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Correlates of Crime Prevention and Perception of Safety Using the KAB Model

Preprint in Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities · June 2023

DOI: 10.47836/pjssh.31.2.09

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Correlates of Crime Prevention and Perception of Safety Using

the KAB Model
Mark Erana Patalinghug1*, John Dexter Gaston Sarcena1, Ronilo Seronio
Bustamante1, Katreen Glimada Melecio1, Junrey Maglangit Mangubat1 and
Haidee Fuentes Patalinghug2
1
Criminology Department, Faculty, School of Criminal Justice Education, J. H. Cerilles State College-
Dumingag Campus, 7028 Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines
2
Secondary Education Faculty, School of Teacher Education, J. H. Cerilles State College- Dumingag Campus,
Dumingag, 7028 Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines

ABSTRACT
As empirical studies have progressed, various metrics and study areas have been incorporated
into safety perception and worry about victimization. In this study, the Knowledge, Attitude,
and Perception Model was applied in evaluating the cognitive and emotional domains of 401
residents of Zamboanga del Sur, focusing on their knowledge of crime prevention, safety
perception, and fears of victimization. Using the model, the knowledge of crime prevention,
safety perception, and fear of victimization was considered an exploratory variable based
on the common-sense assumption that feelings and emotions govern how people perceive
certain things. The result shows that implemented crime prevention strategies in the
province were observable, and community awareness is considerable. Regarding safety
and security, the respondents rated the province as safe for everyone and moderately safe
when personal belongings are left unattended. The threats to physical safety and security
against persons and property are less likely to occur. Finally, the data show a statistically
significant weak positive correlation between crime prevention and the perception of safety
and security. The associations of safety and security and general satisfaction with personal
safety among the representative samples show a significant positive weak correlation.
ARTICLE INFO Knowledge of crime prevention strategy
Article history: and general satisfaction with personal
Received: 11 October 2021 safety shows a weak, statistically significant
Accepted: 20 October 2022
Published: positive correlation. Thus, awareness of
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.31.2.09 crime prevention significantly influences
E-mail addresses: the safety perception, level of worry, and
[email protected] (Mark Erana Patalinghug)
[email protected] (John Dexter Gaston Sarcena) satisfaction with personal safety.
[email protected] (Ronilo Seronio Bustamante)
[email protected] (Katreen Glimada Melecio) Keywords: KAB model, correlational study, crime
[email protected] (Junrey Maglangit Mangubat)
[email protected] (Haidee Fuentes Patalinghug)
prevention, safety and security perception, worries
*Corresponding author of victimization

ISSN: 0128-7702
e-ISSN: 2231-8534 © Universiti Putra Malaysia Press
 Mark Erana Patalinghug, John Dexter Gaston Sarcena, Ronilo Seronio Bustamante, Katreen Glimada Melecio,
Junrey Maglangit Mangubat and Haidee Fuentes Patalinghug

