Arrays

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 Arrays
• An array is a data structure that holds multiple elements of the same typ

• Array of Strings

“Red” “Green” “Blue” “Yellow”

• Array of ints

100 76 89

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 Arrays - Use Cases
• Sorting, searching and performing calculations

• Accessing data directly with an inde

• In more complex applications

• Buffering dat
a

• Managing multiple data sources, both input and outpu

• …

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 Arrays - Initialization We’ll cover
growable data structures
later in the course

• Arrays are xed size … don’t grow over tim

fi
e

• Specify the size/contents during initialization One approach for

initializing the array

// initialize the arra

String[] colors = { "Red", "Green", "Blue", "Yellow" };

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 Accessing Elements in an Array
• Arrays are zero-based. The rst element is at position 0.

fi
0 1 2 3

“Red” “Green” “Blue” “Yellow”

Contents of the array

Re

Gree
// initialize the arra

Blu
y

String[] colors = { "Red", "Green", "Blue", "Yellow" } Yellow

// display contents of the arra

System.out.println("Contents of the array:") Remember, arrays are 0-based

System.out.println(colors[0]);

The first element is at index/position 0

System.out.println(colors[1])
;

System.out.println(colors[2])
;

System.out.println(colors[3])
Index to an element in the array
;

using square brackets: [ …]

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 Length of the array
• To nd the length, access the .length attribute
fi
0 1 2 3

“Red” “Green” “Blue” “Yellow”

// initialize the arra y

String[] colors = { "Red", "Green", "Blue", "Yellow" } Length of the array:

// display length of the array

System.out.println("Length of the array: " + colors.length);

Remember,
arrays are 0-based

Length attribute

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Pulling It All Together
public class ArrayDemo

public static void main(String[] args)

// initialize the arra

String[] colors = { "Red", "Green", "Blue", "Yellow" }

// display contents of the arra Contents of the array

System.out.println("Contents of the array:") Re

System.out.println(colors[0]) Gree

System.out.println(colors[1]) Blu

System.out.println(colors[2])

Yello

System.out.println(colors[3])

System.out.println() Length of the array: 4

;

// display length of the arra

y

System.out.println("Length of the array: " + colors.length)

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 Looping Through an Array - Version 1
public class ArrayDemo

public static void main(String[] args)

// initialize the arra

String[] colors = { "Red", "Green", "Blue", "Yellow" }

Remember,
arrays are 0-based // loop through the array - version

System.out.println("Looping through the array:")

for (int i=0; i < colors.length; i++) Length attribute

System.out.println(colors[i])

Looping through the array

Index to an element in the array Re

}

using square brackets: [ …] Gree

Blu

Yellow

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 Looping Through an Array - Version 2
public class ArrayDemo

public static void main(String[] args)

// initialize the arra

String[] colors = { "Red", "Green", "Blue", "Yellow" }

enhanced // loop param

typeloop through the array - array
version
for loop

can give any name

System.out.println("Using enhanced for loop:”)

for (String temp : colors)

System.out.println(temp)

Using enhanced for loop

}

Re

No need to manually index into the array … Gree

}

Blu

Handled for you behind the scenes with the Yello

enhanced for loop

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Arrays Initialization

© luv2code LLC
 Arrays - Initialization
• Previously, we speci ed the contents during initialization

fi
// initialize the arra

String[] colors = { "Red", "Green", "Blue", "Yellow" };

• What if we wanted to specify the size of the array … but add data later??

• For example, with an array of student grade

• We know a student will have three grades this semeste

• But, we will enter the grades later …

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 Arrays - Initialization
• For student grades, we will have an array of doubles

100.0 76.7 89.0

• Let’s start with an array of doubles, size of 3

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 Arrays - Initialization
• Let’s start with an array of doubles, size of 3

… … …

0 1 2
// initialize the arra

double[] grades = new double[3];

Create a new array Remember, arrays are 0-based

Size of the array
The number of elements The first element is at index/position 0

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 Arrays - Initialization
• Since no initial values given, for double … will default to 0.0

// initialize the arra

double[] grades = new double[3];

0 1 2

double, default to 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

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 Assigning Values
• We can assign values to the array elements

// initialize the arra

double[] grades = new double[3]

// assign student grade

grades[0] = 100.0 ;

0 1 2
grades[1] = 76.7
;

grades[2] = 89.0 100.0 76.7 89.0

;

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Pulling It All Together
public class StudentGradesDemo

public static void main(String[] args)

// initialize the arra

double[] grades = new double[3]

// assign student grade

grades[0] = 100.0

grades[1] = 76.7;

grades[2] = 89.0
;

for (double temp : grades) 100.

