Year 10 Revision booklet

Chemistry
Easter holidays Revision
Instructions:
Use the knowledge organizer to help you answer the
questions on the revision sheets.
Atomic Structure Periodic Table
Atoms are the basic building Periods in the periodic table. In each period (horizontal
blocks of ordinary matter. row), the atomic numbers increase from left to right.
Atoms can join together to The periods are numbered 1 through 7 on the left-hand
form molecules, which in side of the table. Elements that are in the same period
turn form most of the objects have chemical properties that are not all that similar.
around you. Atoms are
composed of particles called
protons, electrons and
neutrons.

Mixtures, Elements &

Compounds
Discovery of the nucleus
An element is a substance made from only one
type of atom. For example. Carbon is made In 1909 Ernest Rutherford designed an experiment to test the plum
entirely from carbon atoms. pudding model. In the experiment, positively charged alpha particles were
fired at thin gold foil. Most alpha particles went straight through the foil.
But a few were scattered in different directions. Group 0 Elements
A compound is a molecule made of atoms from This evidence led Rutherford to suggest a new model for the atom, called
different elements. All compounds are the nuclear model. In the nuclear model: The group 0 elements, the noble gases, are all
molecules, but not all molecules are • the mass of an atom is concentrated at its centre, the nucleus unreactive non-metal gases. They show trends in their
compounds. Hydrogen gas (H2) is a molecule, • the nucleus is positively charged physical properties. Their uses depend on their
but not a compound because it is made of only
inertness, low density and non-flammability.
one element.
Atomic Structure
Group 1 Elements
A mixture contains two or more substances. Electrons in shells. Electrons in atoms
that have not reacted chemically with each occupy energy levels, also called
other. A mixture is made of little bits of each The Group 1 elements in the periodic table are known as the alkali
electron shells, outside the nucleus . metals. They include lithium, sodium and potassium, which all react
substance mixed together. A mixture can be Different shells can hold different vigorously with water to produce an alkaline solution.
separated by physical methods, a compound maximum numbers of electrons. The
can not. electrons in an atom occupy the lowest
Plumb Pudding Model available energy level first Group 7 Elements
The Plum Pudding Model is a
The Group 7 elements are called the halogens. They are placed in the
model of atomic structure Mendeleev
vertical column, second from the right, in the periodic table .
proposed by J.J. Thomson in the
Mendeleev left gaps in his table for elements not known at the Chlorine, bromine and iodine are the three common Group 7
late 19th century. Thomson had
time. By looking at the properties of the elements next to a gap, elements. Group 7 elements form salts when they react with metals.
discovered that atoms are
composite objects, made of pieces he could also predict the properties of these undiscovered
with positive and negative charge, elements. For example, Mendeleev predicted the existence of
'eka-silicon', which would fit into a gap below silicon. Another Properties of Metals
and that the negatively charged
electrons within the atom were scientist later discovered the missing element, germanium. Its
very small compared to the entire properties were found to be similar to the predicted ones and
atom. confirmed Mendeleev's periodic table.

Atomic Theory

Niels Bohr adapted Ernest Rutherford's nuclear model. Bohr did

calculations that led him to suggest that electrons orbit the nucleus in
shells. The shells are at certain distances from the nucleus. Further
experiments led to the idea that the nucleus contained small particles,
called protons. James Chadwick found evidence for the existence of
particles in the nucleus with mass but no charge. These particles are called
neutrons. This led to another development of the atomic model, which is
 Write the word equation for: Explain crystallisation as a separation
Burning magnesium in air technique
C1 Atomic Structure
and the Periodic Table Can you write the balanced symbol
AQA Trilogy equation?

Define the following terms: Balance the symbol equations below: Draw a diagram to illustrate chromatography
Atom as a separation technique
H2SO4 + NaOH  Na2SO4 + H2O
Element

Zn + O2  ZnO Number of protons =

Compound
Number of neutrons =
Mixture CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O
Number of electrons =

Write the symbols for the following Simple distillation Explain simple distillation as a separation Describe the difference between the
elements: technique, shown in the diagram plum pudding and the nuclear model of
Oxygen an atom

Carbon
Sodium
Magnesium
Chlorine
Copper

Write the name of the compound: fractional distillation Explain fractional distillation as a separation Where in an atom are the neutrons and
CO2 technique proton?
The number of protons = the number
H2O of_________
Atomic number is the number of
NaCl _________
Mass number is the number of
CuSO4 ________ + the number of _________
Isotopes have a different number of
____________
 In the periodic table, the elements are When developing the periodic table, Properties of metals
arranged in order of their ___________ Why did Medeleev leave gaps? •
number
C1 Atomic Structure •

and the Periodic Table Elements in the same group, have the
same number of ______________ •
AQA Trilogy Groups go ____________ •
Approximately how may elements are in
Periods go ___________ the periodic table? •

Draw the electron structure for sodium What is group 1 also known as? Delete as appropriate: Properties of non-metals
•
As you go down group 1, what If you remove electrons from an atom is
happens to the reactivity? becomes positive/ negative •

If you add electrons to an atom it •

How many electrons are in the becomes positive/negative
outer shell of a group 1 metal? •

Draw the electron structure for chlorine What is group 7 also known as? What is an isotope? To work out the relative atomic mass
using the abundance of isotopes we can
As you go down group 7, what use the following calculation:
happens to the reactivity?