INTRODUCTION & Compeán, 2015; Motta, 2017). Many

People are increasingly concerned about studies were conducted examining the effect
crime and fear of it, and these issues of crimes on productivity, such as in tourism
have grown to be exceedingly serious industries (Batra, 2008; Lisowska, 2017),
as crime has the potential to influence hotel operating performance (Hua & Yang,
economic opportunities and employment 2017), business and entrepreneurial activity
(Chalfin, 2015; Goulas & Zervoyianni, (Rosenthal & Ross, 2010; Sloan et al.,
2015), youths’ criminal behavior in 2016), economic growth (Burnham et al.,
later life (Damm & Dustman, 2014), 2004) and other areas. Moreover, Tongsamsi
mental well-being (Cornaglia et al., 2014; and Tongsamsi (2018) concluded that the
Medina & Tamayo, 2012; Tan & Haining, effects of economic conditions on property
2016), health (Dustmann & Fasani, 2016; crime rates depend on social conditions
Halle et al., 2020) and has a tangible and and the relationship between economic and
intangible cost to society (Baranyi et al., social factors. Such societal needs about
2021; Wickramasekera et al., 2015). Not crime posed significant safety and security
surprisingly, criminal activities’ impact on concerns among communities everywhere.
the community varies widely. However, it As part of law enforcement’s mission
is acceptable to expect that various types to keep the public safe from violence and
of crime, including unemployment, can harm, the police and other law enforcement
lead to different social costs (Detotto & agencies exist. The most crucial role of
Vannini, 2010; Howell, 2014; Kassem et the police is to promote a safe and secure
al., 2019). The poor economy resulting from community to eliminate insecurity and
crimes will further spur people to commit fear of victimization. Providing safety,
crimes for monetary benefit (Tongsamsi & security, and justice on an equitable basis
Tongsamsi, 2018). for all citizens is critical for legitimacy and
The crime involves costs for victims, effectiveness. The fundamental purpose
i.e., neighborhoods and society, in of the community policing technique was
general, stolen and damaged goods, loss to reduce the chance of victimization and
of productivity, physical harm, fear, and generate a sense of safety and security in
emotional distress, the risk of violence, the neighborhood. It aids in the reduction
and the expenses of the government to of public mistrust in dangerous places.
bring the perpetrator before the courts Creating trust and offering services to
(Anderson, 2011; Button et al., 2014; local communities helps generate virtuous
Detotto & Vannini, 2010). The risk of crime cycles of institutional transformation and
leads to increased funds allocated to crime- national development (World Bank, 2011).
prevention programs, resulting in higher Under this concept, community safety is
stress levels for citizens and consequently narrowed to a focus on corrective action
impeding community productivity (Jaitman in cases where punitive methods fail, and

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 KAB Model on Crime Prevention and Perception of Safety

step is performed at the community level and significantly greater than the global
to remedy these imbalances (Matt, 2011; rate of 30% among adolescents (Elgar et
Whitzman, 2008). al., 2015; Peltzer & Pengpid, 2015). The
Despite the plethora of research about lack of self-control and participation in
crime, criminality, and victimization, the dangerous lifestyles are also contributing
community’s perception of crime safety, to the increase in victimization in the
security, and worries about victimization has Philippines (Barrera, 2018).
gained little attention (Williams et al., 2002). The above literature postulates
Much of the relevant study has focused on an understanding of the nature and
physical and social incivilities evaluating consequences of crime on safety and
people’s perception of a crime risk and security. However, insecurity and fear cannot
neighborhood safety (Kidd & Anderson, be fully understood without knowing the
2015; Worrall, 2006). A recent study on side stories of the community as they have
crimes conducted in Melbourne focuses firsthand experiences and knowledge on the
only on young people’s views of public issues, which make them feel insecure and
transportation safety (Hamilton et al., 2011). fear doing activities that expose them to the
In the Philippines, crime is a pervasive victimization of crimes. Consequently, this
social issue that has reached alarming research aims to shed light on community
proportions, and the prevention of crime is policing through crime prevention activities
a role that plays an enormously significant and how it contributes to the feeling of
role. The authorities that oversee enforcing safety and security among diverse residents
the law have the duty of keeping an eye on of Zamboanga del Sur province in the
the rate of criminal activity that has steadily Philippines.
increased in modern society and bringing it Fewer safety and security evaluations
down to a more manageable level. Maxwell in the province of Zamboanga del Sur are
(2019) found that the residents think the conducted relative to the national and local
country’s crime problem is serious at the reduction in the reported crime rate. These
national level and less serious in their town. studies would give baseline information
However, there was a significant decrease in about the perceived safety and security felt
the crime rate in 2020, which was 39.50% by the province’s people, leading to policy
lower than the previous year (Philippine formulation, enhancement of the existing
Statistics Authority, 2021). At the local public safety programs, and development
level, crime volume dropped by 26.49% in projects for improving public safety and
the third quarter of 2020 compared to the reducing the crime rate.
previous year. In crime victimization cases
in the country, street crimes are less likely Literature Review
to occur. However, the risk of bullying Increasing the feeling of security against
in school among teenagers is frequent the threat of crime among members of

