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Linear Algebra Assignment Exercises

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35 views9 pages

Linear Algebra Assignment Exercises

Uploaded by

rokhaya.diop
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

ASSIGNMENT OF LINEAR ALGEBRA

Exponents: Group 10
— Rokhaya Diop
— Fallou Beye
— Ananmah Rose Ayine
— Diallo Thierno Souleymane
EXERCICE 1 .

f :Rn → Rn
Show that f (ker(g ◦ f )) = Im(f ) ∩ ker(g)
f (ker(g ◦ f )) ∈ Im(f ) because f is an endomorphism of Rn
⇒f (ker(g ◦ f )) = {f (x) ∈ Im(f ) | g(f (x)) = 0}
⇒f (ker(g ◦ f )) = {f (x) ∈ Im(f ) | f (x) ∈ ker(g)}
f (ker(g ◦ f )) = Im(f ) ∩ ker(g)

EXERCICE 2 .

QUESTION 1 1. we solve the following system of equations using the Gauss method.

x + 2y + 3z = 10


(S1 )

2x + y − z = 3


−x + 3y + 2z = 5

Let’s eliminate x in the last two equations.

2(x + 2y + 3z = 10) − (2x + y − z = 3)3y + 7z = 17


x + 2y + 3z = 10


(S1 ) 3y + 7z = 17



y+z =3
Let’s eliminate y in the last equation.

−(3(y + z = 3))3y + 7z = 174z = 8z = 2


x + 2y
+ 3z = 10
 
y =1

(S1 ) y+z =3 ⇒

 x =2

z=2
The solution of the first system of equations is given by :

X = 2Y = 1Z = 2

QUESTION 2
Solve using Gauss method.
 
3x − 4y + 5z = 1 −x − 6y + 14z = 8

 

(S2 ) 7x − 2y − 4z = 3 ⇒ (S2 ) 3x − 4y + 5z = 1

 


−x − 6y + 14z = 8 
7x − 2y − 4z = 3

Let’s eliminate x in the last two equations.

7(−x − 6y + 14z = 8)7x − 2y − 4z = 33(−x − 6y + 14z = 8)3x − 4y + 5z = 1


59
−22y + 47z =
2
−22y + 47z = 25
59
From the last two equations, we find out that 25 ̸= 2
. This is impossible, then the set solution is empty
set SS2 = ∅.

EXERCICE 3 We are given the endomorphism f of R3 defined by :

f (x, y, z) = (3x − z, 2x + 4y + 2z, −x + 3z)

1. Matrix A of f with respect to the canonical basis


We need to find the matrix of f in the canonical basis {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)}.

f (1, 0, 0) = (3(1) − 0, 2(1) + 4(0) + 2(0), −1 + 3(0)) = (3, 2, −1)

f (0, 1, 0) = (3(0) − 0, 2(0) + 4(1) + 2(0), −0 + 3(0)) = (0, 4, 0)

f (0, 0, 1) = (3(0) − 1, 2(0) + 4(0) + 2(1), −0 + 3(1)) = (−1, 2, 3)


Therefore, the matrix A of f with respect to the canonical basis is :
 
3 0 −1
A =  2 4 2 .
 

−1 0 3

2. Characteristic polynomial, eigenvalues, and eigenspaces


The characteristic polynomial pA (λ) is given by :

pA (λ) = det(A − λI)

We compute A − λI :  
3−λ 0 −1
A − λI =  2

4−λ 2 
.
−1 0 3−λ
Now, we compute the determinant :
 
3−λ 0 −1
det(A − λI) = det  2

4−λ 2 
.
−1 0 3−λ

We expand this determinant along the first row :


! !
4−λ 2 2 4−λ
det(A − λI) = (3 − λ) det − 0 + (−1) det .
0 3−λ −1 0

The determinants of the 2 × 2 matrices are :