System.out.println(temp) 76.

89.0
}

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 Read Input From User
• Let’s prompt the user for how many grade How many grades will you enter? 4

• Initialize the array based on the number of grade Enter grade number 1: 100.0

Enter grade number 2: 76.7

Enter grade number 3: 94.2
• Read each grade and assign to an array elemen Enter grade number 4: 88.4

• Print out the array elements 100.

76.

94.

88.4

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Read Input From User
// prompt the user for how many grade

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in)

System.out.print("How many grades will you enter? ")

int numGrades = scanner.nextInt()

How many grades will you enter? 4

System.out.println()

Enter grade number 1: 100.0

// initialize the array based on the number of grade
Enter grade number 2: 76.7

double[] userInputGrades = new double[numGrades]

Enter grade number 3: 94.2

Enter grade number 4: 88.4

// read each grade and assign to an array elemen

for (int i=0; i < userInputGrades.length; i++)

100.

System.out.print("Enter grade number " + (i+1) + ": ")

76.

userInputGrades[i] = scanner.nextDouble()

94.

88.4
}

System.out.println()
;

// print out the array element

s

for (double temp : userInputGrades)

{

System.out.println(temp)
;

scanner.close();

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Passing Arrays into Methods

© luv2code LLC
 Computing Grade Average
• We currently have an array of grades

• Let’s compute the average grade

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 Computing Grade Average
• De ne a new method and pass in an array
fi
Input parameter can have any name.

Return type Input parameter Must use exact same type: double[ ]

private static double computeGradeAverage(double[] userInputGrades)

// compute the sum of the grades

// compute the grade average, based on length of the arra

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Computing Grade Average
Return type Input parameter

private static double computeGradeAverage(double[] userInputGrades)

double sum = 0.0

// compute the sum of the grades

for (double temp : userInputGrades)

sum += temp
;

// compute the grade average, based on length of the array

double average = sum / userInputGrades.length

return average;
}

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Pull It All Together
// prompt the user for how many grade

..
.

// initialize the array based on the number of grade

double[] userInputGrades = new double[numGrades]

// read each grade and assign to an array elemen

for (int i=0; i < userInputGrades.length; i++)

System.out.print("Enter grade number " + (i+1) + ": ")

userInputGrades[i] = scanner.nextDouble()
private static double computeGradeAverage(double[] userInputGrades)

.. double sum = 0.0

double gradeAverage = computeGradeAverage(userInputGrades) // compute the sum of the grade

for (double temp : userInputGrades)

System.out.println("Grade average: " + gradeAverage) sum += temp

scanner.close();
// compute the grade average, based on length of the arra

double average = sum / userInputGrades.length

return average

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Returning Arrays from Methods

© luv2code LLC
 Refactor
• Let’s refactor our app to return an array from a metho

• When we prompt a user for num grades and array content

• Extract this code to a separate metho

How many grades will you enter? 4

• Return the array from this method
Enter grade number 1: 100.0
Enter grade number 2: 76.7
Enter grade number 3: 94.2
Enter grade number 4: 88.4

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Returning Array from Method
Return type

private static double[] readUserInputGrades()

// prompt the user for how many grade

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in)

System.out.print("How many grades will you enter? ")

How many grades will you enter? 4

int numGrades = scanner.nextInt()

System.out.println() Enter grade number 1: 100.0

;

// initialize the array based on the number of grade Enter grade number 2: 76.7

double[] userInputGrades = new double[numGrades] Enter grade number 3: 94.2

Enter grade number 4: 88.4

// read each grade and assign to an array elemen

for (int i=0; i < userInputGrades.length; i++)

System.out.print("Enter grade number " + (i+1) + ": ")

userInputGrades[i] = scanner.nextDouble()

scanner.close()
;

return userInputGrades Return the array

;