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a society can enhance the well-being of danger to the victims and the public. The
a nation’s population. It is vital to have primary goal of the community policing
consistent policies in addition to logical strategy was to lower the likelihood of
and organized behaviors. Maintaining victimization and promote a sense of safety
the peace and well-being of the people and security in the neighborhood. Davey
to reduce crime should be an important and Wootton (2016) added that crime and
component, which should also involve antisocial behavior are the top problems
reducing people’s fear of crime (Che Azmi for policymakers and individuals. Victims
& Hamdan, 2022). As crime occurs in the of crime may sustain financial, bodily, and
community, residents continue to perceive actual trauma, all of which can negatively
social upheaval, harming their quality of affect their long-term quality of life. Crime
life and civic culture (Ulrich-Schad et al., and insecurity can negatively influence
2019). Understanding how people perceive communities and their use of public services,
and feel about changes in their surroundings such as public transportation.
is essential to explain why they alter their Safety is one of humanity’s basic
conduct, but it is impossible to conclude needs in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.
with certainty if the changes in behavior Human nature is to protect themselves
impacted their sense of safety (Ulrich-Schad and theirs from harm. It may manifest as
et al., 2019). Additionally, it was underlined physical, psychological, or emotional harm.
that tourists’ perceptions of safety and crime Numerous scientific research indicates that
are crucial for comprehending and satisfying the field of safety is undervalued. However,
their inherent needs for safety when visiting even without reference to Maslow’s
a tourist destination (Batra, 2008). Hierarchy of Needs, it is clear that safety
Citizens’ views regarding different is a critical component of living quality
crime-related topics, such as the relevance in any community (Lacinák & Ristvej,
of crime as a social problem, security against 2017). Personal safety is vital for citizens
crimes, the severity of criminal penalties, because it relates to the need to establish
and the death penalty, are known as public human security, a people-centered concept
perceptions of crime. Public perception of security that recognizes that vulnerable
of security against crime is relevant and individuals are entitled to be free from fear
valuable to policymakers because it helps and movement, with an equal opportunity
them shape legislation and government to exercise all their rights and fully develop
measures (Lu, 2015). Moreover, public their human potential (Bakrania & Haider,
perceptions of crime significantly impact 2016). Kidd and Anderson (2015) stress that
policy decisions and operational activities human characteristics, such as perceptions,
in frontline law enforcement and sentencing social support, mental health and well-
(Cohen, 2000). Crimes and violence being, and cognitive emotion control, are all
exemplify the adverse effects of injury and acceptable and necessary components of a
 KAB Model on Crime Prevention and Perception of Safety

broad and diversified community safety and Conceptual Framework

security definition. The Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior
The physical characteristics of a (KAB) model was adapted to formulate
location, such as lighting, security cameras, the study flow. The model is a viable tool
and facilities, can be linked to people’s to evaluate improvements and identify the
perceptions of safety, which can contribute results that increase human performance in
to resilience and security outcomes. Security any field (Schrader & Lawless, 2004). The
may also relate to protection from external KAB model describes the significance of
threats, such as terrorist threats, public knowing and posits that behavior changes
disturbances, and contagious diseases. The gradually. As knowledge accumulates
concept of security may mean something in a health behavior domain, attitude
different to different parts of the community, adjustments are triggered. Over time,
depending on their perspective (Waka Kotahi changes in attitude accumulate, culminating
NZ Transport Agency, 2022). However, in behavior modification (Baranowski et
one’s sense of safety is especially important al., 2003; Bilal et al., 2011). Much research
among the residents where community demonstrates that the KAB model can
safety programs are enforced. be used as a conceptual framework for
Studies have shown that there is not understanding the process of change in the
always a link between actual crime rates and behavior on security awareness (Sas et al.,
perceptions of safety, even though the latter 2019), cabin safety (Chuaychoo, 2021),
still affects the well-being of the community information security (Bilal et al., 2011;
as a whole (McPhail et al., 2017; Tilley Parsons et al., 2014), food safety (Chang et
& Tseloni, 2016). It brings an additional al., 2003), and behaviors regarding elderly
level of complication to determining how abuse (Yi & Hohashi, 2019). This study
research on people’s perceptions of safety examines the observability and knowledge
may be applied to enhance the overall well- of crime prevention strategies to establish
being of communities. Moreover, the focus an association between personal security
of risk perception research has shifted from and safety, worry about victimization, and
cognition to the function of emotion. Today, it general satisfaction with personal safety.
is widely acknowledged that both factors are From three perspectives, the KAB model
vital in decision-making (Fyhri et al., 2010). was adapted to study the change in behavior
This research would address both concerns in crime prevention and the perceptions
and proves their respective contributions of safety and security against crime. The
to address methodological obstacles. From importance of this study shows that by
this perspective, the knowledge of crime predicting the attitude of the respondents
prevention and perception of safety is on their state of safety and security against
equally important in ascertaining worries crime victimization, agencies involved can
about crime victimization. develop crime prevention programs that will

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reduce the worry and increase the feeling presented in this study, as shown in Figure
of personal safety in the community. The 1 (Chuaychoo, 2021; Iyer, 2018; Parsons et
three phases guide of the KAB model is al., 2014).

