Module 3

CAPE objective: 5

FORMS of Communication:
Verbal and Nonverbal
Communication
Lower 6 lesson 2
Learning Targets

01
The students should be able to
compare and contrast verbal and
nonverbal communication.

02
The students should be able to
identify the different types of
nonverbal communication.

03
The students should be able to use
appropriate nonverbal cues for
effective communication.

04 The students should be able to discuss

the functions of nonverbal communication.
 Learning Agenda
Recall Nonverbal
01 A discussion on the previous
lesson on the nature and
03 A discussion on the definition and
characteristics of nonverbal communication
process of communication

Types
Verbal 04 A discussion on the types of nonverbal

02 A discussion on the definition

and characteristics of verbal
communication.

communication Functions
05 A discussion on the functions of nonverbal
communication.
Let's Recall!
Define communication.

What are some characteristics of

communication?

What is the communication

process?

What are the elements of the

communication process?

What are the steps involved in

the communication process?

Identify and describe 2 facilitators

and 2 barriers to communication.
Let's Assume!
Monday mornings are often busy; you
spotted two adults running while on
your way to school one morning. They
both appeared to be in a hurry, yet
something was off.

Can you differentiate the two based

on their body language? Tell us the
difference.
 Forms of Communication-Verbal
There are TWO major forms of communication: VERBAL and NONVERBAL communication.

VERAL COMMUNICATION - This form of

communication is characterized by the use of
oral ( spoken) and written language. In this
form of communication words are used to
bring across a certain message.

NB. Humans use speech and writing to

communicate verbally

Verbal Comunication uses WORDS!

 Verbal
Communication
Verbal communication refers to
communication that makes use of language
in expressing ideas or emotions.
Communicators utilize speech to express or
communicate what they wish to say or
communicate.

Although spoken communication is

frequently thought of when the phrase
"verbal communication" is used, written
communication is also a form of verbal
communication.
Four skills associated with
Verbal Communication
• Reading
• Writing
• Speaking
• Listening

The effective use of each is

necessary for communication
to take place.
Applying the skills (reading and writing)

• For written communication to be effective, the

skills of both reading and writing must be
employed.

• Example: The sender must write the message and

the receiver must read it before communication
takes place.
Applying the skills (speaking and listening)

• Similarly, for spoken communication, both

speaking and listening skills are required.

• Example: The sender must deliver

the message through speech and
the receiver must listen in order for
communication to take place.
 Context and Verbal Communication
Context plays a role in communication. As such , verbal communication can be either
formal or informal depending on the context.

Formal Contexts Informal Contexts

a. Legal contexts such as court a. Occurring between family members, friends or

proceedings and parliamentary co-workers
debates
b. When the subject matter is inconsequential,
b. Business contexts such as meetings, such as small talk which can occur between even
conferences and negotiations strangers

c. Educational contexts such as, c. When there is no structure, no time limit, or no

classroom, lecture sessions etc topic guidelines to communicate.
 ORAL COMMUNICATION
Oral communication consists of spoken Types of Oral Communication
exchanges. It is influenced by, pitch,
volume, speed and clarity of speaking. • Discussion
It can be formal or informal. • Speeches
• Dialogue
Examples include: • Debate
• Face to face conversations
• Conferences
• Television
• Radio
• Telephonic conversation
Advantages of Oral Communication
• Can enable speedy exchange

• Immediate feedback is possible

• People can ask questions and

clarify points

• In face to face interactions, the

effect of instant message on the

audience can be noted.