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Pull It All Together
public static void main(String[] args)

double[] userInputGrades = readUserInputGrades()

.. private static double[] readUserInputGrades()

double gradeAverage = computeGradeAverage(userInputGrades) // prompt the user for how many grade

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in)

System.out.println("Grade average: " + gradeAverage) System.out.print("How many grades will you enter? ")

int numGrades = scanner.nextInt()

}
System.out.println()

// initialize the array based on the number of grade

double[] userInputGrades = new double[numGrades]

// read each grade and assign to an array elemen

for (int i=0; i < userInputGrades.length; i++)

System.out.print("Enter grade number " + (i+1) + ": ")

userInputGrades[i] = scanner.nextDouble()

scanner.close()

return userInputGrades

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Array Utilities: Filling an Array

© luv2code LLC
 Array Utility Methods
• The Arrays class has a number of utility methods for array

• lling, sorting and searching (we’ll cover these in the next set of videos)
fi
• Also, other utility methods availabl

• array copying, conversions and comparisons

Use your Java version

• You can research these onlin

e

• keyword search: arrays javadoc java <version>

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 Arrays - Initialization
• Remember, since no initial values given, for double … will default to 0.0

// initialize the arra

double[] grades = new double[3];

0 1 2

double, default to 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

How can I fill an array with a value?

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 Filling an Array
• We can use the method: Arrays.fill(theArray, theValue)

// initialize the arra

double[] grades = new double[3] 0 1 2

// fill the array

75.0 75.0 75.0

Arrays.fill(grades, 75.0)

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 Read Input From User
• Prompt the user for size of arra What size array do you want? 4

What number do you want to fill the array with? 30

• Prompt user on number to ll array wit

fi
h

• Initialize the array based on the siz 3

• Fill the array with given number 30

• Print out the array elements

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Read Input From User
// prompt the user for size of the arra

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in)

System.out.print("What size array do you want? ")

int size = scanner.nextInt()

What size array do you want?

What number do you want to fill the array with? 3

System.out.print("What number do you want to fill the array with? ")

int theNum = scanner.nextInt() 3

// initialize the arra 3

int[] myDataArray = new int[size] 30

// fill the arra

y

Arrays.fill(myDataArray, theNum)
;

System.out.println()
;

// display contents of the arra

y

for (int temp : myDataArray)

{

System.out.println(temp)
;

scanner.close();

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Array Utilities: Sorting an Array

© luv2code LLC
 Sorting an Array
• We can use the method: Arrays.sort(theArray)

0 1 2
// initialize the arra 61 4 25

int[] myData = { 61, 4, 25 }

// sort the arra

y

Arrays.sort(myData)
;

0 1 2
4 25 61

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 Read Input From User
• Prompt the user for size of arra What size array do you want?

Enter number 1: 6

Enter number 2:
• Prompt user for the array content

Enter number 3: 2

• Initialize the array based on the siz BEFORE sorting

Print out the array elements BEFORE sorting

• 2

AFTER sorting
• Sort the array

• Print out the array elements AFTER sorting 61

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Read Input From User
// prompt the user for how size of arra

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in)

System.out.print("What size array do you want? ") What size array do you want? 3

int size = scanner.nextInt()

Enter number 1: 61

// initialize the array based on the siz Enter number 2: 4

int[] myDataArray = new int[size] Enter number 3: 25

// read each number and assign to an array elemen

BEFORE sorting

for (int i=0; i < myDataArray.length; i++)

System.out.print("Enter number " + (i+1) + ": ") 6

myDataArray[i] = scanner.nextInt()

2
}

System.out.println()
;

AFTER sorting

// print out the array element

s

System.out.println("BEFORE sorting:")

displayData(myDataArray) 2

61
System.out.println()
;

Arrays.sort(myDataArray)
;

System.out.println("AFTER sorting:") private static void displayData(int[] myDataArray)

displayData(myDataArray) for (int temp : myDataArray)

System.out.println(temp)

scanner.close(); }

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Array Utilities: Searching an Array

© luv2code LLC
 Searching an Array
• We can use the method: Arrays.binarySearch(theArray, theSearchKey)