Knowledge Attitude Behavior

Respondent’s level of worry on

Knowledge on crime Community’s perception on
crime victimization and
prevention strategies safety and security on crime
Satisfaction on personal safety
Figure 1. The KAB model employed for the study

Based on the KAB model, this study between the variables supplied must be
assumed that what residents know about the determined. Therefore, the following
crime prevention strategy of the province hypotheses are proposed:
may affect their attitudes toward safety H 1 : C r i m e p re v e n t i o n s t r a t e g y
and security, and the degree to which knowledge and the perception of safety
their attitudes toward their safety are good and security are positively related
may consistently influence their level of
worry against being a victim of a crime H2: Perception of safety and security and
(Figure 2). Thus, the primary objective of level of worry for crime victimization
this study is to determine the respondents’ are inversely related
level of awareness of crime prevention H3: Perception of safety and security
implementation in the Zamboanga del Sur and general satisfaction with personal
province of the Philippines. The second safety are positively related
objective is to assess the perception of the
H4: Crime prevention strategy knowledge
residents on safety and security against
and general satisfaction with personal
crimes in the province, prevailing threats to
safety are positively related
physical safety, and security against property
and persons. The third goal is to ascertain H5: Crime prevention strategy and the
the residents’ concerns about criminal level of worry about crime victimization
victimization. Finally, the correlation are inversely related
H4, H5

Knowledge Worry and

H1 Perception H2, H3
on crime general
of safety satisfaction on
prevention
and security personal safety
strategies

Figure 2. The proposed hypotheses

 KAB Model on Crime Prevention and Perception of Safety

METHODS and elements of the commission of the

Ethical Approval crime. The suggested survey module on
physical safety and security is divided
Approval for the conduct of the study was
into three sub-components to ensure that
secured through the Institutional Research
questions are answered logically and
Ethics Committee (IERC) of J.H. Cerilles
sequentially. It will maximize the data that
State College (JHCSC) before the survey
can be recorded in around ten to fifteen
was done. Since JHCSC funded this study
minutes. The first sub-component is to
with the Board Resolution Number 22
determine the frequency of property-related
series of 2020, the researchers underwent
crimes. A 5-point Likert scale was utilized
an evaluation process of research protocols.
for class intervals and their descriptive
The protocols were also appropriately
values to interpret the computed mean of
discussed regarding the information to be
the perception of safety and security in
collected. The researchers abide by the
the province with the following arbitrary
provisions of the Republic Act Number
values and statistical limits: 1.00–1.79 is not
10173 (The Data Privacy Act of 2012),
safe at all, 1.80–2.59 least safe, 2.60–3.39
and the Philippines Health Research Ethics
moderately safe, 3.40–4.19 is safe, and
Board (PHREB) guidelines for research
4.20–5.00 is very safe.
involving human subjects.
The second sub-component covers
The Design, Data Collection Tools, threats to a person’s physical safety and
Sampling, and Population security. The third sub-component of the
The descriptive-correlational approach is survey module is to determine the level
applied in this study. The first part of the of worry about crime victimization and
survey questions was taken from Piscitelli would be interpreted by a 4-point Likert
(2011). These questions are about crime that has the following arbitrary values and
prevention, how safe they felt, and how statistical limits: 1.00–1.75 is not worried at
they thought they might become victims in all, 1.76–2.5 is not too worried, 2.51–3.25
the future. Crime prevention strategies are is somewhat worried, and 3.26–4.00 is very
evaluated using a 4-point Likert scale (Eser worried. Validation and reliability testing
et al., 2020): 1.00–1.75 is not observable, are conducted during the instrument’s
1.76–2.5 is moderately observable, 2.51– finalization process, yielding a fit-for-use
3.25 is observable, and 3.26–4.00 is highly result with an alpha between 0.8 to 0.9 and
observable. is strongly reliable based on Taber’s (2018)
The second part of the questionnaire is guide.
taken from Diprose’s (2017) survey module. Convenience sampling is utilized as
Particularly, modifications are made to the data-gathering tool during the actual
offenses such as burglary and larceny, which survey. In the proposal stage of the study, the
in the Philippines have different designations actual survey protocol is through a printed