Disadvantages of • Depending on the context, it can be

Oral time-consuming

Communication • Can be difficult to meet the

objectives of the communication

• Poor presentation of message can

lead to misunderstanding

• It requires a great deal of

attentiveness and receptivity on part
of the receivers/audience.
 Written
Communication
Messages in written communication are
influenced by the vocabulary and grammar
used, writing style, precision and clarity of
language used. In written communication,
written signs or symbols are used to
communicate.
Types of written communication include:
• Email • Books • Letters
• Memo • Notices • Report
• Newspapers
• Text messages
 Advantages of Written
Communication
• Messages can be carefully prepared and
then directed to a large audience

• It provides a record of the

communication

• There can be less chance of the

message being misunderstood
 Disadvantage of
Written Communication
• People may not always read written
communication
• It can be poorly expressed with
ineffective writers
• There is no immediate feedback
• It may create mountains of paper work
 SPEAKING VS READING WILL BE
DISCUSSED MORE WHEN IT’S TIME
TO TACKLE THE MODULE 3 ESSAY.
 You have
8 minutes to
get some fresh
air and stretch.
Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication refers
to communication that does not
make use of language to
communicate. Other than words,
nonverbal communication involves
body language, gestures,
appearance, and silence.

There are types of nonverbal

communication, including
proxemics, kinesics, chronemics,
and haptics.
 • Non-verbal communication is
Defining Nonverbal communication that does not
involve speech or writing.

Communication • According to Leathers (1992),

non-verbal communication is the
use of interacting sets of visual,
vocal, and invisible
communications systems to
convey and interpret meaning.

• Although non-verbal
communication can work by itself,
it is also used in conjunction with
verbal communication which can
either complement or contradict
the message.
Nonverbal Communication
Types of Nonverbal Communication

Kinesics (Body Proxemics Chronemics Artefacts

Language/
Movement)
Types of Nonverbal Communication

Paralanguage The five Graphics and Haptics

(Vocalics) Senses symbols (Touch)
Kinesics
Kinesics refers to the use of body
parts, such as hands, arms, body, and
face movements, in communicating
ideas or emotions.

We interpret a great deal of meaning

through body movement. However,
communication through body language
might be interpreted differently in
different settings and cultures, so be
cautious.

For instance, some cultures value eye

contact in communication, while others
view it as a sign of disrespect.
 Kinesics
The use of body (postures movements), be it
conscious or unconscious to convey attitudes and
feelings.

Examples:
• Posture • Gestures
• Facial expressions
• Waving • Eye gaze • Smiling
• Head movement
 The signs and signals we convey to
Proxemics
others using our personal and social
space are referred to as proxemics in
nonverbal communication. We
determine these signs and signals
based on the situation, such as work
or school, or how close the
relationships are to us.

As an example, proxemics determines

intimacy between people, but this is not the
case if you are on a train full of people.
Proxemics This is the use of space
to communicate.

For example: if someone

comes to sit next to you in the
library when the whole table is
empty it can communicate a
range of things about
relations/ interests/
personality types.
 Chronemics
Chronemics looks at how people use time. It enables us
to comprehend how people conceptualize and organize
time in their interactions and interpersonal relationships.

As an example, proxemics determines intimacy

between people, but this is not the case if you are on
a train full of people.

Another example is that punctuality reveals

a lot about someone's interest, so if you
arrive late for an interview, you know what
the interviewer will think of you.
 Chronemics
The way you use time, or chronemics, can
communicate attitude or status. For
instance, one may show/communicate
respect by being early for an appointment
or job interview. Conversely, lack of
respect may be communicated by turning
up half-an-hour late for a class.
 Artefacts
Artefacts are those items, such as jewelry,
clothing or a vehicle that may communicate
something about the type of person you are.
 Paralanguage
(Vocalics)
• The use of volume, tone, rate/speed, pitch, and quality of
voice to give dimension and meaning to words. This is also
referred to as paralanguage as the voice ‘surrounds’ the words.

• For example you raise your pitch at the end of a sentence to

indicate that you have completed a thought.
• Also, people tend to raise their voices and shout when they
are angry.
 The Five Senses
• The five senses are used in non-verbal communication.
Sight, Hearing, Touch, Smell, Taste

• A bad odour on a person may communicate that he or

she does not practice proper hygiene, or could suggest
the person is unwell.