• Returns the array index where theSearchKey was found

Specified in the
Java documentation
for this method
• Note: The array must be sorted prior to calling this method

• If not sorted, then the results are unde ned and unpredictable

fi

• May get incorrect results or may not nd the value even if it exists … gasp!

fi
• Best practice: Sort the array before calling the Arrays.binarySearch(…) method

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Searching an Array - Example
// initialize the arra

int[] myDataArray = { 61, 4, 25 }

int searchKey = 4

// sort array firs Method returns the array index

t

Arrays.sort(myDataArray) where searchKey was found

// search the arra

y

int result = Arrays.binarySearch(myDataArray, searchKey)

boolean found = (result >= 0) If array index >= 0 then we found it

;

else, we didn’t find it

System.out.println("Found: " + found)

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 Read Input From User
• Prompt the user for size of arra What size array do you want? 3

Enter number 1: 6

• Prompt user for the array content Enter number 2:

Enter number 3:
4
25

• Initialize the array based on the siz What number do you want to search for? 4

Found: tru
Prompt user for the search key

• We found the number: 4

• Sort the array

• Search the arra

y

• Print out the results

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Read Input From User
// prompt the user for how size of arra

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in)

System.out.print("What size array do you want? ")

int size = scanner.nextInt()

// initialize the array based on the siz

int[] myDataArray = new int[size]

What size array do you want?

// read each number and assign to an array elemen

Enter number 1: 6

for (int i=0; i < myDataArray.length; i++)

System.out.print("Enter number " + (i+1) + ": “)

Enter number 2:

myDataArray[i] = scanner.nextInt()

Enter number 3: 2
}

System.out.println()
;

System.out.print("What number do you want to search for? ") What number do you want to search for?

int searchKey = scanner.nextInt()

;

System.out.println()
Found: tru
;

// sort array firs

We found the number: 4
t

Arrays.sort(myDataArray)
;

// search the arra

y

int result = Arrays.binarySearch(myDataArray, searchKey) ;

boolean found = (result >= 0)

;

System.out.println("Found: " + found)

;

if (found)
{

System.out.println("We found the number: " + searchKey)

;

else
{

System.out.println("We did not find the number: " + searchKey)

;

scanner.close();

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Two-Dimensional (2D) Arrays

© luv2code LLC
 2D Arrays
• Represent a grid of data

• Classic example is a multiplication table

1 2 3 4
2 4 6 8
3 6 9 12
4 8 12 16
5 10 15 20

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 2D Arrays - Use Cases
• Multiplication tables

• Matrix calculations

• Grid-based game boards

• Seating charts

• Scheduling and timetables

• Image processing

• Route navigation

• others …

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 Multidimensional Arrays
• Java also supports multidimensional arrays: 2D, 3D, …

• 3D arrays are useful for terrain mapping, robotics, gaming etc …

• In general, you will commonly see 1D and 2D arrays

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 2D Arrays - Initialization
• Specify the size/contents during initialization

// initialize the array

int numRows = 2;
int numCols = 3;
int[][] tableDemo = new int[numRows][numCols];

0 1 2
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0

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 2D Arrays - Initialization
• Specify the size/contents during initialization

// initialize the array Row 0

int[][] tableDemo = {
{90, 85, 100, 93},
{60, 70, 80, 87}
};
Row 1

0 1 2 3
0 90 85 100 93
1 60 70 80 87

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 Accessing Elements in a 2D Array
Remember,
• Index into the array using: [theRow][theCol] arrays are 0-based

// initialize the array 0 1 2 3

int[][] tableDemo = {
{90, 85, 100, 93}, 0 90 85 100 93
{60, 70, 80, 87}
}; 1 60 70 80 87

System.out.println(tableDemo[0][2]);
System.out.println(tableDemo[1][3]);
100
87
Row Col

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 Read Input From User
• Prompt the user for number of rows and columns
How many rows? 4
How many columns? 5
• Initialize the array based on the rows and columns
1 2 3 4 5
• Compute multiplication table values 2 4 6 8 10
3 6 9 12 15
4 8 12 16 20
• Print out the results

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Read Input From User
// Prompt the user for number of rows and columns
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("How many rows? ");
int numRows = scanner.nextInt();