!
4−λ 2
det = (4 − λ)(3 − λ),
0 3−λ
!
2 4−λ
det = (2)(0) − (−1)(4 − λ) = 4 − λ.
−1 0
Thus :
det(A − λI) = (3 − λ)((4 − λ)(3 − λ)) − (4 − λ).
Expanding :
(3 − λ)((4 − λ)(3 − λ)) = (3 − λ)(12 − 7λ + λ2 ) = 36 − 21λ + 3λ2 − 12λ + 7λ2 − λ3 .
This simplifies to :
−λ3 + 10λ2 − 33λ + 36.
Adding −(4 − λ), we get :
det(A − λI) = −λ3 + 10λ2 − 33λ + 36 − 4 + λ = −λ3 + 10λ2 − 32λ + 32.
Thus, the characteristic polynomial is :
pA (λ) = −λ3 + 10λ2 − 32λ + 32.
Factoring this polynomial, we find :
pA (λ) = −(λ − 2)(λ − 4)2 .
The eigenvalues are λ = 2 (with multiplicity 1) and λ = 4 (with multiplicity 2).

3. Diagonalizability of f
We now determine the eigenspaces.
— Eigenspace for λ = 2 :
We solve (A − 2I)v = 0, with :
 
1 0 −1
A − 2I = 
 2 2 2 .

−1 0 1
The system of equations is :
 
v1 − v3 = 0, 2v1 + 2v2 + 2v3 = 0, −v1 + v3 = 0.
This gives v1 = v3 and v2 = −2v1 , so v = v1 (1, −2, 1). Therefore,
E(2) = span{(1, −2, 1)}, dim(E(2)) = 1.
— Eigenspace for λ = 4 :
We solve (A − 4I)v = 0, with :
 
−1 0 −1
A − 4I =  2 0 2  .
 

−1 0 −1
The system of equations is :  
−v1 − v3 = 0, 2v1 + 2v3 = 0.
This gives v1 = −v3 , and the eigenvectors are of the form :
v = (−v3 , v2 , v3 ).
By setting v2 = 0, we obtain two linearly independent solutions :
(1, 0, −1) and (0, 1, 0).
Therefore,
E(4) = span{(1, 0, −1), (0, 1, 0)}, dim(E(4)) = 2.
The sum of the dimensions of the eigenspaces is 1 + 2 = 3, which equals the dimension of R3 . Therefore,
f is diagonalizable.
4. Find a matrix P such that A = P DP −1 , where D is a diagonal matrix.
We know that the eigenvalues of A are λ1 = 2 and λ2 = 4, and the corresponding eigenvectors are : - For
λ = 2, the eigenvector is (1, −2, 1), - For λ = 4, the eigenvectors are (1, 0, −1) and (0, 1, 0).
Thus, we can take the matrix P whose columns are the eigenvectors of A :
 
1 1 0
P = −2 0 1 .
 

1 −1 0

The corresponding diagonal matrix D is :


 
2 0 0
D = 0 4 0 .
 

0 0 4

Verification of A = P DP −1
Now, let’s calculate P −1 . The determinant of P is given by :

0 1 −2 1 −2 0
det(P ) = 1 × −1× +0× .
−1 0 1 0 1 −1

The determinants of the 2 × 2 submatrices are :

0 1 −2 1
= 1, = −1.
−1 0 1 0

Thus, the determinant of P is :

det(P ) = 1 × 1 − 1 × (−1) = 1 + 1 = 2.

The determinant is nonzero, so P −1 exists. The inverse of P is :


 
1 −1 0
1 1
P −1 = adj(P ) = 2 −1 −1
.
det(P ) 2
1 1 1

Multiplying P and D, we get :


    
1 1 0 2 0 0 2 4 0
P D = −2 0 1 0 4 0 = −4 0 4
   
.
1 −1 0 0 0 4 2 −4 0

Now, we calculate P DP −1 :
   
2 4 0 1 −1 0
1
(P D)P −1 = −4 0 4 2 −1 −1

.
2
2 −4 0 1 1 1

Performing the matrix multiplication gives :


  
2 4 0 1 −1 0
1
(P D)P −1 = −4 0 4 2 −1 −1 .
 
