MAHAMUD MUBARIK & AUGUSTINE YEBOAH
(NOVEMBER 30, 2020)
MICROBIOLOGY 1 (BACTERIOLOGY)
POSSIBLE
QUESTIONS ON
BACTERIOLOGY
FOR END OF SEMESTER AND INTRA-SEMESTER
ASSESSMENTS
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY
1. The typical bacterial cell membrane and wall are made up of ……………………...
2. The term ……………………… implies that bacteria are the most abundant
microorganisms in the universe.
3. List four (4) sources of bacteria in the human body.
4. Bacterial reproduction is mostly asexual by ………………………………...
5. All bacteria cells have three components. These are the DNA, the
………………………..., which limits access to the interior of the cell and the
………………, where all metabolic reactions occur.
6. The bacterial …………………. consists of the cytoplasmic membrane, capsule and
the ………………………….
7. ………………………… resists osmotic pressure in the bacteria cell.
8. The ………………………… is essential for attachment to and movement on solid
media.
9. In bacteria, the genetic material, …………………, is ……………………...
10. The …………………………. is the interior framework of the bacteria cell involved in
controlling the shape of the cell and in …………………
11. What are storage granules in a bacterial cell?
12. The ………………... vesicle found in aquatic bacteria is important for buoyancy.
13. Name two bacteria cells that possesses an endospore.
14. Bacterial morphology is determined based on the ……………..., arrangement and
………………
15. Medically important bacteria measure ………………… in length and ………………. in
width.
16. Bacteria could be classified based on shape, ………………… characteristics,
……………………..., immunological characteristics, …………………… molecular or
……………………... characteristics, ………………………staining characteristics,
………………………………characteristics, nutritional characteristics, ……………………...
salt concentration, …………………. PH, ……………… / ……………..., pathogenic/non-
pathogenic, ……………………. / reactivity to antimicrobial agents and ………………….
Fermentation.
17. ………………………. bacteria could change their shape in pure cultures.
18. Based on shape and arrangement, how many types of bacteria are there?
19. name two (2) examples each of the classes of bacteria based on shape and
arrangement.
20. ……………… are rod shaped and may be arranged as ……………………… where the
length of the bacteria is approximately the same as the width; streptobacilli
where they are arranged in chain, ………………………… which show curved
appearances or spirilla (rigid spiral form).
21. …………………… have a helical shape and flexible cell walls.
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22. Bacteria may be phenotypically classified based on …………………... and anatomical
features.
23. What are the four (4) types of flagellated bacteria?
24. How many staining techniques are there in bacterial identification?
25. Name the techniques in Q24 above.
26. Briefly describe the Gram staining technique.
27. List an example each of gram positive, Gram negative and acid fast bacteria.
28. What are the types of haemolysis observed from bacteria cultured in sheep
blood agar?
29. Temperature, oxygen concentration, salt concentration, pressure and PH are the
………………………. Factors influencing bacterial growth.
30. Psychrophiles grow best at high temperature True/False
31. Psychrotrophs are responsible for food spoilage True/False
32. Mesophiles are disease causing bacteria True/False
33. Hyperthermophiles may survive in boiling water True/False
34. In what ways are bacteria classified based on oxygen concentration?
35. Halophiles require high levels of ………………………. To grow.
36. Complete the table below
PH requirement PH range
Acidophiles
Neutrophiles 5.5 – 8.0
8.5 – 11.5
Acidotolerants
Grow at neutral but can grow under
basic conditions
BACTERIAL CULTIVATION
37. A ……………………. is a combination of ingredients to support the growth and
cultivation of bacteria.
38. State three (3) use of culture medium
39. Culture media are mainly classified on considering the consistency,
...…………………..., oxygen requirements and …………………
40. Why is 2% agar added in solid culture media?
41. State two (2) uses of broth culture medium.
42. Among many other things, the motility of bacteria can be observed in a
…………………… medium.
43. ……………………… contains other media aside the basal medium.
44. List two (2) examples of complex media.
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45. The medium consisting of pure chemicals whose exact composition is known is
………………….
46. What is a special medium?
47. Why are inhibitory substances added to selective media?
complete the table of nutritional requirements and functions in bacterial
cultivation below.
Element function
Carbon Forms the cellular material
Oxygen
Found in amino and nucleic acids
Main constituent of cell water
Calcium
48. ……………………… temperature is the ideal temperature within which cells
demonstrate maximum growth.