System.out.print("How many columns? ");

int numCols = scanner.nextInt(); How many rows? 4
// Initialize the array based on the rows and columns
How many columns? 5
int[][] table = new int[numRows][numCols];

// compute multiplication table values 1 2 3 4 5

for (int row=0; row < numRows; row++) {
2 4 6 8 10
for (int col=0; col < numCols; col++) { 3 6 9 12 15
// use (row+1) to give values 1 to (numRows)
// similar thing for (col+1) 4 8 12 16 20
table[row][col] = (row+1) * (col+1);
}
}

System.out.println();

// print out the results

for (int row=0; row < numRows; row++) {

for (int col=0; col < numCols; col++) {

\t: tab character
System.out.print(table[row][col] + "\t"); for alignment
}
System.out.println();
}

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Number Guessing Game

© luv2code LLC
 Number Guessing Game
• Let’s have some fun and create a number guessing game!

• The app will create a random number

• Users will have 3 attempts to guess the number

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Number Guessing Game - Example
NUMBER GUESSING GAME
NUMBER GUESSING GAME You have 3 attempts.
You have 3 attempts.
Guess a number between 1 and 5: 1
Guess a number between 1 and 5: 2 Sorry, your guess is incorrect.
Sorry, your guess is incorrect. You have 2 attempt(s) left.
You have 2 attempt(s) left.
Guess a number between 1 and 5: 2
Guess a number between 1 and 5: 4 Sorry, your guess is incorrect.
Sorry, your guess is incorrect. You have 1 attempt(s) left.
You have 1 attempt(s) left.
Guess a number between 1 and 5: 3
Guess a number between 1 and 5: 5 Sorry, your guess is incorrect.
Success!!! You guessed the secret number: 5 You have 0 attempt(s) left.

You did not win. The secret number was: 4

Success!!!
Failure

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 Development Process
• Initialize the game NUMBER GUESSING GAME
You have 3 attempts.

• Set the upper bound number and maximum number of attempts Guess a number between 1 and 5: 2
Sorry, your guess is incorrect.
You have 2 attempt(s) left.
• Generate a random secret number within the upper bound Guess a number between 1 and 5: 4
Sorry, your guess is incorrect.
• Game Loop You have 1 attempt(s) left.

Guess a number between 1 and 5: 5

Success!!! You guessed the secret number: 5
• For each attempt

• Prompt the player to guess a number

• If the guess is correct, print a success message and end the game

• If the guess is incorrect, print feedback with number of remaining attempts

• End Game Check

• If all attempts are used without a correct guess, reveal the secret number

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Game Development NUMBER GUESSING GAME
You have 3 attempts.

// Initialize the game

Guess a number between 1 and 5: 2
int upperBound = 5; Sorry, your guess is incorrect.
random.nextInt(5) You have 2 attempt(s) left.
// compute a random number between 1 and the upperBound
Random random = new Random();
Guess a number between 1 and 5: 4
int secretNumber = random.nextInt(upperBound) + 1; returns number: 0 to 4
Sorry, your guess is incorrect.
int maxAttempts = 3; You have 1 attempt(s) left.
We add +1 to make it: 1 to 5
System.out.println("NUMBER GUESSING GAME");
System.out.println("You have " + maxAttempts + " attempts."); Guess a number between 1 and 5: 5
System.out.println(); Success!!! You guessed the secret number: 5
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
Success!!!
boolean won = false;
NUMBER GUESSING GAME
// Game Loop
for (int i=maxAttempts; i > 0; i--) { Loop countdown You have 3 attempts.

// prompt the user

System.out.print("Guess a number between 1 and " + upperBound + ": "); Failure Guess a number between 1 and 5: 1
Sorry, your guess is incorrect.
int theGuess = scanner.nextInt();
You have 2 attempt(s) left.
won = (theGuess == secretNumber); Check to see if the user won
Guess a number between 1 and 5: 2
if (won) {
System.out.println("Success!!! You guessed the secret number: " + secretNumber);
Sorry, your guess is incorrect.
break; You have 1 attempt(s) left.
}
else { Remember, break, Guess a number between 1 and 5: 3
System.out.println("Sorry, your guess is incorrect.");
System.out.println("You have " + (i - 1) + " attempt(s) left.");
will exit out of the current loop Sorry, your guess is incorrect.
System.out.println(); You have 0 attempt(s) left.
}
} You did not win. The secret number was: 4
// End Game Check
if (!won) {
If they didn’t win,
System.out.println("You did not win. The secret number was: " + secretNumber); then reveal
} the secret number

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Word Quest Game

© luv2code LLC
 Word Quest Game
• Let’s develop a word quest game!