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questionnaire. However, due to the onset of screening questions so that only participants
the COVID-19 pandemic with quarantine who agree to satisfy those requirements
restrictions, the protocol was modified can access the remainder of the survey
with the approval of the IERC to use an (Ball, 2019). Based on Bernard’s (2017)
online survey utilizing Google Forms. design, well-established rules were also
Respondents in this survey were over 18 and followed, including the unambiguous use
had been living or working in the province of terms that the participants understand,
for at least three years before participating paying attention to contingencies and
in the research. The respondents were filter questions, giving respondents a
recruited using email, Facebook, messenger, “Don’t Know” option, and avoiding loaded
and Short Messaging Services (SMS). loading and repeated questions. The data
The researchers used Cochran’s (1977) was extracted from the Google Form using
procedure for sample size computation to Google Spreadsheets and analyzed based
determine the number of samples. In the on the study’s presented objectives using
most recent survey in 2015, the estimated SPSS Version 22. Descriptive statistics
population of Zamboanga del Sur province and correlation tests were used in the data
was 1,010,674. The result indicated that analysis to investigate the association
385 or more representative samples are between the variables.
needed for the survey to have a confidence Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was
level of 95% within ±5% significance level. used to analyze the correlation between
In this case, 401 respondents were able to measures. In interpreting the correlation, the
participate in the survey. Thus, this ensures suggested guide of Schober and Schwarte
that the sample size reduces the likelihood of (2018) was used as the absolute magnitude
errors. Data gathering started in June 2020 of the observed correlation coefficient
and ended in August of the same year. and its interpretation with the following
Following the guide presented by range: 0.00–0.10 as negligible correlation,
Alessi and Martin (2010), the online 0.10–0.39 weak correlation, 0.40–0.69 as
survey was done with an opening page that moderate correlation, 0.70–0.89 as strong
outlines the intent of inquiry, identification, correlation, and 0.90–1.00 as very strong
and affiliations of the researchers and correlation.
specifies what involvement would entail
before requiring participants to answer the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
questions. Any requirements for inclusion Implemented Crime Prevention
or omission were made clear such as only Strategies
those who reside or have worked in the In this study, the respondents are 48.88%
province of Zamboanga del Sur for the female, 46.13 male, and 4.99 belonging
last three years with ages, not under 18 to LGBT. Most respondents were 21–30
years old. The online survey program has years old (83.79%). The respondents were
 KAB Model on Crime Prevention and Perception of Safety

mainly single, 85.04%, and had stayed in strategies were observable in Zamboanga
the province for 6 to 8 years (78.30%). The del Sur province in the Philippines.
research sample shows that crime prevention

Table 1
Implemented crime prevention strategies observed by the residents
Crime prevention strategies x̄ SD Interpretation
1. Presence of police in the community 3.42 0.67 Highly observable
2. Patrolling in highly populated areas 3.33 0.69 Highly observable
3. Requiring all vehicles to run within a 3.16 0.84 Observable
minimum speed
4. Presence of choke points and checkpoints on 3.41 0.68 Highly observable
major municipal roads
5. Fixed tarpaulin and poster about crime 3.13 0.80 Observable
prevention and crime reporting in public
places
6. Presence of a police assistance center 3.30 0.75 Highly observable
7. Protection by political parties 3.04 0.85 Observable
8. The protection provided by various 3.05 0.81 Observable
organizations
9. Discipline and unity among the community 3.32 0.72 Highly observable
people
10. Road traffic management 3.09 0.84 Observable
11. Enforcement of relevant laws and orders 3.25 0.79 Observable
12. Installation of CCTV cameras to monitor 2.79 0.97 Observable
people's activity
13. Neighborhood watch 2.85 0.85 Observable
14. Police multipliers are present 3.03 0.82 Observable
15. Community police post is present 3.12 0.81 Observable
Overall mean 3.15 0.79 Observable

