ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING

SIGNALS AND
SYSTEMS

Comprehensive Theory
with Solved Examples and Practice Questions

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First Edition : 2015

Signals and Systems Second Edition : 2016

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Third Edition : 2017
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Fourth Edition : 2018
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 Signals and Systems
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 4

Introduction to Signals.................................. 2-54 Continuous Time Fourier Transform..... 124-164

1.1 Introduction............................................................................... 2 4.1 Introduction.......................................................................... 124
1.2 Elementary Signals.................................................................. 2 4.2 The Definition...................................................................... 124
1.3 Classification of Signals.......................................................17 4.3 Fourier Transform of Some Basic Signals.................... 125

1.4 Basic Operations on Signals...............................................37 4.4 Inverse Fourier Transform of Some Basic Functions.....129
4.5 Properties of Fourier Transform..................................... 133
Objective Brain Teasers..........................................................50
4.6 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signal............................ 149
Conventional Brain Teasers..................................................54
4.7 Application of Fourier Transform.................................. 151
4.8 Ideal and Practical Filters................................................. 152
CHAPTER 2 4.9 Energy Spectral Density (ESD)........................................ 153
4.10 Power Spectral Density (PSD)......................................... 154
Introduction to Systems..............................55-96 4.11 Correlation............................................................................. 155
2.1 Introduction.............................................................................55 4.12 Limitation of Fourier Transform and its Solution..... 157
2.2 Continuous-time and discrete-time systems..............56 Objective Brain Teasers....................................................... 158
2.3 Classification of Systems.....................................................56 Conventional Brain Teasers............................................... 162
2.4 Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems.................................64
2.5 Continuous time LTI systems ............................................65 CHAPTER 5
2.6 Discrete-time LTI Systems ..................................................78
2.7 LTI System Properties and the Impulse Response.....82 Laplace Transform................................... 165-210
2.8 Step Response of an LTI System.......................................85 5.1 Introduction.......................................................................... 165
Objective Brain Teasers..........................................................88 5.2 The Definition...................................................................... 165

Conventional Brain Teasers..................................................93 5.3 Relationship between Laplace Transform

and Fourier Transform....................................................... 166
5.4 Eigen Value and Eigen Function.................................... 166
CHAPTER 3 5.5 Region of Convergence (ROC) for Laplace Transform....166
5.6 Laplace Transforms to Some Basic Signals................ 168
Continuous-time Fourier Series............... 97-123 5.7 Properties of Laplace Transform.................................... 175
3.1 Introduction.............................................................................97 5.8 Inverse Laplace Transform............................................... 182
3.2 Different Forms of Fourier Series......................................97 5.9 LTI System and Laplace Transform................................ 186
3.3 Symmetry Conditions in Fourier Series...................... 101 5.10 Interconnection of LTI Systems (Block Diagrams).... 191
3.4 Dirichlet Conditions........................................................... 104 5.11 Laplace Transform of Causal Periodic Signals........... 192
3.5 Properties of Fourier Series............................................. 106 5.12 Unilateral Laplace Transform.......................................... 193
3.6 Systems with Periodic Inputs......................................... 113 5.13 Properties of Unilateral Laplace Transform (ULT).... 195
3.7 Limitations of Fourier Series.......................................... 113 5.14 Application of Laplace Transform
in Solving Differential Equations................................... 199
Objective Brain Teasers....................................................... 114
Objective Brain Teasers....................................................... 203
Conventional Brain Teasers............................................... 118
Conventional Brain Teasers............................................... 209

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 Signals and Systems

CHAPTER 6 8.10 LTI System Analysis and DTFT......................................... 299

8.11 Application of DTFT........................................................... 300
Sampling.................................................... 211-228 8.12 Ideal and Practical Filters................................................ 302
6.1 Introduction.......................................................................... 211 8.13 Relationship between CTFT and DTFT........................ 305
6.2 The Sampling Theorem.................................................... 211 8.14 Energy Spectral Density................................................... 306
6.3 Sampling Techniques........................................................ 215 8.15 Power Spectral Density: (PSD)........................................ 306
6.4 Sampling Theorem for Band Pass Signals.................. 217 8.16 Correlation............................................................................. 307
6.5 Reconstruction of Signal.................................................. 219 Objective Brain Teasers....................................................... 307
Objective Brain Teasers....................................................... 224 Conventional Brain Teasers............................................... 311
Conventional Brain Teasers............................................... 227

CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 7
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)...........315-332
z-Transform................................................229-279 9.1 Introduction.......................................................................... 315
7.1 Introduction.......................................................................... 229 9.2 The Definition...................................................................... 316
7.2 The Definition...................................................................... 230 9.3 Properties of DFT................................................................ 320
7.3 Region of Convergence for z-transform..................... 230 9.4 Introduction to FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)............ 326
7.4 z-Transform of Some Basic Signals............................... 233 Objective Brain Teasers....................................................... 326
7.5 Properties of z-Transform................................................. 240 Conventional Brain Teasers............................................... 330
7.6 Inverse z-Transform............................................................ 248
7.7 Discrete-time LTI Systems and z-Transform............... 254 CHAPTER 10
7.8 z-Transform of Causal Periodic Signals........................ 260
7.9 Relation between Laplace Transform Digital Filters.............................................333-387
and z-Transform................................................................... 260 10.1 Introduction.......................................................................... 333
7.10 Unilateral z-Transform....................................................... 262 10.2 Filter Basics............................................................................ 333
7.11 Properties of Unilateral z-transform (UZT)................ 263 10.3 Butterworth Filters............................................................. 334
7.12 z-Transform Solution of Linear Difference Equations....266 10.4 Digital Filters......................................................................... 335
Objective Brain Teasers....................................................... 269 10.5 Basics Structures for IIR Systems................................... 336
Conventional Brain Teasers............................................... 274 10.6 Basic Structures for FIR Systems.................................... 347
10.7 IIR Filter Design from Continuous-Time Filters......... 351

CHAPTER 8 10.8 Impulse Invariant Method............................................... 351

10.9 Design of IIR Filter by Approximation of Derivatives.... 357
Fourier Analysis of Discrete Time Signals....280-314 10.10 IIR Filter Design by the Bilinear Transformation....... 360
8.1 Introduction to Discrete Time Fourier Series (DTFS)....280 10.11 Design of FIR Filters............................................................ 364
8.2 The Definition...................................................................... 280 10.12 Design of Linear Phase FIR Filters using Frequency
8.3 Properties of DTFS.............................................................. 282 Sampling Method............................................................... 374
8.4 Introduction to Discrete Time Fourier Transform.... 282 10.13 Lattice Structure of FIR Filter........................................... 376
8.5 The Definition: DTFT.......................................................... 282 10.14 Comparison of Designing Methods............................. 383
8.6 DTFT of some Basic Signals............................................. 284 10.15 Comparison between FIR and IIR Filter....................... 384
8.7 Properties of DTFT.............................................................. 288 Objective Brain Teasers....................................................... 384
8.8 Fourier Transform Pairs Using Inverse DTFT.............. 296 Conventional Brain Teasers............................................... 386
8.9 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals.......................... 298

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