Paraphrased Version:

It's not just dolphins that keep people and other animals safe. Big whales do it too! For example,
some filmmakers once recorded humpback whales defending grey whales from killer whales for
many hours. This happened in California. In another case, a woman in China named Yang Yun
was trying out for a job working with whales. She had to dive deep into a cold pool. But the
water was so cold that her legs stopped working! Luckily, two beluga whales understood she was
in danger. One of them, Mila, gently held Yang Yun's leg and brought her up to the top of the
water. This quick action saved her.

Paraphrased Version:

It's not just dolphins that keep people and other animals safe. Big whales do it too! For example,
some filmmakers once recorded humpback whales defending grey whales from killer whales for
many hours. This happened in California. In another case, a woman in China named Yang Yun
was trying out for a job working with whales. She had to dive deep into a cold pool. But the
water was so cold that her legs stopped working! Luckily, two beluga whales understood she was
in danger. One of them, Mila, gently held Yang Yun's leg and brought her up to the top of the
water. This quick action saved her.
Key Changes:

protect: keep safe, defend

mammals: animals
film crew: filmmakers
recorded: filmed
migrating: travelling
orcas (killer whales): killer whales (simplification)
applied for a job: trying out for a job
training: working with
dive down: dive deep
freezing temperatures: cold water
sensed: understood
gripped: held
surface: top of the water
OUR FRIENDS AND PROTECTORS
A When asked their favourite animals, many people answer 'dolphins'. They are known as friendly, intelligent creatures that have a special relationship with humans. For example, dolphins
can tell when a woman is pregnant. They can also tell when someone is in trouble. No one is really sure why this is the case. Experts think they may understand that humans are similar
to them and try to protect them from predators and other dangers. Dolphins' protection of humans might not be just automatic or instinctive: they may actively decide to help in certain
situations.

B There are many stories about dolphins protecting humans from sharks. Wildlife filmmaker Hardy Jones was filming a group of dolphins, when a large shark swam towards him ready
to attack. Four dolphins came to his rescue and drove the shark away. Perhaps they could tell he was a person who cared very much about dolphins. In fact, Jones was a well-known
campaigner against the killing of dolphins. In another incident, in 2004, in New Zealand, four people were saved from a great white shark by a pod of dolphins. The dolphins herded the
swimmers into a group and formed a protective ring around them. As they had not yet seen the shark, one of them tried to swim away. He couldn't get away, because every time he tried,
he was pushed back inside the ring by the dolphins.

C Dolphins don't only save humans from sharks, but protect them in other situations too. A scuba diver was hit by a boat near the Channel Islands (between England and France) in 2006.
The man was unconscious, but survived 56 hours in the water, watched over by a pod of about 150 dolphins. In 2014, dolphins again came to the help of a human. Joey Trevino was losing
hope. He had been in the sea for 24 hours after his boat sank in the Gulf of Mexico. He felt he couldn't keep going any more. A friendly dolphin approached him and gently pushed him, as
if to say 'don't give up'. That moral support and encouragement may have saved Trevino's life.

D Dolphins have also been known to help other species. In New Zealand, two pygmy sperm whales were in difficulty next to a sand bank. People were trying their best to get them back out
to sea, but the whales couldn't find their way past the sand bank. After several hours of failed attempts, they were ready to give up. Along came 'Moko', a bottlenose dolphin, who seemed to
communicate with the whales and led them to a channel which took them back to the ocean.

E Whales have also been known to protect both humans and other mammals. In California, in 2012, a BBC Planet Earth film crew filmed a group of humpback whales who were protecting
migrating grey whales from attacks by orcas (killer whales) over a period of at least seven hours. In China, Yang Yun applied for a job training whales at Polar Land in the city of Harbin. For
the 'interview' she had to dive down as far as possible in the seven-metre deep pool. When she was about five metres down, Yang Yun found she couldn't move her legs due to the freezing
temperatures. Two beluga whales, Mila and Nicola, sensed that she was in trouble. Mila gripped Yang Yun's leg in her mouth and pushed Yun to the surface, saving her life.

F Stories of marine mammals helping humans - and each other - date back to Ancient Greece. Although we may never be sure why they help us, many people feel that it is a good reason
for us to do whatever we can to protect them.
Card 1:

● Word: Beautiful

● Taboo: Ugly, Pretty, Attractive, Lovely

Card 6:
Card 2:
● Word: Dry
● Word: Short
● Taboo: Wet, Parched, Arid, Barren
● Taboo: Long, Brief, Tiny, Compact
Card 7:
Card 3:
● Word: Improve
● Word: Fast ● Taboo: Worsen, Better, Enhance, Upgrade
● Taboo: Slow, Quick, Rapid, Speedy
Card 8:
Card 4:
● Word: Like
● Word: Dark ● Taboo: Dislike, Love, Enjoy, Prefer
● Taboo: Light, Dim, Gloomy, Black
Card 9:
Card 5:
● Word: Decrease
● Word: Loud ● Taboo: Increase, Reduce, Diminish, Decline
● Taboo: Quiet, Noisy, Harsh, Raucous
Card 10:

● Word: Finish

● Taboo: Start, Complete, End, Conclude

Card 11: Card 15:

● Word: Rescue ● Word: Modern

● Taboo: Abandon, Save, Liberate, Deliver ● Taboo: Old, Contemporary, New, Up-to-date

Card 12: Card 16:

● Word: Expert ● Word: Receive

● Taboo: Novice, Professional, Skilled, Adept ● Taboo: Give, Get, Accept, Acquire

Card 13: Card 17:

● Word: Danger ● Word: Technology

● Taboo: Safety, Risk, Threat, Peril ● Taboo: Tradition, Tech, Science, Innovation

Card 14: Card 18:

● Word: Famous ● Word: Wild

● Taboo: Unknown, Renowned, Celebrated, Notorious ● Taboo: Tame, Untamed, Fierce, Uncontrolled
Alright, let's test your comprehension of the passage with some true/false statements. For each paragraph, I'll give you two correct

statements and one that's incorrect. See if you can spot the false ones! This is targeted at a B2 Lower level, so don't worry if one or

two are a bit challenging.

Paragraph A

● Dolphins are often considered to be friendly and intelligent animals. (True)

● Dolphins may protect humans because they recognise similarities between themselves and humans. (True)

● Experts know for certain why dolphins protect humans. (False - The reasons are not fully understood)

Paragraph B

● Hardy Jones was saved from a shark attack by a group of dolphins. (True)

● In 2004, a pod of dolphins formed a protective ring around some swimmers in New Zealand. (True)

● One of the swimmers managed to escape from the protective ring formed by the dolphins. (False - The dolphins prevented

him from leaving)

Paragraph C

● A scuba diver was rescued by dolphins after being unconscious in the water for over two days. (True)

● Joey Trevino was encouraged to keep going by a dolphin after his boat sank. (True)

● Dolphins only protect humans from sharks. (False - They help humans in various situations)

Paragraph D

● Two pygmy sperm whales were helped back out to sea by a bottlenose dolphin. (True)
 ● People were unable to help the whales because they were too large. (False - People tried to help but were unsuccessful)

● The dolphin seemed to communicate with the whales to guide them to safety. (True)

Paragraph E

● Humpback whales have been observed protecting grey whales from orcas. (True)

● Mila and Nicola are the names of two beluga whales. (True)

● Yang Yun was attacked by the beluga whales while diving. (False - The whales saved her from drowning)

Paragraph F

● There are stories about marine mammals helping humans that date back to ancient times. (True)

● We know exactly why marine mammals help humans. (False - The reasons remain unclear)

● The author believes we should protect marine mammals. (True)

How did you do? Let me know if you have any questions about the statements or the passage in general. We can go over any

tricky vocabulary or grammar points too. Remember, practice is key to improving your reading skills!
Paragraph A

● Dolphins' intelligence

● Why dolphins protect humans

● How dolphins communicate

Paragraph B

● Examples of dolphins saving humans from sharks

● A filmmaker's experience with dolphins

● Dolphins herding their prey

Paragraph C

● Other ways dolphins protect humans

● A dolphin helps a scuba diver

● A dolphin rescues a sailor

Paragraph D

● Dolphins helping other sea creatures

● Whales in difficulty

● A dolphin leads whales to safety

Paragraph E

● Whales protecting humans and other mammals

● A woman's experience with whales

● Training whales in captivity

Paragraph F

● The history of human-animal cooperation

● The mystery of animal altruism

● The importance of protecting marine mammal.

Paragraph Heading

Paragraph Heading

F
1. foliage (n): the leaves of a plant or tree; foliage = leaves, greenery [Tán lá]

2. mitigating (v): to make something less harmful or serious; mitigating = reducing, alleviating [Giảm nhẹ]

3. tackling (v): to try to deal with a problem; tackling = addressing, confronting [Giải quyết]

4. radical (adj): new and very different from what is usually done; radical = extreme, unconventional [Cấp

tiến]

5. monumental (adj): very large or great; monumental = massive, significant [Vĩ đại]

6. crucial (adj): extremely important; crucial = critical, essential [Quan trọng]

7. integrate (v): to combine two or more things to make them work together; integrate = combine,

incorporate [Tích hợp]

8. drainage (n): a system of drains for carrying away waste water; drainage = sewage, waste disposal [Hệ

thống thoát nước]

9. dementia (n): a serious illness affecting someone's brain and memory; dementia = Alzheimer's, memory

loss [Mất trí nhớ]

10. obesity (n): the state of being dangerously fat; obesity = overweight, adiposity [Béo phì]
 Green roofs

A. Rooftops covered with grass, vegetable gardens and lush foliage are now a common sight in many cities around the world.
More and more private companies and city authorities are investing in green roofs, drawn to their wide-ranging benefits. Among
the benefits are saving on energy costs, mitigating the risk of floods, making habitats for urban wildlife., tackling air pollution and
even growing food These increasingly radical urban designs can help cities adapt to the monumental problems they face, such as
access to resources and a lack of green space due to development. But the involvement of city authorities, businesses and other
institutions is crucial to ensuring their success — as is research investigating different options to suit the variety of rooftop spaces
found in cities. The UK is relatively new to developing green roofs, and local governments and institutions are playing a major role
in spreading the practice. London is home to much of the UK’s green roof market, mainly due to forward-thinking policies such as
the London Plan, which has paved the way to more than doubling the area of green roofs in the capital.

