dz - -2-i 2-i

2-1C 2
C z+1 dz
Fig. 5.52
1
-2Ti cos (1)
2 2 2i cos (-1) =Ü(cos -cos r) =0.
ExampleS5; Evaluate
z(2 +1)-dz where 3. INTU H) May 2012(Set No. 4))
Theintegrandhas
has two singular points at z =0 and z =1
isthe equation of circle
Cwith centre (1,0) and radius 3.
Bothsingular points z =-0
( and z
=1 lie inside the
given circle.
e?
+1)
'z(z+1) z+1 z-0 -dz

= 2i +2zile
Z
Jz=-1 Z+1
Jz=0
(Using Cauchy's Integral formula)
=-2tie+2i

= 2ti

Alternate method: The given integral can also be evaluated easily using Cauchy's
Residue
theorem will be discussed in chapter 7.
z-1
Example56: Evaluate dz where C:|z-il2
cz+l'(z-2)
JNTU(H) Dec. 2012, Dec. 2013)
 Integration 285

COS TZ
Example$4; Evaluate using Cauchy integral fnction os n d around the rectangle

-ti.
(JNTU(H) May 2012 (Set No. 4)]
integrandhas tw singular points at z=1
The
z=-1 and both lieinside the rectangle.
and
2+i
f2)=cos is
analyticin the given region -2+i
rectangle.
undedby the given
formula,
BrCauchy's integral -2 -1
2
1 1
|coss T
Z dz
z+1) 2-i
-1 -2-i

Fig. 5.52
2 z-1 2C z+1
C

0.
1 1
(1)-=2ri cos n(-1) = ni (cos T- coS ) =
2Tri cos 2
2
(JNTU(H) May 2012(SetNo. 9)
where c:|z-1=3.
Example 55 : Evaluate z(z+1) d
and z =1,
points at z =0
The Integrand has two singular andradius3.
centre(1,0)
circle C with
-=3 is the equation of
insidethe given circle.
lie
Z=0and z=1
singular points
e
-dz + z-0
ialz+1) Z+1
Integralformula)
(UsingCauchy's
e +2ri z+1
= 2i +1 Jz=0
 +2)= 8
=
il6z +2|=i(6.1

integral formula, evaluate

Example 34 : Using Cauchy's c(2+1)(z-i -dz. where
LJNTU2004S, (H) Nov. 2010, Dec. 2011 (Set No.
ellipse 9x +4y'= 36.
=1. Its centre is (0, 0).
Solution : Given ellipse is 9x + 4y²=36 i.e. 22 32
and thetwo
f(z)=*is analytic within the ellipse C: 9r+4y'= 36 singular
points a=.
lie inside C.
1
Consider
(z+1) (2-i)
A
1 A B C
Let .. (1)
(z+lz-i)' z+1 z-i (z-i)
Then 1=A(2-1) +B(z +1)(2-)+ C(z+ 1) ...(2)
=(A + B) z+(-2 iA iB + B+ C)z+(-A- iB + C)
1 1-i
Put z = iin (2) .:. 1=C(i+ 1) ’C= 1+i 2

Put z =i in (2) :. l= A(-1-i ’A=

1 1 -i
(1+)² 2i 2

Comparing constant term,

1 1
- A-iB +C=l ’ iB=-A+C-1 =
2 2 -1=+1-i-2)=-; formul
.. B l ¡2 i
2i 2i 2

Substituting the values of A, Band Cin (1),

we get
1
-i i 1-j
(z+1) (z-i 2(z +1) 2(2-i) 2(2-i)
 Integration 275

4 4 4
4

Hence
-dz = 2 z+1
dz
+Xz-) 2Cz-1

-i 1-i
-2r i-f(-1)+-2nif(i) +2Ti f'(i)
2 2
(Using Cauchy's Integral formula)
=1f(-1)-nf)+n(i+1)f'()
=1f-)-f)+(i+)f0]
=n-1+(+I).4:J=n[-4((+1)]
=4n[-i-ij=4n (1 -i)
Cauchy's integralformula.
Example 35: Evaluate
COS Z- Sin z
de with C:]z|=2 using
(z+i³ [JNTU2005S (Set No. 1)]

within the circle C:|z|=2.

analytic
Slution N2) =cos z-sin is
z
esingular point a=i lies inside C.
2!
By Cauchy's integral formula : f(a) = 2Ti

t ger CoS z - sin zz

=i f" -)
C (z+n³
d
-sin z- cosz,
dz
 convergen
The region of about z = 1. The
nearest singular point from
z,=1 is 7=0.
to expand f(z) e

i.e., z- 1|<R, the expansion converges tof().

We want
1<R=1,
Hence if|z-
region of
convergenceis (z : | - 1 |< 1}.

Taylor's series expansion for the function f(z) =

1
Hene ,t whichistt

Example 8: Find (1+z) Indirectr

IJNTU 1998S, (A) Dec.22009, (H) May,
at -i.
Solution:By Taylor's
theorem,
(2-a)"
Nov.201% Exampl

f()= f(a)+(z-a)f'(a) + (z-a)

2! rio) + - ... +
n!
f"(a)+...
Solution
Put a =-i.
f - ) + ) + . . 2+)"-f"(-)) +.. . .(1)
.: f() =f(-)+(2+)
n!
2!

