the voltage 𝐸 2 (the induced EMF in the transformer secondary) is represented
as a reference vector. The current 𝐼 𝑠 is shown lagging behind the voltage by an angle 𝜙.

Voltage and Current Relationship

𝑉𝑠 leads 𝐼 𝑠 by 𝜙,
where 𝜙 is the phase angle. The resulting voltage drop across the load is

𝐼 𝑠 (𝑅𝑠 + 𝑋𝑠 ),

which causes the secondary voltage to decrease under load.

Figure 9.1: Phasor Diagram for Inductive Load

In the phasor diagram:

• 𝑉𝑠 is the reference vector.

• 𝐼 𝑠 is the lagging current vector.

• The voltage drop is represented by the sum of resistive and inductive components, and the
resultant 𝑉𝑠 decreases under load conditions.

2. Phasor Diagram for Resistive Load

For a resistive load, the current 𝐼 𝑠 is in phase with the voltage 𝑉𝑠 . The voltage drop is purely
resistive (𝐼 𝑠 𝑅𝑠 ), and there is no phase difference between current and voltage. This results in a
power factor of 1 (unity).

Voltage and Current Relationship

𝑉𝑠 and 𝐼 𝑠 are in phase (i.e., 𝜙 = 0).
The voltage drop across the load is purely resistive (𝐼 𝑠 𝑅𝑠 ), causing the secondary voltage to
decrease as load increases.

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 Figure 9.2: Phasor Diagram for Resistive Load

In the phasor diagram:

• Both 𝑉𝑠 and 𝐼 𝑠 are along the same direction (in-phase).

• The voltage drop is represented only by the resistive component.

3. Phasor Diagram for Capacitive Load

For a capacitive load, the current 𝐼 𝑠 leads the voltage 𝑉𝑠 by an angle 𝜙. This is due to the capacitive
reactance 𝑋𝑐 , which causes the current to lead the voltage. In the phasor diagram, the voltage
𝐸 2 (induced EMF in the secondary) is represented as a reference vector. The current 𝐼 𝑠 leads the
voltage by an angle 𝜙.

Voltage and Current Relationship

𝑉𝑠 lags 𝐼 𝑠 by 𝜙,
where 𝜙 is the phase angle. The voltage drop across the load is

𝐼 𝑠 (𝑅𝑠 − 𝑋𝑐 ),

which causes the secondary voltage to increase under load.

Figure 9.3: Phasor Diagram for Capacitive Load

In the phasor diagram:

• 𝑉𝑠 is the reference vector.

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 • 𝐼 𝑠 is the leading current vector.

• The voltage drop is represented by a negative reactance (capacitive), and the resultant 𝑉𝑠
increases under load.

Conclusion
The voltage regulation of a transformer depends on the type of load it is supplying. Inductive loads
lead to a positive voltage regulation, while capacitive loads result in negative voltage regulation.
Resistive loads exhibit less significant voltage regulation. The phase relationship between voltage
and current for each load type plays a crucial role in determining the behavior of the secondary
voltage under varying load conditions.

Power Factor Correction

To improve the efficiency of the transformer, power factor correction may be needed, especially
in the case of inductive loads, where the power factor is lagging. This can be achieved by adding
capacitors in parallel with the load. Capacitors counteract the inductive reactance, improving the
power factor and reducing the total reactance in the system.
The power factor is represented by the cosine of the phase angle between the current and voltage:

Power Factor = cos 𝜃

Where 𝜃 is the phase angle between the current and voltage.

Power Triangle
The power triangle illustrates the relationship between the active power (𝑃), reactive power (𝑄),
and apparent power (𝑆):
√︁
𝑆 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄 2
The angle between the active power 𝑃 and the apparent power 𝑆 represents the power factor angle.

