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SCIENCE FOR RAILWAY EXAMS CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER
PERIODIC TABLE
History of the Periodic Table
• Dmitri Mendeleev: Created the first
periodic table in 1869.
• Periodic Law: Mendeleev's
observation that the properties of
elements recur periodically when
arranged by atomic weight.
• Lothar Meyer: Worked independently
on similar periodic tables.
Development of the Modern
Periodic Table
Henry Moseley (1913): Established that
atomic number (not atomic weight) is
the basis for the periodic table.
Periodic Law Update: Properties of
elements are a periodic function of their
atomic numbers.
Glenn T. Seaborg: Discovered trans
uranium elements and contributed to
the modern layout.
Elements in Periodic Table
As of now, there are 118
elements on the periodic
table. These elements are
organized by increasing
atomic number.
Structure of the Modern Periodic Table
Periods: Horizontal
rows (7 periods in
total).
Groups: Vertical
columns (18
groups).
Block Divisions:
s-block, p-block, d-
block, and f-block
elements.
s-block, p-block, d-block, and f-block elements
s-Block Elements
The elements of Group 1
(alkali metals) and Group 2
(alkaline earth metals)
P-Block Elements
• Group 13 to 18
• These together with the
s-Block Elements are
called the Representative
Elements or Main Group
Elements.
D-Block (Transition Elements)
• Group 3 to 12 in the centre of
the Periodic Table
• These are characterised by the
filling of inner d orbitals by
electrons and are therefore
referred to as d-Block Elements
• The elements after uranium are
called Transuranium Elements
The f-Block Elements (inner
transition Elements)
• The two rows of
elements at the bottom
of the Periodic Table,
called the Lanthanoids
and Actinoids
• The last electron added
to each element is filled
in f- orbital
Groups in the Periodic Table
• Alkali Metals (Group 1): Highly
reactive metals.
• Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2):
Reactive metals.
• Transition Metals (Groups 3-12):
Metals with variable oxidation states.
• Halogens (Group 17): Highly reactive
non-metals.
• Noble Gases (Group 18): Inert gases.
Periods in the Periodic Table
• Period 1: Hydrogen and Helium.
• Periods 2 and 3: Representative
elements.
• Periods 4 and 5: Transition and
representative elements.
• Periods 6 and 7: Lanthanides and
actinides included.
Note
• Elements of the same group have
similar valence shell electronic
configuration and therefore exhibit
similar chemical properties
• However the elements of same
period have Incrementally
increasing number of Electrons left
to right and therefore have different
valencies
Note
• Metals comprise of 78% of known
elements non metals are located at
the top of. Are less than 20 number.
• Elements that lie between metal
and nonmetals are called as
metalloids or semi metals
Trends in the Periodic Table -
Atomic Radius
Across a Period: Atomic
radius decreases.
Down a Group: Atomic
radius increases.
Trends in the Periodic Table -
Ionization Energy
Across a Period:
Ionization energy
increases.
Down a Group:
Ionization energy
decreases.
Trends in the Periodic Table -
Electronegativity
Across a Period:
Electronegativity
increases.
Down a Group:
Electronegativity
decreases.
Trends in the Periodic Table -
Metallic Character
Across a Period: Metallic
character decreases.
Down a Group: Metallic
character increases.
SCIENCE FOR RAILWAY EXAMS CHEMISTRY
BIOLOGY STARTS
TOMORROW
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