Bacteria Temperature range
Psychrophiles
Psychrotrophs 20⁰ C - 30⁰C
Mesophiles
thermophiles
hyperthermophiles 70⁰C – 110⁰C
49. Bacteria with the ability to move in response to light are termed …………………….
50. How many phases are there in bacterial growth? List these phases.
51. The ………………………. phase occurs immediately after inoculation.
52. At the …………………... phase ion cell growth, cells gradually adjust to the medium.
53. In the ……………………... phase, there is exponential growth of bacterial cells.
54. At what phase in the growth cycle of bacteria is most preferred for research and
why?
55. At the stationary phase, ………………… becomes static.
56. What happens to growth and death rates at the stationary phase?
57. What happens at the death phase in cell growth and why?
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION
58. What is sterilization?
59. What is disinfection?
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60. What is the relationship between sterilization and disinfection?
61. Sterilization could be ……………………… or ……………………... carried out.
62. Physical sterilization could be by heat, ………………... or by irradiation.
63. What are the two types of heat sterilization?
64. List three (3) chemical sterilizers.
65. Why is heat sterilization considered the best?
66. Dry heat sterilization is done in the absence of ……………………………….
67. Although dry heat is preferred to moist heat method of sterilization, but unlike
the moist heat, dry heat does not ………………. Glassware and other metal
apparatus.
68. …………………….. is used to completely dispose of things.
69. Briefly describe the hot-air oven method of sterilization.
70. State two (2) uses of the hot-air oven.
71. Describe the Browne test of efficiency of sterilization by the hot-air oven.
72. Moist heat sterilization is carried out at above 100⁰C in order to destroy bacterial
…………………… and thus, requires the use of steam under …………………….
73. Why is moist heat sterilization so effect?
74. The autoclave employs moist heat sterilization by ……………...
75. At …………………... Ibs/sq inch and 121⁰C, spores are killed in 5mins when using the
autoclave.
76. Describe the mode of operation of the autoclave.
77. How is the efficiency of sterilization with the autoclave determined using the
Browne’s tube?
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78. ……………………………. is used in liquid food preservation.
79. Define uperization.
80. Name the three (3) types of pasteurization.
81. Name two (2) types of filters.
82. The filtration method is used to remove ……………… from viral culture in the lab.
83. Name one effect of non-ionizing radiations.
84. For each of the chemicals in the table below, provide one use.
Chemicals Uses
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Glutaraldehyde
Hypochlorite
85. Disinfection is the killing, …………………... or removal of diseases-causing
microorganisms.
86. What is tyndallization?
87. Name three (3) types of disinfectants.
88. State any three (3) conditions that may affect chemical disinfection.
89. Explain the three rational approaches to sterilization and disinfection?
ANTIBIOTICS, ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND PRINCIPLES OF
ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING
90. Define an antimicrobial agent.
91. Antimicrobial agents are only effective for bacteria true/false
92. ……………………….. is an antibiotic obtained from some fungal secondary
metabolites.
93. ………………… are naturally occurring, but …………………. could be synthetic or semi-
synthetic.
94. Alexander Fleming discovered, …………………………, the first antibiotic.
95. What are the two (2) types of antibiotics, based on their activity?
96. ……………………… activity inhibits bacterial activity, while …………………. activity kills
or denatures bacterial cells.
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97. Bacteriostatic antibiotics are general prescribed to ………………………… patients.
98. In immunocompromised patients, ………………………. Agents are highly preferred.
99. What are the two spectra of activity of antibiotics?
100. Therapeutic index is the ratio of the maximum tolerable dose in human
to the ……………………………………………………...
101. The higher the therapeutic index, the ………………... the antibiotic agent.
102. Name two (2) prerequisites for the action of antibiotics.
103. Name three (3) sites of action of antibiotics in the bacteria.
I. cell wall
II. ribosomes
III. DNA replication
IV. Cell membrane
104. The ability of microorganisms to halt antimicrobial from working is
……………………….
105. What causes antimicrobial resistance?
106. Briefly describe the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance.
107. Name the three (3) designations of prescribing antimicrobial agents.
NB: PLEASE REMEMBER TO READ ON BIOCHEMICAL TESTS FOR BACTERIA IN
THE LAB AND NORMAL FLORAL