2
2 −4 0 1 1 1
This results in :  
3 0 −1
(P D)P −1 =  2 4 2 .
 

−1 0 3
We have found that P DP −1 gives exactly the matrix A, that is :
 
3 0 −1
P DP −1 = A =  2 4 2 .
 

−1 0 3

Thus, the equation A = P DP −1 is verified.

5. Calculation of An for n > 1


Let A = P DP −1 be the diagonalization of A, where :
   
1 1 0 2 0 0
−2 0 1 ,
P = 0 4 0 .
D=
 

1 −1 0 0 0 4

The general formula to calculate An is :

An = P Dn P −1 .

Since D is a diagonal matrix, raising it to the power of n is straightforward :


 n 
2 0 0
Dn = 0 4n 0 
.

0 0 4n

The inverse of P is :  
1 −1 0
1
P −1 = 2 −1 −1.
2
1 1 1
The formula for An is :
An = P Dn P −1 .
Thus :
2n 0 0
    
1 1 0 1 −1 0
n n 1
A = −2 0 1  0 4
  
0  2 −1 −1
.
2
1 −1 0 0 0 4n 1 1 1
This gives :  n
2 + 2 · 4n −2n − 4n −2n

1
An = 2 · 2n + 4n −2 · 2 − 4 −2 · 2n 
n n
.

2
2n + 2 · 4n −2n + 4n −2n

EXERCICE 4 .

Compute
 An ∀n 
∈N
0 1 1
A=−1 1 1

−1 1 2
 
−1 1 1
A = B + I with B = −1 0 1
 

−1 1 1
   
−1 0 1 0 0 0
B 2 =  0 0 0 and B 3 = 0 0 0 so ∀n ≥ 3
   

−1 0 1 0 0 0
we have B n = 0

An = (B + I)n
n
Cnk B k I n−k
X
=
k=0
n
n(n − 1) 2
Cnk B k = I + nB + B + 0 + ... + 0 because ∀ n ≥ 3 , B n = 0
X
=
k=0 2
n − n2 0 n2 − n
   
−n n n
1
= I + −n 0 n +  0 0 0 
  
2

2 2
−n n n n−n 0 n −n

−n2 − n 2n n2 + n
   
2 0 0
1 1
= 0 2 0 +  −2n 0 2n 

2 2

2 2
0 0 2 −n − n 0 n +n

−n2 − n + 2 2n n + n2
 
1
= −2n 2 2n 
2
 
−n2 − n 2n n2 + n + 2

EXERCICE 5 .
I Soit (E, ⟨·, ·⟩) un espace préhilbertien. Montrer que l’application φ(x, y) = ⟨x, y⟩ est une forme bilinéaire
symétrique sur E. Montrer que sa forme quadratique associée q est définie positive.
Bilinéarité : Pour tout x, y, z ∈ E et a, b ∈ R :

φ(ax + by, z) = ⟨ax + by, z⟩ = a⟨x, z⟩ + b⟨y, z⟩ = aφ(x, z) + bφ(y, z).


Donc, φ est linéaire en son premier argument. De même, on peut montrer que φ est linéaire en son second
argument.
Symétrie : Pour tout x, y ∈ E :

φ(x, y) = ⟨x, y⟩ = ⟨y, x⟩ = φ(y, x).


Donc, φ est symétrique.
Définitude positive : Pour montrer que la forme quadratique associée q(x) = φ(x, x) = ⟨x, x⟩ est définie
positive :
Pour tout x ∈ E :

q(x) = ⟨x, x⟩.