• An overly salty food from a generally good cook may

communicate to the recipient the cook’s displeasure
Graphics symbols
These are used in different areas to
communicate different things.

For example:
• The periodic table in Chemistry is
symbolically used to represent the various
elements.
• Hand signals sometimes with flags are
used to direct traffic.
• Braille
• Sign language
 Haptics refers to the use of the
sense of touch in communication. It is
a type of nonverbal communication in
which people communicate through
touch.

In interpersonal interactions, haptics

play a key role in expressing physical
intimacy. But similar to kinesics,

Haptics
communication through touch might
be interpreted differently in different
settings and cultures, so be cautious.
Here are some categories of Haptics:

• Functional/Professional • Social/ Polite

• Friendship/Warmth • Love/Intimacy
 Managers and co-workers should know the
effectiveness of using touch while communicating
to their sub-ordinates, but need to be cautious
Haptics
and understand how touch can be misunderstood.

• A hand on shoulder maybe supportive for one

person whereas for other person it may be
negative for another.

• We use handshake to gain trust and introduce

ourselves.
 Haptics rules changes according to different
cultures, context and status of relationships.
See examples below:
Haptics
• In US the main form of greeting is handshake,
though with friends they may hug each other.

• In Japan people bow at each other upon

meeting and touching is rather considered rude.

• In Latin America kissing either on one or both

cheeks is considered as a form of greeting.
 You have
8 minutes to
get some fresh
air and stretch.
 Substituting

Functions of Reinforcing

Nonverbal Regulating

Communication Contradicting

Managing impressions

Establishing relationships
Functions of Nonverbal Communication

Substituting
Non-verbal communication may be used to
replace verbal communication.

Examples: using head motions to point out

someone without saying anything.
Beckoning for someone to come to you without
calling out to them.
Waving goodbye instead of saying it out loud
Functions of Nonverbal Communication

Reinforcing
Non-verbal communication may be used to
reinforce or complement verbal communication.

Example: pounding your hand on a table when

arguing to reinforce the point being made.
Functions of Nonverbal Communication

Regulating
The regulating function of non-verbal communication
is used mostly in conversation to control the flow of
messages.

Example: raising your hand and waiting your turn to

answer or ask a question in class.
Functions of Nonverbal Communication

Contradicting An example of when the

non-verbal communication
may unconsciously
contradict the verbal
Sometimes non-verbal communication is
communication is when
used to contradict the meaning of the verbal someone states that
communication it accompanies. The most he/she is attentive to
common example of this is using vocalic someone while at the same
sarcasm – when a person says one thing but time he/ she is looking
the tone of his/her voice tells the listener around or even yawning.

that he/she means the opposite.

Functions of Nonverbal Communication

Managing impressions
Non-verbal communication is often used to manage impressions.

The most common example of this is the way people dress. A

person will often choose to dress in a way which coincides with
the impression he/she want others to have of him/her. Dressing
smartly for a job interview was mentioned above.
Functions of Nonverbal Communication

Establishing relationships

Non-verbal communication may be used to show

the sender’s relationship with another person or
that he/she belongs to a particular group.

Example: the wearing of a wedding band is a non-

verbal indication that the person is married.
 Verbal communication refers to communication that makes
use of language in expressing ideas or emotions.

Wrap Up
Other than words, nonverbal communication involves body
language, gestures, appearance, and silence.

The signs and signals we convey to others using our

personal and social space are referred to as proxemics.

Kinesics refers to the use of body parts, such as hands,

arms, body, and face movements, in communicating ideas or
emotions.

Chronemics looks at how people use time. It enables us to

comprehend how people conceptualize and organize time in
their interactions and interpersonal relationships.

Haptics refers to the use of the sense of touch in

communication. It is a type of nonverbal communication in
which people communicate through touch.

Who would like to explain the others?

READING FOR NEXT CLASS

CONTEXTS
of Communication