What happens to melting point and (% of isotope 1 × mass of isotope 1)

boiling point as you go down the group? +
(% of isotope 2 × mass of isotope 2)
How many electrons are in the ÷ 100
outer shell of a group 7 element?

Draw the electron structure for chlorine What is group 0 also know as? Copper has two stable isotopes Cu-63 which In any sample of Chlorine 25% will
has an abundance of 69.2% and Cu-65 which be 37Cl and 75% 35Cl. Calculate the
In group 0, how many electrons has an abundance of 30.8% relative atomic mass to 1dp.
Calculate relative atomic mass to 1dp.
are in the outer shell?

How is boiling point affected as

you go down the group?
Ionic Bonding Diamond Graphite
In diamond, each carbon atom In graphite, each carbon atom forms three
Positive and negative ions form when a metal reacts with a
forms four covalent bonds covalent bonds with three other carbon atoms,
non-metal, by transferring electrons. The oppositely with other carbon atoms in a forming layers of hexagonal rings which have
charged ions are strongly attracted to each other, forming
giant covalent structure, so no covalent bonds between the layers. In
ionic
diamond is very hard, has a graphite, one electron from each carbon atom
A dot and cross diagram models the transfer of electrons very high melting point and is delocalised.
from metal atoms to non-metal atoms. The electrons from
does not conduct electricity.
one atom are shown as dots, and the electrons from the Diamond is a giant covalent Graphite is a giant covalent substance in
other atom are shown as crosses.
substance in which: which:
Giant Ionic Compounds • each carbon atom is • each carbon atom is joined to three
joined to four other other carbon atoms by covalent bonds
carbon atoms by • the carbon atoms form a hexagonal
An ionic compound is a giant structure of ions. The ions have a
covalent bonds layered network structure
regular, repeating arrangement called an ionic lattice. The lattice is
• the carbon atoms form • the layers have weak forces between
formed because the ions attract each other and form a regular
a regular tetrahedral them and can slide over each other
pattern with oppositely charged ions next to each other.
network structure • each carbon atom has one un-bonded
The ions in an ionic compound held together in a giant ionic lattice.
• there are no free outer electron
Ionic compounds have high melting points and boiling points. Ionic
electrons • these un-bonded electrons are
compounds form crystals (which can be cleaved along certain
planes). Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity when solid. delocalised, and are free to move
Fullerene
Covalent Bonding
Fullerenes are molecules of carbon atoms with hollow shapes. The structure of
fullerenes is based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms but they may also contain
A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share a pair of
rings with five or seven carbon atoms. The first fullerene to be discovered was
electrons. Covalent bonding occurs in most non-metal
Buckminsterfullerene (C60) which has a spherical shape.
elements, and in compounds formed between non-metals
These shared electrons are found in the outer shells of the
atoms. Usually each atom contributes one electron to the Metallic Bonding
shared pair of electrons.
Metals consist of giant structures of atoms arranged in a regular pattern.
The electrons from the outer shells of the metal atoms are delocalised, and are
Simple Covalent Molecules free to move through the whole structure. This sharing of delocalised electrons
results in strong metallic bonding.
Hydrogen, ammonia, methane and water are also simple • they are electrical conductors because their delocalised electrons carry
molecules with covalent bonds. All have very strong bonds electrical charge through the metal
between the atoms, but much weaker forces holding the • they are good conductors of thermal energy because their delocalised
molecules together. When one of these substances melts electrons transfer energy
or boils, it is these weak 'intermolecular forces' that break, • they have high melting points and boiling points, because the metallic bonding
not the strong covalent bonds. in the giant structure of a metal is very strong - large amounts of energy are
needed to overcome the metallic bonds in melting and boiling
Giant Covalent Structures Alloys
Properties of giant covalent
structures In a pure metal, the force needed to make
• Very high melting points - the layers slide over each other is small.
Substances with giant This explains why many pure metals are
covalent structures have soft.
very high melting points,
because a lot of strong In an alloy, there are atoms of different
covalent bonds must be sizes. The smaller or bigger atoms distort
broken. the layers of atoms in the pure metal. This
• Variable conductivity - means that a greater force is required for
Diamond does not conduct the layers to slide over each other. The
electricity. Graphite contains alloy is harder and stronger than the pure
free electrons, so it does metal.
Solid Nano Science Carbon Nanotubes
• have a fixed shape and cannot flow, Properties and uses
because their particles cannot move • Nanoparticulate materials have many
from place to place uses. These include:
• cannot be compressed (squashed), • medical treatments Nanotubes are a type of fullerene and are molecular-
because their particles are close • cosmetics, deodorants and scale tubes of carbon arranged similarly to the layers
together and have no space to move sunscreens in graphite.
into • electronics
Liquid • catalysts Carbon nanotubes have a very high melting point, as
Small sizes each carbon atom is joined to three other carbon
• flow and take the shape of their atoms by strong covalent bonds. This also leaves
Sunscreens block harmful ultraviolet light
container, because their particles can each carbon atom with a spare electron, which forms
from the sun reaching the skin. Zinc oxide
move around each other a sea of delocalised electrons within the tube,
blocks ultraviolet light, so is used in
• cannot be compressed, because their meaning nanotubes can conduct electricity.
sunscreens. Bulk zinc oxide is white, but
particles are close together and have no
nanoparticulate zinc oxide is invisible on
space to move into
the skin. Many people prefer
nanoparticulate sunscreen for this reason.
Gas How Ionic Compounds Conduct Electricity
Change of State
• flow and completely fill their container, A substance can conduct electricity if:
because their particles can move quickly Substances can exist as a solid, liquid or • it contains charged particles, such as ions, and
in all directions gas. Converting from one state to another • these particles are free to move from place to
• can be compressed, because their usually involves heating or cooling. place
particles are far apart and have space to • Heat must be supplied to a substance An ionic compound can conduct electricity when:
move into for it to melt, evaporate or boil. For • it has melted to form a liquid, or
example, you need to heat ice to melt it, • it has dissolved in water to form
Polymers and you need to heat water to make an aqueous solution
steam. Both these processes allow ions to move from place
he simplest definition of a polymer is long • Heat must be removed from a to place. Ionic compounds cannot conduct electricity
chain formed by joining many smaller substance to condense or freeze it. In in the solid state because their ions are held in fixed
molecules, called monomers When other words, the substance must be positions and cannot move.
cooled down. Forming Positive Ions
monomers join with other monomers Forming Negative Ions
through the process of creating covalent Metal atoms lose electrons from their outer shell
bonds, they form larger molecules, called The outer shells of non-metal atoms gain electrons when they form ions:
polymers. when they form ions: • the ions are positive, because they have
• the ions formed are negative, because they have more protons than electrons
more electrons than protons • the ions formed have full outer shells
• the ions have the electronic structure of a noble gas • the ions have the electronic structure of a noble
(group 0 element), with a full outer shell gas (group 0 element), with a full outer shell
• For elements in groups 6 and 7, the charge on the • For elements in groups 1, 2 and 3, the number of
ion is equal to (8 minus group number). electrons lost is the same as the group number.

