SIMILARITY

PROPERTIES OF AREAS OF TRIANGLES

1. The ratio of Areas of two triangles is equal to the ratio of

the product of their bases and corresponding heights.

1
x b1 x h1
A1 2
= 1
A2 x b2 x h2
2

A1 b1 x h1
=
A2 b2 x h2
PROPERTIES OF AREAS OF TRIANGLES

2. The ratio of Areas of two triangles having equal heights is

equal to the ratio of their corresponding bases.

But h1 = h2
A1 b1 x h1
=
A2 b2 x h2

A1 b1
=
A2 b2
PROPERTIES OF AREAS OF TRIANGLES

3. The ratio of Areas of two triangles having equal bases is

equal to the ratio of their corresponding heights.

But b1 = b2
A1 b1 x h1
=
A2 b2 x h2

A1 h1
=
A2 h2
PROPERTIES OF AREAS OF TRIANGLES

4. Areas of two triangles having equal bases and equal

heights are equal.

b1 x h1 But b1 = b2
A1
= h1 = h2
A2 b2 x h2

A1 1
=
A2 1

A1 = A2
 TRIANGLES WITH EQUAL HEIGHTS

Case 1

A D l

m
B G C H E F

When two or more triangles lie between same two parallel lines, they have
equal heights
 TRIANGLES WITH EQUAL HEIGHTS

Case 2 The three Triangles have the same height

B G C D

Condition:
1. The three Triangles must have a common vertex
2. The base of three triangles must lie in a same line
 BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM

If a line parallel to a side of a triangle intersects the remaining sides in two

distinct points, then the line divides the sides in proportion.

A
In DABC,

IF
D E l line l ll side BC

THEN
AD AE
=
DB EC

B C
 PROPERTY OF AN ANGLE BISECTOR OF A TRIANGLE

In a triangle, the angle bisector divides the side opposite to the angle in the
ratio of the remaining sides.

A In DABC,
Ray AD bisects ∠BAC

∴ BD AB
=
DC AC

B D C
 PROPERTY OF THREE PARALLEL LINES AND THEIR
TRANSVERSALS

The ratio of the intercepts made on a transversal by three parallel lines is

equal to the ratio of the corresponding intercepts made on any other
transversal by the same parallel lines.
PROPERTY OF THREE PARALLEL LINES AND THEIR
TRANSVERSALS
x y
AB DE
1. =
BC EF
A D
l
AB DE
2. =
B AC DF
E
m
BC EF
3. =
C F AC DF
n
TESTS FOR SIMILARITY

1. AA TEST P
In DABC and DPQR,

A
IF
∠A ≅ ∠P
∠B ≅ ∠Q

THEN
DABC ~ DPQR
B C Q R
TESTS FOR SIMILARITY

2. SSS TEST P
In DABC and DPQR,

A
IF
AB AC BC
= =
PQ PR QR

THEN
DABC ~ DPQR
B C Q R
TESTS FOR SIMILARITY

3. SAS TEST P
In DABC and DPQR,

A
IF
AB BC
=
PQ QR
∠B ≅ ∠Q
THEN
B C Q R
DABC ~ DPQR
 AREAS OF SIMILAR TRIANGLES
The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the
squares of their corresponding sides. A

IF
DABC ~ DPQR
B C Q R
THEN
2 2 2
A(DABC) AB BC AC
= = 2 =
A(DPQR) PQ 2
QR PR 2
PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
PYTHAGOREAN TRIPLET

In a triplet of natural numbers, if the square of the largest

number is equal to the sum of the squares of the remaining two
numbers then the triplet is called Pythagorean Triplet.

Consider a triplet,
6, 8 and 10

102 = 100

62 + 82 = 36 + 64 = 100

∴ 6, 8 and 10 is a Pythagorean Triplet

PYTHAGORAS THEOREM

In a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal

to the sum of the squares of remaining two sides.
A

In DABC,
IF
ABC = 90o

THEN
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
B C
PROPERTY OF 30o – 60o – 90o TRIANGLE

If acute angles of a right angled triangle are 30o and 60o, then
the side opposite to 30o angle is half the hypotenuse and the
side opposite to 60o angle is 3 times the hypotenuse.
2
In DLMN,
L
IF
 L = 30o,  N = 60o,  M = 90o 30o
THEN

MN = 1 LN and
2 60o
M N
3
LM = LN
2
PROPERTY OF 45o – 45o – 90o TRIANGLE

If acute angles of a right angled triangle are 45o and 45o, then
each of the perpendicular sides is 1 times the hypotenuse.
2

In DLMN,
L
IF
 L = 45o,  N = 45o,  M = 90o 45o
THEN
1
MN = LN and
2 45o
1 M N
LM = LN
2
SIMILARITY AND RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLE

In a right angled triangle, if the altitude is drawn to the

hypotenuse, then the two triangles formed are similar to the
original triangle and to each other.
A
In DABC,
IF
D
BD ⊥ AC

THEN
DADB ~ DABC
DBDC ~ DABC B C
DADB ~ DBDC
THEOREM OF GEOMETRIC MEAN

In a right angled triangle, the perpendicular segment to the

hypotenuse from the opposite vertex, is the geometric mean of
the segments into which the hypotenuse is divided.
A
In DABC,
IF
BD ⊥ AC D
THEN
BD is the Geometric Mean of AD and DC

∴ BD2 = AD x DC C
B
APOLLONIUS THEOREM
A

In DABC,

IF
M is the midpoint of side BC

THEN
AB2 + AC2 = 2AM2 + 2BM2 B M C

OR

AB2 + AC2 = 2AM2 + 2CM2

CIRCLE
TANGENT THEOREM

A tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius at

the point of contact.
IF,
Line l is a tangent to the circle with centre
O at the point of contact P.
THEN,
O Line l ⊥ radius OP

P l
TANGENT SEGMENT THEOREM

Tangent segments drawn from an external point to a circle are

congruent.

P
In a circle with centre O, Point D is an
O external point.
D Seg PD and Seg QD are Tangent Segments.

THEN,
Q
Seg PD ≅ Seg QD
ARC OF A CIRCLE

An arc is a part of circumference of a circle.

There are 3 types of arc:

(1) Semi circular Arc
(2) Minor Arc
(3) Major Arc
SEMI CIRCULAR ARC

The arcs on either sides of the diameter are called Semi circular arc

X
Arcs AXB and AYB are Semi circular arcs

A B
O

∴ m(arc AXB) = m(arc AYB) = 180o

Y
MINOR ARC

Any arc smaller than the semi circular arc is called as the Minor Arc.

X
Eg: arc AX, arc BX, etc.

Minor arc < 180o

A B
O

Y
MAJOR ARC

Any arc greater than the semi circular arc is called as the Major Arc.

X
Eg: arc ABX, arc AXY, etc.

Major arc <

180o

A B
O

Y
CENTRAL ANGLE

When the vertex of an angle is the centre of the circle, the angle so
formed is a central angle.

Here, O is the centre of the circle

and
 BOY is the central angle
O
B
θ

Y
MEASURE OF MINOR ARC

Measure of the minor arc is equal to the measure of its corresponding

central angle.

Major Arc
 BOY is the central angle
O
B
∴ m(arc BY) = m BOY
θ

Minor Arc
Y

∴ Measure of major arc = 360o - Measure of minor arc

SOME IMPORTANT PROPERTIES

(1) The chords corresponding to congruent arcs of a circle (or congruent

circles) are congruent.

(2) Corresponding arcs of congruent chords of a circle (or congruent

circles) are congruent.
INSCRIBED ANGLE

When the vertex of an angle lies on the circle and both the arms
touch the circle, the angle so formed is an Inscribed Angle.

C Here, O is the centre of the circle

and
 ACB is an Inscribed angle
O

A B
INTERCEPTED ARC

The arc of a circle that lies in the interior of the angle is called as
Intercepted Arc.

 ACB is an Inscribed angle

and
O arc AB is its Intercepted Arc

A B
INSCRIBED ANGLE THEOREM

The measure of an inscribed angle is half of the measure of the arc

intercepted by it.

C  ACB is an Inscribed angle

and
arc AB is its Intercepted Arc
O
Then

mACB = 1 m(arc AB)

A B 2
COROLLARY OF INSCRIBED ANGLE THEOREM

(1) Angles inscribed in the same arc are congruent.

C D  ACB and  ADB are inscribed in the same arc AB

∴ mACB = mADB
O
B

same arc
COROLLARY OF INSCRIBED ANGLE THEOREM

(2) Angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.

C
 ACB is inscribed in the semicircle

∴ mACB = 90o
A B
O
CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL

If all the vertices of a quadrilateral lie on the same circle then it is

called a cyclic quadrilateral.

C Vertices A, B, C and D lie on the same circle

D
∴ oABCD is a Cyclic Quadrilateral
O

A
B
CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL THEOREM

Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.

C oABCD is a Cyclic Quadrilateral

D
Then

O A + C = 180o
&
B + D = 180o
A
B
COROLLARY OF CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL THEOREM

An exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is congruent to the angle

opposite to its adjacent interior angle.

C oABCD is a Cyclic Quadrilateral

D
Then

O CBE ≅ CDA

A
B E
CONCYCLIC POINTS

Set of points are said to be concyclic if they lie on the same circle.