Required Apparatus
1. Single-Phase Transformer

• Power (𝑃): 760 𝑉 𝐴

• Primary Voltage (𝑈1 ): 230 𝑉
• Secondary Voltage (𝑈2 ): 400 − 230 𝑉
• Frequency ( 𝑓 ): 50 𝐻𝑧
• Primary Current (𝑖1 ): 3.7 𝐴
• Secondary Current (𝑖2 ): 1 − 1.7 𝐴

2. Three phase fixed line (Rating: Voltage: 400V, Current: 10A)

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 3. Resistive Loads (Mod. RL-1/EV: Ratings: 220-230V(DC)/380-400V(AC), 462W max):

• Load no. 1 (Rating: Resistance: 2200Ω, Current: 0.1A)

• Load no. 2 (Rating: Resistance: 1100Ω, Current: 0.2A)
• Load no. 3 (Rating: Resistance: 550Ω, Current: 0.4A)

4. Capacitive Loads (Mod. CL-1/EV: Ratings: 220-230V/380-400V, 50Hz, 462VA max):

• Load no. 1 (Rating: Capacitance: 1.4𝜇𝐹, Current: 0.1A, Reactance: 2200Ω)

• Load no. 2 (Rating: Capacitance: 2.9𝜇𝐹, Current: 0.2A, Reactance: 1100Ω)
• Load no. 3 (Rating: Capacitance: 5.8𝜇𝐹, Current: 0.4A, Reactance: 550Ω)

5. Inductive Loads (Mod. IL-1/EV: Ratings: 220-230V/380-400V, 50Hz, 462VA max):

• Load no. 1 (Rating: Current: 0.1A, Reactance: 2200Ω)

• Load no. 2 (Rating: Current: 0.2A, Reactance: 1100Ω)
• Load no. 3 (Rating: Current: 0.4A, Reactance: 550Ω)

6. Three Phase AC Meter:

• Ammeter (Rating: Current: 5A max)

• Voltmeter (Rating: Voltage: 500V AC rms max)

7. Three Phase AC Meter Display

8. Connecting Wires

Circuit Diagram

Figure 9.4: Circuit Diagram for Voltage Regulation of Single Phase Transformer

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Data Table

Table 9.1: Voltage Regulations for Capacitive Loads

Sl. No. 𝑬 2 (V) 𝑰 𝒔 (A) 𝑽𝒔 (V) Voltage Regulation (VR)

1 0 428.4 0%
2 0.186 428.9 −0.12%
3 0.380 429.2 −0.19%
4 0.561 429.4 −0.23%
428.4
5 0.708 429.9 −0.35%
6 0.889 430.3 −0.44%
7 1.078 430.6 −0.51%
8 1.269 430.8 −0.56%

Table 9.2: Voltage Regulation for Inductive Loads

Sl. No. 𝑬 2 (V) 𝑰 𝒔 (A) 𝑽𝒔 (V) Voltage Regulation (VR)

1 0 427.0 0%
2 0.187 425.1 0.447%
3 0.434 423.5 0.826%
4 0.622 422.2 1.137%
427.00
5 0.855 420.7 1.497%
6 1.032 420.0 1.67%
7 1.270 419.5 1.787%
8 1.44 417.5 2.275%

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 Table 9.3: Voltage Regulation for Resistive Loads

Sl. No. 𝑬 2 (V) 𝑰 𝒔 (A) 𝑽𝒔 (V) Voltage Regulation (VR)

1 0 426.8 0%
2 0.167 422.8 0.946%
3 0.332 419.5 1.74%
4 0.496 416.0 2.596%
426.8
5 0.669 413.0 3.341%
6 0.828 408.7 4.428%
7 0.981 405.7 5.201%
8 1.14 403.0 5, 905%

Graph

Figure 9.5: Practical Representation of Different Kinds of Loads in Transformer

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Discussion
The experiment was initiated by connecting the single-phase transformer to a fixed AC supply,
and the input voltage was applied. The primary and secondary windings were connected to
appropriate meters to measure voltage, and current. For each type of load (resistive, inductive,
and capacitive), the output voltage was recorded at no-load ,full-load & some specific load
conditions in betwen.
The results showed that the transformer maintained good voltage regulation under resistive and
inductive loads. However, under capacitive loading, Negative voltage regulation conditions
were observed, requiring careful monitoring. The results validated the theoretical expectations
that resistive and inductive loads caused voltage drops, while capacitive loads resulted in a rise
in output voltage. It was concluded that proper load matching is essential to ensure optimal
transformer performance and to avoid operational issues.