B. Ongoing research is showcasing how green roofs in cities can integrate with 'living walls': environmentally friendly walls which
are partially or completely covered with greenery, including a growing medium, such as soil or water. Research also indicates that
green roofs can be integrated with drainage systems on the ground, such as street trees, so that the water is managed better and
the built environment is made more sustainable There is also evidence to demonstrate the social value of green roofs. Doctors
are increasingly prescribing time spent gardening outdoors for patients dealing with anxiety and depression. And research has
found that access to even the most basic green spaces can provide a better quality of life for dementia sufferers and help people
avoid obesity
When I started writing about Wegener’s life and work, one of the most intriguing things about him for me was
that, although he came up with a theory on continental drift, he was not a geologist. He trained as an
astronomer and pursued a career in atmospheric physics. When he proposed the theory of continental
displacements in 1912, he was a lecturer in physics and astronomy at the University of Marburg, in southern
Germany. However, he was not an ‘unknown’. In 1906 he had set a world record (with his brother Kurt) for time
aloft in a hot-air balloon: 52 hours. Between 1906 and 1908 he had taken part in a highly publicized and extremely
dangerous expedition to the coast of northeast Greenland. He had also made a name for himself amongst a
small circle of meteorologists and atmospheric physicists in Germany as the author of a textbook,
Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere (1911), and of a number of interesting scientific papers.
● Many historical sites worldwide are often rewritten by historians.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
● Many old films are rarely conducted for a long period of time.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
● Archaeological digs were known for their breadth of knowledge.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
● Samuel Johnson and Leonardo da Vinci are being destroyed by visitors.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
● Past events are being restored and digitally mastered.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
● Past events are inaccessible to us, even more so than a distant place.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

● Many historical sites worldwide are often rewritten by historians.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
● Many old films are rarely conducted for a long period of time.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
● Archaeological digs were known for their breadth of knowledge.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
● Samuel Johnson and Leonardo da Vinci are being destroyed by visitors.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
● Past events are being restored and digitally mastered.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
● Past events are inaccessible to us, even more so than a distant place.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Many historical sites worldwide/ are being destroyed by visitors.

Many old films/are being restored and digitally mastered

Archaeological digs/are rarely conducted for a long period of time.

Samuel Johnson and Leonardo da Vinci/were known for their breadth of knowledge.

Past events/are often rewritten by historians

 Smart, clever, bright

Animals, beings, organisms

Threats, hazards, risks

Save, help, protect

Group, school, herd

Gathering, guiding, corralling

Moving, traveling, relocating

Identify, know, understand

Specialists, authorities, professionals

Finishes, ends, determines

 Why dolphins are so smart?
● Dolphins are part of a group of aquatic mammals called ____________.
● Dolphins brains are so large that their encephalization quotient (brain size compared to body size)
is second only to ___________________.
● One group of Florida dolphins uses _______ hunting techniques to trap fish.
● Different dolphin populations have variations in _____________, _____________ and other
behaviors.
● Mothers pass down knowledge to their daughters, such as the tool use of using _____________
while foraging.
● They have been shown to understand a human-made language based on _____________ and
_____________.
● They pass the mirror test, indicating they recognize _____________.
● Research shows they can recognize not just their bodies but also their own _____________.
● In one study, dolphins were able to indicate _____________ during a difficult task, suggesting they
are aware of their knowledge and confidence levels.
● They help injured individuals, including _____________.
Dolphins are one of the smartest animal species on Earth.

● They are part of a group of aquatic mammals called cetaceans which also include whales and porpoises.
● Dolphins brains are so large that their encephalization quotient (brain size compared to body size) is second only to humans.

Dolphins are social creatures and their intelligence helps them:

● Form complex social networks

● Hunt together - One group of Florida dolphins uses cooperative hunting techniques to trap fish.
● Raise offspring together

Dolphins communicate with each other and pass down information:

● Different dolphin populations have variations in greetings, hunting strategies and other behaviors.
● Mothers pass down knowledge to their daughters, such as the tool use of using sponges while foraging.
● They have been shown to understand a human-made language based on whistles and hand gestures.

Dolphins are self-aware

● They pass the mirror test, indicating they recognize themselves.

● Research shows they can recognize not just their bodies but also their own thoughts.
● In one study, dolphins were able to indicate uncertainty during a difficult task, suggesting they are aware of their knowledge and
confidence levels.

Dolphins show empathy and altruism

● They help injured individuals, including humans.

● They mourn their dead.

The video concludes by questioning why humans endanger dolphins through hunting, pollution and captivity, given their intelligence and
complex social behaviors.