• The app will select a random word

• Users will guess the characters for the word

• Users will have 10 attempts to guess all of the characters

• Attempts are only reduced for wrong guesses

• No change for correct guesses

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Welcome to Word Quest!
Current word: ______
Guess a letter: n
Good job! You found a match!
Guess a letter: a
Attempts remaining: 9
Incorrect!
Attempts remaining: 9
Current word: __IEN_
Current word: ______
Guess a letter: F
Good job! You found a match!
Guess a letter: e
Attempts remaining: 9
Good job! You found a match!
Attempts remaining: 9
Current word: F_IEN_
Current word: ___E__
Guess a letter: R
Good job! You found a match!
Guess a letter: i
Attempts remaining: 9
Good job! You found a match!
Attempts remaining: 9
Current word: FRIEN_
Current word: __IE__ Success!!!
Guess a letter: D
Good job! You found a match!
Attempts remaining: 9

Success!!! You've revealed the word: FRIEND

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 Development Process Welcome to Word Quest!
Current word: ______

Guess a letter: a
• Initialize the game Incorrect!
Attempts remaining: 9
• Get a random word from an array of words
Current word: ______
• Create a game board with underscores to represent unrevealed letters Guess a letter: e
Good job! You found a match!
• Game Loop Attempts remaining: 9

Current word: ___E__

• While we have more attempts left and the word is not fully revealed
Guess a letter: i
• Prompt the player to guess a letter Good job! You found a match!
Attempts remaining: 9
• If the guess is correct, print a success message and display updated word
Current word: __IE__

• If the guess is incorrect, print feedback with number of remaining attempts

• End Game Check

• If all attempts are used without a revealing all of the letters, reveal the secret word

• If the user revealed all of the letters, print a success message

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Game Development - Part 1
// Define the secret word and maximum allowed attempts
String secretWord = getRandomWord(); private static String getRandomWord() {
int maxAttempts = 10; String[] words = {"Java", "Airplane", "Friend"};

// Create a game board with underscores to represent unrevealed letters Random random = new Random();
char[] gameBoard = new char[secretWord.length()]; int index = random.nextInt(words.length);

// Flag to check if the word has been fully revealed String theWord = words[index];
boolean wordNotRevealed = true;
return theWord.toUpperCase();
// Initialize game board with underscores to represent missing letters }
for (int i = 0; i < gameBoard.length; i++) {
gameBoard[i] = '_';
}
We’ll refactor this later
// Scanner to read player input
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in); Arrays.fill(…)
System.out.println("Welcome to Word Quest!");

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Game Development - Part 2
Guess a letter: a
Incorrect!
Attempts remaining: 9

Current word: ______

Guess a letter: e
Good job! You found a match!
Attempts remaining: 9

Current word: ___E__

// Define the secret word and maximum allowed attempts

String secretWord = getRandomWord();
int maxAttempts = 10; // Main game loop: runs while there are attempts left and the word is not fully revealed
while (maxAttempts > 0 && wordNotRevealed) {
// Create a game board with underscores to represent unrevealed letters System.out.print("Current word: ");
char[] gameBoard = new char[secretWord.length()]; System.out.println(gameBoard);

// Flag to check if the word has been fully revealed System.out.println();

boolean wordNotRevealed = true; System.out.print("Guess a letter: ");

// Initialize game board with underscores to represent missing letters // Read the user's input, take the first character, and convert it to uppercase
for (int i = 0; i < gameBoard.length; i++) { String userInput = scanner.next().toUpperCase();
gameBoard[i] = '_'; char guess = userInput.charAt(0);
}
// Track if the guess was correct
// Scanner to read player input boolean isGuessCorrect = false;
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
// Loop through each letter in the secret word to check if it matches the guess
System.out.println("Welcome to Word Quest!"); for (int i = 0; i < secretWord.length(); i++) {
if (secretWord.charAt(i) == guess) {
// Reveal the correctly guessed letter on the game board
gameBoard[i] = guess;
isGuessCorrect = true;
} Guess a letter: a
} Incorrect!
Attempts remaining: 9