Table 1 shows that the residents of in major roads found to be highly observable
Zamboanga del Sur are cognizant of the (x̄ = 3.41, SD = 0.68), patrolling in highly
crime prevention strategies at an observable populated areas (x̄ = 3.33, SD = 0.69),
level (x̄ = 3.15, SD = 0.79). Concerning discipline and unity among the community
crime prevention, the presence of police people (x̄ = 3.32, SD = 0.72), and presence
in the community (x̄ = 3.42, SD = 0.67) is of a police assistance center (x̄ = 3.30, SD
found to be highly observable, followed by = 0.75). The province’s residents are aware
the presence of choke points and checkpoints of the activities conducted against crime.

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Perceptions of Safety and Security in Following these findings, as can be
the Province expected, the locals of Zamboanga del Sur
Table 2 shows that Zamboanga del Sur believed that crime is less likely to occur
province is safe for everyone, as perceived when people are in public spaces and with
by the representative sample population (x̄ companions. Also, if valuables are left
= 3.55, SD = 1.10). Concerning safety and unattended, there is an increased likelihood
security, the citizens rated that walking on of crime because it entices and provides
the street during nighttime is safe (x̄ = 4.00, the would-be criminal an opportunity to
SD = 1.36), followed by going to the park commit the crime. When people are alone
alone (x̄ = 3.90, SD = 0.89), wearing pieces in a public area, especially at night, they
of jewelry while in public space (x̄ = 3.83, are more vulnerable to becoming victims of
SD = 0.93), hanging of clothes outside of the crime than when others accompany them.
residence (x̄ = 3.79, SD = 0.95), and tourist
visits (x̄ = 3.70, SD = 0.93).

Table 2
Perceptions of safety and security in the province
Perceptions of safety and security in the
x̄ SD Interpretation
province
1. Walking on the street during nighttime 4.00 1.36 Safe
2. Leaving motorcycle or any vehicles outside 3.52 1.07 Safe
the residence
3. Leaving livestock unattended 3.37 1.02 Moderately
safe
4. Wear pieces of jewelry while in a public 3.83 0.93 Safe
space
5. Leaving home unattended during nighttime 2.68 1.67 Moderately
safe
6. Forgot to close the gates 3.34 1.19 Moderately
safe
7. Allowing children to play at night outside 3.35 1.14 Moderately
the house safe
8. Tourist visits 3.70 1.06 Safe
9. Parked cars without occupants. 3.53 0.93 Safe
10. Waiting for public transport during 3.40 1.12 Moderately
nighttime safe
11. Hanging clothes outside the residence 3.79 0.95 Safe
 KAB Model on Crime Prevention and Perception of Safety

Table 2 (Continue)

x̄ SD Interpretation
12. Leaving valuables such as shoes, clothes, 3.68 0.98 Safe
and tools outside the house.
13. Carrying valuables while walking in the 3.60 1.04 Safe
street
14. Going to the park alone 3.90 0.89 Safe
15. First-time visits to the place 3.62 1.10 Safe
Overall mean 3.55 1.10 Safe

Threats to Physical Safety and Security 401 respondents. The table shows that a
against Property and Person greater majority of the sample population
Table 3 shows the responses to the threats to has not witnessed and experienced threats to
physical safety and security against property physical safety and security against property
and persons. (N = 328, 81.00%). Moreover, most of the
Table 3 shows the frequency and sample population have not witnessed and
percentage of respondent’s responses to experienced physical safety and security
the identified threats to physical safety and threats against a person (N = 333, 83.25%).
security against persons and property of

Table 3
Threats to physical safety and security

Threats to physical safety and security against property Yes No

F P F P
1. My companion and I, or any household member, were 59 14.71 342 85.29
victimized by crime against property.
2. Someone tries to get into my house or place where I stay 63 15.71 338 84.29
without permission to steal or steal something in this
place.
3. Someone took something from me, my companion, or a 61 15.21 340 84.79
household member with force or a threatening manner
during my stay at this place.
4. Someone deliberately destroyed or caused damage to 52 12.97 349 87.03
property that I owned, my companion, or a member of
my household during their stay in this place.
5. I have witnessed or heard that crimes against the property 130 32.42 271 67.58
were victimizing someone during my stay in this place.

