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Heredity
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the process of passing down traits and characteristics from parents to their
Heredity: offspring through genes
Variation Importance of Variation Accumulation of Variation
The difference During Reproduction
between individuals in a 1) Variation helps organisms
species or group of adapt to changing environments.
organisms Asexually Sexually
2) It drives the evolution of
new, better-adapted species. Variation are fewer. Variation are large.
Occurs due to small Occurs due to
Environment variation
inaccuracies in DNA crossing over,
separations of
Genetic Variation
chromosomes.
Father of Genetics
The biological science, which deals with the mechanism of
(Gregor Johann
heredity and causes variation called genetics.
"genetics" was coined by English biologist William Bateson
Mendel)
Acquired Traits Inherited Traits
a) Do not change germ cells Bring changes in germ cells
b) Cannot be passed on to future generations Can be passed on to their progeny
c) Do not lead to evolution May lead to evolution
Example: Losing limbs due to an accident Example: Deformed limbs at birth due to a genetic defect
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that contains genetic information for the development and
functioning of an organism.
Chromatin: refers to a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells of
humans and other higher organisms
Chromosomes: is a DNA molecule that consists of a part or all of the genetic material of an organism
Genes: a segment of DNA that is the basic unit of heredity and is passed from parent to child, is a
molecule that contains genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism.
Alleles: a pair of genes that occupy a specific location on a particular chromosome and control the same
trait
Haploid Cells Diploid Cells
Contain one set of chromosomes (n). Contain two sets of chromosomes (2n).
Formed by the process of meiosis. Undergo mitosis for division.
Examples: Sperm and egg cells. Examples: Nerve and muscle cells.
Rules of inheritance
Alleles: a pair of genes that occupy a specific location on a particular chromosome and control the same trait
Recessive allele
Dominant allele
Homozygous Heterozygous
Condition: Condition: The recessive allele is the weaker
The dominant allele is the stronger of the two alleles.
Inherits Inherits
of the two alleles. Represented by a lowercase letter,
identical different
Represented by a capital letter, it it remains suppressed in the
alleles of a alleles of a
determines the dominant traits. presence of a dominant allele.
gene from gene from
Dominant traits manifest in both both parents each parent. Recessive traits are expressed
homozygous and heterozygous only in the homozygous condition.
conditions.
Definitions yaad
- Genotype: The unique DNA sequence or allele combination inherited from rakhna!!
parents.
- Phenotype: Observable traits like appearance and behavior, influenced by
genotype and environment.
Plant selected by Mendel: Pisum sativum( garden pea) .
Gregor Mendel's experiment
used a number of contrasting characters for garden pea
AnnualI Plant
Mendel's rules for the inheritance of traits.
Short Life
I Cycle
Law of Dominance: In heterozygous pairs, the
Choice of cross or dominant allele masks the recessive one.
Law of Segregation: Traits have two alleles that
Why only pea self-fertilization
separate during gamete formation; one from each
plant? Large no. ofS offsprings parent combines during fertilization.
Law of Independent Assortment: Alleles of
Pisum sativum 7 pairs of allelic different genes assort independently into gametes.
characteristics
Mono Hybrid Cross: Cross between two pea plants with one pair of contrasting characters
Characters/traits like T
are called dominant trait
( because it express
itself ) and t are
recessive traits.
Dihybrid cross: A cross between two plants having two pairs of contrasting characters.
Round, yellow :9
Phenotype ratio Round, green : 3 Parents-> Round green ×
Wrinkled , yellow: 3 wrinkled yellow
Wrinkled, green :1
Sex determination the process through which the sex of a newborn individual is established.
Factors affecting the sex determination
Environmental Genetic
In certain animals, like turtles, the In humans and other animals, gender is
temperature at which fertilized eggs determined by a pair of sex chromosomes.
are kept determines the gender. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