Hydrogen Bonding in Water Polymer Strength

Hydrogen-bonding forms in liquid water as Different polymers have different properties, depending on the
the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule monomers they are made from and the conditions under which these
are attracted towards the oxygen atom of a monomers were joined together. This means that different polymers
neighboring water molecule; generally, a have different uses. For example, poly(ethene) can be made in low
proton shared by two lone electron pairs. density and high density forms. Low density poly(ethene) has a
structure where the polymer chains are branched and this means that
the molecules are arranged randomly. High density poly(ethene) has
less branching of the polymer chains, so the molecules line up much
more closely.
 Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Draw the dot and cross diagram to show
the covalent bonding in Nl2
C2 Bonding, structure Describe ionic bonding Describe covalent bonding
and the properties of
matter
AQA Trilogy What bonds together? What bonds together?

Define the following terms: Ionic bonding is represented with dot Covalent bonding is represented with Draw the dot and cross diagram to show
Ion and cross diagrams dot and cross diagrams. the covalent bonding in H2O
The covalent bond between two
Electrostatic force Sodium chloride is shown below: hydrogen atoms is shown below:

Polymer

Allotrope

Write the charge of the following atoms Draw the dot and cross diagram for Draw the dot and cross diagram to show Draw the dot and cross diagram to show
when they form ions: magnesium oxide (MgO) the covalent bonding in Cl2 the covalent bonding in CH4
Na
Mg
Cl
K
O
Br
S
Ca

Give properties of ionic compounds Draw the dot and cross diagram for Draw the dot and cross diagram to show Draw the dot and cross diagram to show
• magnesium chloride (MgCl2) the covalent bonding in O2 the covalent bonding in HCl

•
 Diamond Metallic bonding Metallic bonding
Number of covalent bonds from each Describe metallic bonding
C2 Bonding, structure carbon
and the properties of Melting point is low / high / very high
matter Why doesn’t it conduct What bonds together?
AQA Trilogy electricity?

There are several ways to represent Graphite Why are most metals: Draw a diagram to show why alloys are
covalent bonds: Number of covalent bonds from each solid at room temperature? harder than pure metals
carbon

Melting point is low / high / very high

Good conductors of electricity and heat
Why does it conduct electricity?

The repeating unit of poly(ethene) is Write about the uses of Draw a diagram to show why most
shown below. What is the molecular Fullerenes like Bucky balls metals are malleable
formula of poly(ethene) and nanotubes

Predict the state of:

Bromine at room temperature (25oC)
Nitrogen at room temperature (25oC)
Oxygen at – 220oC

The reason that most polymers are solid Name the process: Draw particle diagrams to show a solid, Ethanol melts at -114oC and boils at
at room temperature is: Solid  liquid liquid and a gas 78oC. Predict the state at:
Liquid  gas
Gas  liquid -150oC
Liquid  solid solid liquid gas
0oC

25oC

100oC