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Table 3 (Continue)

Threats to physical safety and security against a person Yes No

F P F P
1. My companion and I, or a household member, were 69 17.21 332 82.79
assaulted (hit, slapped, shoved, punched, pushed, or
kicked) with staying at the municipality.
2. I, my companion or household member, was stabbed, 41 10.22 360 89.78
beaten, throttled, or otherwise attacked).
3. Did someone shoot you, your companion, or a household 39 9.73 362 90.27
member while staying in this town?
4. Is anybody you know being kidnapped in this town? 39 9.73 355 88.53
5. Did anybody you know threaten by an explosion in this 46 11.47 355 88.53
place?
6. Did anybody in this place have heard of being abducted, 124 30.92 277 69.08
sexually harassed, or raped while they stayed in this
place?
7. I have witnessed or heard that crimes against a person 108 26.93 293 73.07
were victimizing someone during my stay in this place.
Total 67 16.60 333 83.15

Level of Worry Felt by the Community of a violent crime like assault (x̄ = 2.82, SD
on Crime Victimization = 1.16), victimized by home envision (and
Table 4 indicates that Zamboanga del Sur residential break-in (x̄ = 2.78, SD = 1.14).
Province citizens are somewhat worried However, it is noteworthy on a personal
about being victimized by a crime (x̄ = 2.58, level that the respondents rated that being
SD = 1.08). The community was worried assaulted scored not worried at all (x̄ = 1.45,
that the member of their household might be SD = 0.5), and the least among the item rated
the victim of a property crime like theft (x with somewhat worried were being held up
= 2.85, SD = 1.15), followed by victimized or mugged (x̄ = 2.52, SD = 1.1).

Table 4
Level of worry about crime victimization among the sample population
Feeling of worry about crime victimization x̄ SD Interpretation
1. I worried about being held up or mugged. 2.52 1.1 Somewhat worried
2. I am worried about being assaulted. 1.45 0.5 Not worried at all
3. I worry about having my vehicle, residence, 2.61 1.16 Somewhat worried
or another property was broken into.
4. I worry about having my vehicle, residence, 2.59 1.16 Somewhat worried
or other property vandalized.
 KAB Model on Crime Prevention and Perception of Safety

Table 4 (Continue)

x̄ SD Interpretation
5. I worry that a home invasion may victimize a 2.79 1.17 Somewhat worried
member of my household.
6. I worry that a member of my household 2.78 1.14 Somewhat worried
may be the victim of a residential break-in/
burglary.
7. I worry that a member of my household may 2.82 1.16 Somewhat worried
be the victim of a violent crime like assault.
8. I worry that a member of my household may 2.80 1.18 Somewhat worried
be the victim of sexual assault.
9. I worry that a member of my household may 2.85 1.15 Somewhat worried
be the victim of a property crime like theft.

On the levels of worry among the measures. The suggested guide by Schober
community, representative samples pay and Schwarte (2018) was then utilized to
little attention to personal worry but express interpret the correlation.
greater worry for the member of their Table 5 shows a significant weak positive
household being victimized by a crime. It correlation between crime prevention and the
suggests that knowledge of status safety and perception of safety and security with n =
security in the province influences personal 401, r = 0.246, p(0.000). Safety and security
safety concerns on a personal level. perceptions and the representative samples’
worry levels show a weak inverse correlation
Correlation of the Variables (n = 401) with n = 401, r = -0.277, p(0.000). Safety
Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was and security and general satisfaction with
used to analyze the correlation between personal safety among the representative

Table 5
Correlation between measures
Correlation between measure x̄ SD r p-value
Correlation of crime prevention on the
perception of safety and security
Perceptions of safety and security in the
3.15 0.79 0.246** 0.000
province
Observed crime prevention strategies 3.55 1.10
Correlation of perceptions of safety and security and
level of worry on crime victimization
Perceptions of safety and security in the 3.15 0.79 -0.277** 0.000
province
Level of worries about crime victimization 2.58 1.08