Current word: ______

// Update game status based on the guess
if (isGuessCorrect) { Guess a letter: e
Good job! You found a match!
System.out.println("Good job! You found a match!"); Attempts remaining: 9
private static boolean containsUnderscore(char[] gameBoard) {
for (char c : gameBoard) { Current word: ___E__
// Check if there are still unrevealed letters
if (c == '_') {
wordNotRevealed = containsUnderscore(gameBoard);
return true;
} else {
}
System.out.println("Incorrect!");
}
maxAttempts--; // Decrement attempts for an incorrect guess
return false;
}
}
// Display remaining attempts after each guess
System.out.println("Attempts remaining: " + maxAttempts);
System.out.println();
}

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Game Development - Part 3
// End of game message based on whether the word was revealed
if (wordNotRevealed) {
System.out.println("You've run out of attempts. The hidden word was: " + secretWord);
} else {
System.out.println("Success!!! You've revealed the word: " + new String(gameBoard));
}

Current word: FRIEN_

Success!!!
Guess a letter: D
Good job! You found a match!
Attempts remaining: 9

Success!!! You've revealed the word: FRIEND

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Word Quest Game - Enhancements

© luv2code LLC
 Enhancements
• Refactor variable name

• Change placeholder character

• Read words from a le

fi
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 Refactor variable name // Flag to check if the word has been fully revealed
boolean wordNotRevealed = true;

• Currently we have: wordNotRevealed

• In general, not a good idea to include negative (Not) in the variable

• Can get confusing when you apply: !wordNotRevealed … double negative

• We’ll rename it: hasMissingLetters

• Clearly implies word is incomplete because it has missing letters

• Logical t for boolean for applying not: !hasMissingLetters

fi
• Eliminates double negative

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 Change placeholder character
• Currently the underscores run together
Current word: ______
• Hard to see how many actual letter spaces

• Replace the _ with a - Current word: --------

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 Read words from a file
• Instead of hard-coded array String[] words = {"Java", "Airplane", "Friend"};

• Read the words from a le File: sample-words.txt

fi
Ability
Abstract
Academic
Accent
Achievement
Acquire
Adapt
Advance
Adventure
Agenda
Agility
Agree
Airline
Airspace
...

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 Reading from a File
• Leverage support classes from Java IO libraries
File is relative to your
• Files and Path IntelliJ project

String fileName = "data/sample-words.txt";

// read in all lines from the file

List<String> linesList = Files.readAllLines(Path.of(fileName));

// convert the List to an Array

Collection String[] words = linesList.toArray(new String[0]);

To perform conversion,
We’ll learn more about
List collections need to give 0 length array of target type
later in the course

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 More on File Names
• In general, Java uses forward slashes

• Even works on MS Windows File is relative to your

IntelliJ project

String fileName = "data/sample-words.txt";

String fileName = "c:/Users/luv2code/demo/data/sample-words.txt"; Absolute paths

String fileName = "j:/training/stuff/sample-words.txt";

String fileName = "/home/luv2code/demo/sample-words.txt";

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 More on File Names
• For MS Windows, you can also use backslashes

• But requires special syntax … need to “escape” the backslash

• Because the backslash is a special escape character in Java strings: \n, \t etc …

String fileName = "data\\sample-words.txt";

String fileName = "c:\\Users\\luv2code\\demo\\data\\sample-words.txt";

String fileName = "j:\\training\\stuff\\sample-words.txt";

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Refactored method Could possibly throw an error/exception:
file not found, permissions etc

private static String getRandomWord(String fileName) throws IOException {

// String[] words = {"Java", "Airplane", "Friend"};

// read in all lines from the file

List<String> linesList = Files.readAllLines(Path.of(fileName));

// convert the List to an Array

String[] words = linesList.toArray(new String[0]);

Random random = new Random();

int index = random.nextInt(words.length);

String theWord = words[index];

We’ll learn more about
Exceptions later in the course
return theWord.toUpperCase();
}

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