Puisque ⟨x, x⟩ ≥ 0 et ⟨x, x⟩ = 0 si et seulement si x = 0, la forme quadratique q est définie positive.
Exemple : Produit scalaire bilinéaire
 a trois dimension
 
x1 y1
Soit E = R3 . Considérons x =  x2  et y = y2 . Alors,
  

x3 y3
3
X
⟨x, y⟩ = xi y i .
i=1

1. ⟨y, x⟩ = 3i=1 yi xi = 3i=1 xi yi = ⟨x, y⟩.


P P

Donc, ⟨·, ·⟩ est symétrique.


2. ⟨αx + βy, z⟩ = 3i=1 (αxi + βyi )zi = α 3i=1 xi zi + β 3i=1 yi zi = α⟨x, z⟩ + β⟨y, z⟩.
P P P

Alors ⟨·, ·⟩ est linéaire par rapport à la 1ère composante, donc ⟨·, ·⟩ est bilinéaire.
3. ⟨x, x⟩ = 0 ⇒ 3i=1 x2i = 0 ⇒ xi = 0 ∀i ∈ {1, 2, 3}.
P

4. La positivité :
3
x2i ≥ 0 ∀x ∈ R3 .
X
⟨x, x⟩ =
i=1

Alors, ⟨·, ·⟩ est positive.

2.
Donner la décomposition en carrés de Gauss sur R4 de la forme :

Q(x, y, z, t) = y 2 + z 2 − 4xz − 4xt + 2yz.


Pour trouver la décomposition en carrés de Gauss de Q :
Identifier les termes de produit croisé et compléter le carré :

Q(x, y, z, t) = y 2 + z 2 − 4xz − 4xt + 2yz.


Regrouper les termes pour compléter le carré :

Q(x, y, z, t) = y 2 + z 2 + 2yz − 4xz − 4xt.


Complétons le carré pour les termes impliquant z et y :

y 2 + 2yz + z 2 = (y + z)2 .
On peut donc réécrire Q comme :

Q(x, y, z, t) = (y + z)2 − 4xz − 4xt.


Maintenant, regrouper les termes restants impliquant x et compléter encore le carré :

Q(x, y, z, t) = (y + z)2 − 4x(z + t).


Remarquez que l’expression −4x(z+t) ne se prête pas facilement à un carré parfait, donc nous la réécrivons
en factorisant :

Q(x, y, z, t) = (y + z)2 − 4x(z + t).


Écrire la forme quadratique dans une forme standard si possible : Puisque nous avons des termes croisés
qui ne s’insèrent pas facilement dans la complétion du carré, nous exprimons Q tel quel. 1. φ(x, y) est une
forme bilinéaire symétrique sur R alors :
1
φ(x, y) = [(x + y)2 − (x − y)2 ]
2
Ainsi, en développant les carrés :
(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y 2
(x − y)2 = x2 − 2xy + y 2
Substituons dans φ(x, y) :
1
φ(x, y) = [(x2 + 2xy + y 2 ) − (x2 − 2xy + y 2 )]
2
1
= [x2 + 2xy + y 2 − x2 + 2xy − y 2 ]
2
1
= [4xy]
2
= 2xy
Le polynôme homogène de degré 2 est donc :

φ(x, y) = 2xy

Passons maintenant à Q(x, y, z).


Donnée dans le texte :
Q(x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 − 4xz − 4yz + z 2
Nous pouvons reformuler Q(x, y, z) en complétant le carré pour les termes impliquant z :

Q(x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4xz − 4yz

Q(x, y, z) = (x − 2z)2 − 4z 2 + (y − 2z)2 − 4z 2 + z 2


Q(x, y, z) = (x − 2z)2 + (y − 2z)2 − 3z 2
En introduisant les nouvelles variables u et v telles que u = x − 2z et v = y − 2z, nous obtenons :

Q(x, y, z) = u2 + v 2 − 3z 2

La signature de Q est déterminée par le nombre de termes positifs et négatifs dans la forme quadratique.
Les termes sont :
Terme positif : u2 Terme positif : v 2 Terme négatif : −3z 2
Conclusion :
sig(Q) = (2, 1)

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