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Table 5 (Continue)

x̄ SD r p-value
Correlation of safety and security and general
satisfaction with personal safety
Perceptions of safety and security in the 3.15 0.79 0.210** 0.000
province
General satisfaction with personal safety 3.29 0.67
Correlation of crime prevention strategy and general
satisfaction with personal safety
Observed crime prevention strategies 3.55 1.10 0.261** 0.000
General satisfaction with personal safety 3.29 0.67
Correlation of crime prevention strategy and level of
worry about crime victimization
Observed crime prevention strategies 3.55 1.10 -0.023** 0.000
Level of worries about crime victimization 2.58 1.08
Note. **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)

samples show a significant positive weak prevention measures, which was primarily
correlation with n = 401, r = 0.21, p(0.000). owing to actions conducted by the police
The knowledge of crime prevention strategy department. As a result, police actions
and the general satisfaction with personal significantly raise public awareness of the
safety shows a weak positive correlation importance of crime prevention efforts. This
with n=401, r = 0.261, p(0.000). On result is further supported in the previous
the association of knowledge of crime studies that criminals are discouraged from
prevention strategy and level of worry about committing crimes when police are present in
crime, victimization shows a negligible the area (Caba-ong et al., 2015; Patalinghug
inverse correlation with n = 401, r = -0.023, et al., 2021; Sarcena & Patalinghug, 2021)
p(0.000). and are seen to be an influencing factor to
increase awareness of crime prevention
CONCLUSION among individual (Tongsamsi & Tongsamsi,
This study assessed the security and safety 2018). The sample population determined
of the community in Zamboanga del Sur that the province is safe for everyone and
province in the Philippines by adapting the moderately safe for unattended goods and
KAB three dimensions model: Knowledge, belongings.
Attitude, and Behavior in analyzing the Furthermore, when places and things
perception of safety and security. The results are left unattended, they enhance the
revealed that residents of the province likelihood of being targeted by someone
had a reasonable understanding of crime who desires to perform a criminal act
 KAB Model on Crime Prevention and Perception of Safety

because an opportunity is present. Besides, against crime yields a pull-down on worry

when people are by themselves at night, about crime victimization. Regarding
they are at greater risk of becoming victims personal safety, the relationship between
of crime, which means they are more safety and security and general satisfaction
susceptible than when others accompany with personal safety across the representative
them. The threat to property and person samples reveals a statistically significant
categories earned relatively low ratings from positive weak correlation. A positive but
respondents based on their percentage of the weak correlation exists between awareness
sample population. However, because most of crime prevention strategies and general
participants paid little attention to crime satisfaction with personal safety. Knowledge
occurrences, it can be presumed that these of crime prevention strategies and worry
occurrences are isolated and committed in about becoming a victim of crime shows
specific places. Additionally, it suggests that negligible inverse correlation yet statistically
since isolation is one key factor in why the significant. Thus, the awareness of crime
crime occurred, less supervised locations prevention strategies and the perceived
can potentially be where crime will thrive. safety and security significantly affects the
This finding is also seen in bullying among levels of worry, crime victimization, and
students as often committed when the general satisfaction with personal safety.
location is more difficult to supervise (Davey A similar study by Chan and Chan (2012)
& Wootton, 2016). Criminal victimization found that the influence of crime awareness
on a personal level does not appear to be a is not directly linked to fear of crime.
significant source of concern for individuals The study’s contribution was mainly on
in the province, based on representative identifying the role of well-planned crime
samples taken from the population. Instead, prevention strategies to prevent crime and
the respondent is apprehensive that their victimization, promote community safety
family members may be victimized. perception, and contribute to the sustainable
In addition, the knowledge of crime development of effective, responsible crime
prevention strategies is utilized to expand prevention that enhances the well-being and
the linkages between attitudes and behaviors quality of life of all citizens. In addition,
to identifiers to improve the accuracy of this shows that there is a possibility that
the results. Nevertheless, crime prevention increasing the amount of effort put into
awareness directly influences the perception crime prevention could result in a greater
of safety and security to a small degree in sense of security throughout the community.
correlation tests with weak positive but The KAB framework is, therefore,
significant results. Safety and security fully supported in this study. The findings
perceptions are negatively correlated with of this study suggest that authorities in
the representative samples’ worry. Thus, Zamboanga del Sur province responsible
higher awareness of safety and security for the safety and security of the community

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should constantly improve their presence Anderson, D. A. (2011). The cost of crime. Foundations
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of the subject matter. We are truly grateful
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