C Points A, B, C and D lie on the same circle

D
∴ These points are concyclic
O

A
B
If two points on a given line subtend equal angles at two distinct points
which lie on the same side of the line, then the four points are
concyclic.

Points B and C lie on the same side of the line AD

B &
x C
x ABD ≅ ACD

∴ The points A, B, C and D are concyclic

A D
MEASURE OF ANGLE WITH VERTEX INSIDE THE CIRCLE

B Chords AC and BD intersect each other

A
internally at point O
O
C
1
∴  AOD =  BOC = m(arc AD) + m(arc BC)
D 2
MEASURE OF ANGLE WITH VERTEX OUTSIDE THE CIRCLE

B
A Chords AC and BD intersect each other
externally at point O

1
∴  COD = m(arc CD) - m(arc AB)
2
D
C
THEOREM OF INTERNAL DIVISION OF CHORDS

Chords AB and CD of a circle with centre P intersect D

internally at point E A E
B

P
∴ AE x EB = CE x ED C
THEOREM OF EXTERNAL DIVISION OF CHORDS E

D
Chords AB and CD of a circle intersect externally B
at point E

∴ EB x EA = ED x EC

C
A
TANGENT SECANT SEGMENTS THEOREM

Secant AB and Tangent ET intersect each

B other externally at point E
A

E
∴ ET2 = EA x EB

T
THEOREM OF ANGLE BETWEEN TANGENT AND SECANT

If an angle has its vertex on the circle, its one side touches the circle
and the other intersects the circle on one more point, then the measure
of the angle is half the measure of its intercepted arc.

mABC = 1 m(arc ADB)

A
2

B C
THEOREM OF ANGLE BETWEEN TANGENT AND SECANT
ALTERNATIVE STATEMENT:
The angle between a tangent of a circle and a chord drawn from the
point of contact is congruent to the angle inscribed in the arc opposite to
the arc intercepted by that angle.

mABC = mATB
T A

B C
CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
DISTANCE FORMULA

B (x2,y2)

A (x1,y1)

d(A,B) = (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2

COLLINEAR AND NON COLLINEAR POINTS

A 2 C 4 B

d(A,B) = d(A,C) + d(C,B)

∴ The points are collinear

If,
d(A,B) ≠ d(A,C) + d(C,B)
The points will be non collinear
 C
A
A

B B

If three points are collinear, If three points are non collinear,

we get a straight line we get a triangle
SECTION FORMULA

m n
A (x1,y1) P (x,y) B (x2,y2)

Point P(x,y) divides seg AB in the ratio m:n

By Section Formula,

m x2 + n x1 m y2 + n y1
x = and y =
m+ n m+ n
MIDPOINT FORMULA

A (x1,y1) P (x,y) B (x2,y2)

Point P(x,y) is the midpoint of seg AB

By Midpoint Formula,

x1 + x2 y1 + y2
x = and y =
2 2
CENTROID FORMULA

A (x1,y1)

F E
G (x,y)

B (x2,y2) D C (x3,y3)

G is the centroid of DABC

By Centroid Formula,

x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y 2 + y 3
x = and y =
3 3
WHAT IS A SLOPE?

Slope is the rate of change of y with respect to x

Y y2 - y1
Slope of line =
x2 - x1

6
5
4 3- 1
Slope of line PQ =
3 6 - 2
Q(6,3)
2 2
=
1 4
P(2,1)
1
X’ O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X =
2
Y’
WHAT IS A SLOPE?

Slope is the rate of change of y with respect to x

Change in y
Slope of line =
Change in x

Q Opp. Side
=
Adj. Side
Change in y
= tan θ
P θ
R
Change in x

Slope of a line = tan θ

SLOPE OF COLLINEAR POINTS

Slope of collinear points are equal

2- 1
Slope of line PR =
Y 4 - 2
1
=
2
6
5
3- 2
4 Slope of line RQ =
6 - 4
3
Q(6,3) 1
2 =
R(4,2) 2
1
P(2,1)
X’ O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X
Y’
SLOPE OF PARALLEL LINES

θ1
θ2

Since the lines are parallel to each other, the angle made by
the lines with the horizontal will be equal
∴ θ1 = θ2

∴ tan θ1 = tan θ1

∴ Slope of parallel lines are equal

TRIGONOMETRY
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS A

Opp. Side
Sin 𝛉 = Opp. Side Cosec 𝛉 = Hypotenuse
Hypotenuse Opp. Side

Cos 𝛉 = Adj. Side Sec 𝛉 = Hypotenuse

Hypotenuse Adj. Side
𝛉
Opp. Side Adj. Side
Tan 𝛉 = Cot 𝛉 =
Opp. Side
B Adj. Side C
Adj. Side
TRIGONOMETRIC RELATIONS

1 1
Sin 𝛉 = or Cosec 𝛉 =
Cosec 𝛉 Sin 𝛉

1 1
Cos 𝛉 = or Sec 𝛉 =
Sec 𝛉 Cos 𝛉

1 1
Tan 𝛉 = or Cot 𝛉 =
Cot 𝛉 Tan 𝛉

Sin 𝛉 Cos 𝛉
Tan 𝛉 = or Cot 𝛉 =
Cos 𝛉 Sin 𝛉
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

1) Sin2𝛉 + Cos2𝛉 = 1

2) 1 + Tan2𝛉 = Sec2𝛉

3) 1 + Cot2𝛉 = Cosec2𝛉
TWO IMPORTANT FORMULAE

1) a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)

2) a3 – b3 = (a – b)3 + 3ab (a – b)
TRIGONOMETRIC TABLE

Trigonometric Angle(𝛉)
ratio 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o
1 1 𝟑
sin 𝛉 0 2 1
𝟐 2
𝟑 1 1
cos 𝛉 1 0
2 𝟐 2
tan 𝛉 0 1 N.D.
1 𝟑
𝟑
2
cosec 𝛉 N.D. 2 𝟐 1
𝟑
2
sec 𝛉 1 𝟐 2 N.D.
𝟑
1
cot 𝛉 N.D. 𝟑 1 0
𝟑
𝛉: Angle of Elevation

𝛉
Horizontal Line
𝛉: Angle of Depression

𝛉 Horizontal Line
MENSURATION
CUBOID

1) Lateral Surface Area = lh + lh + bh + bh

= 2lh + 2bh
= 2h (l + b) h

2) Total Surface Area = 2lh + 2bh + 2lb

b
= 2 (lb + bh + lh) l

3) Volume = lbh
CUBE

1) Lateral Surface Area = 4l2

2) Total Surface Area = 6l2 l

3) Volume = l3
l
l
CYLINDER

1) Curved Surface Area = 2πrh

2) Total Surface Area = 2πrh + 2πr2

h
= 2πr (r + h)

3) Volume = πr2h r
CONE

1) Slant height (l) = r2 + h2

2) Curved Surface Area = πrl l

h
3) Total Surface Area = πrl + πr2
= πr (r + l) r

4) Volume = 1 πr2h
3
SPHERE

1) Surface Area = 4πr2

4 r
2) Volume = π
r3
3
HEMISPHERE

1) Curved Surface Area = 2πr2

2) Total Surface Area = 2πr2 + πr2 r

= 3πr2

3) Volume = 2 πr3
3
FRUSTUM

r2

h l

r1

r1 > r2
 CONE FRUSTUM

r2

l
h l
h

r r1

1) Slant height (l) = r2 + h2 1) Slant height (l) = (r1 – r2)2 + h2

2) Curved Surface Area = πrl 2) Curved Surface Area = πl(r1 + r2)

3) Total Surface Area = πr (r + l) 3) Total Surface Area = πl(r1 + r2)

+ πr12 + πr22
4) Volume = 1 πr2h
3
4) Volume = 1 πh r12 + r22 + r1r2
3
SECTOR OF A CIRCLE

B Minor Sector: The sector of the circle enclosed by

two radii and the corresponding minor
arc is called a ‘Minor Sector’

O O-PMQ is the minor sector

θ
Q Major Sector: The sector of the circle enclosed by
P
two radii and the corresponding major
arc is called a ‘Major Sector’
M
O-PBQ is the major sector
AREA OF A SECTOR

B
Central Angle Area of a Circle

360o πr2
O

θ θ A
P Q

M 360o
=
πr2
θ A

θ x πr2
∴ A =
360o
LENGTH OF AN ARC

B
Central Angle Length of the arc

360o 2πr
O

θ θ l
P Q

360o 2πr
M =
θ l

θ x 2πr
∴ l =
360 o
RELATION BETWEEN LENGTH OF AN ARC AND AREA OF THE SECTOR

θ x πr
A = 2
… (1)
360o

θ x 2πr
l =
360o

∴
θ = l … (2)
360o 2πr

l x πr2 … from (1) and (2)

A =
2πr
∴

lr
∴ A =
2
SEGMENT OF A CIRCLE

Y
Major segment

A B

X Minor segment

Segment of a circle is the region bounded by a chord and

its corresponding arc of the circle.
AREA OF A SEGMENT B

O
πθ - sin𝛉
A(segment PXQ) = r2 360o 2 r θ

P Q
X