1
Here f(z)=
(1+2)
(n+1)!
f"(z) =(-1)".(1+z)"+2 Expanc
Y0+1)!
f(-)=
1
and f"(-i)= (1-)"*2
(1-)* 2
Substituting in (1), we get
(1+z2XYn+)!
1
(z+i)"
n! (1-)2 n=l
(1-iy+2
n=l

(z+iy Exa
(z+)" 1
=

(1-1)" (1-i)' n=l

(1-iy'(-2)
n=l
regionz
i
Solu
n=l (1-iy"
 1 1
2
+
z+1 (z+1)' (z+1) 332

and
valid in the region
The above series is
and | w|<3 i.e. 1<|w|<3 or 1<|z+ 1|<3
iLe, 1 <|w
of the function
72-2
Example 10: Obtain all the Laurent series (2+1)(z) (z-2) abot
(JNTU2004, 2007S, (A), (K) Nov.
72-2 2010 (Set N
Solution: Let f(z) = 1) (z) (z-2)
(z+
singular points at o =-1, 0, 2.
This function has 3
By Partial fractions B C 1 3 2
7-2
f(z) = z(z+1) (z-2) 7 z+1 2-2
obtained about Zo=-1 in the regions
Three Laurent series of
k<+ 1|<3and |z + 1|>
3.
f(z) can be
,0<lz+1.
(a) For 0< z+ 1|<l 13 2
3 2
1
f(a) = (2+1)-1 z+1 (z+1)-3 1-(z+1) z+1

=(-)[1-(e+D]'
-(-D|1+(z+)+(¢+9° +(z+1'... z+1
2. z+1, (z+1)' t...

3 32
83
3 5 )-e+)-e+-..
81
27
z+1 3 9
1 <land
<3 = |z+1| 3
’ k+ 1|> 1andl+1|
(6) For 1 <|z+ 1| <3
3 2
1
3 22
f()= +
Z Z+1 z-2
(z+1)-1 z+1 (z+1)-3
3
z+1 3|
cormpleX Power Series 327

1
1+
1 1 3 142+1,
2, +
(z+1)2
(z+1) z+1 (z+1)2 z+1 3 3 32 3
|1 1 1 3
Z+1 (z+1)? (z+1)3
+ t

z+1 3 9 z+) -272(z+1-z+I'

81 -..
1 1 2
(z+1) (z+1)3
+ -

Z+1 22+)
3 9 81
(z+11-...
3
(c) For z + 1| > 3 ’
<1
3 lz+1|
3 1 3 2
f() = 2.
z+1 z-2 (z+1)-1 z+1 (z+1)-3

1 3 2
+
(z+1)L z+1 2+1[ z+1]
2 3 9
1 + t...
1 1 + 1+
1++ z+1 z+1| z+1(z+1²
z+1| z+1 (z+1)²
18
11 1 3 22 6 +...
+.....
(z+1)³
(z+1)² (z+1³ z+1 z+1 (z+1)'
Z+1
19
7
(z+1² (z+1³
forlz|> 3. 2-1
(z+3)
the Laurent series of (z+2) 2008S (Set No. 1)] 2006,
Example1l : Expand IJNTU2004,April
5z+7
(Byactual division]
-1 =l (z+2)(z+3)
Solution :Let f(z) =(z+2)(2+3) partial
fractions)
(Resolvinginto
38
=1+Z+2 z+3

Given 1zl >3 ’

 (z-3)(z+ 2)
JNTU H) M
May20
6.6 DEFINITIONS
(1) Zeros of an Analytic Function:
A zero of an analytic function f (z) is a value of z such that f (z) = 0. Particularly, a pojn :
is called a zero of an analytic function fz) if f(a) =0.
Zero of mth order : If an analytic function fz) can be expressed in the form
f()=(z-a)" z)
where oz) is analytic and a) 0, then z = a is called zero of mth order of the function

Simple zerois a zero of order one.

For example, if
of order 3 of f(z)
(i) f(z) =(z-1,then z = 1is a zero
1
(i) f(z)= , then z= 0 is a simple zero of f (z).
1-z
simple zeros off (z).
(iii) f(z) =sin z, then z = 0, t , t2, ... are
(iv) f(z) =e has no zeros sincee 0for any z.
(2) Singular Points :
singular point (or singularity) of a function f(z) is the point at which the functionf) ceae
A
to be analytic.
 Power Series

Different
[JNTUTypes of
349

salated. Singularity:A (H)

an
Singularities
Nov. 2010, Dec.
point z = ais called
Isolated 2011 (Set No. 4), May 2013]
wA)1Snot analytic at the point z = a sinoularity of an
analytic funcuo
analytic in the
deleted
tepoin
neighbourhood
z=a which contains no other singularity.of
z= a. ie., there
exists a
with Far
example,
neighbourhoo
ehen z=tiare two isolated singular
2)1) points of f (z).
131 2
sinz
then z =t, t 2rt, ±3
... are infinite number of isolated singular points of
13]| Poles of an Analytic Function
is an isolated singular point of an analytic function f (2), then f (z)
series about the point z= a, can be expanded
Arent's
13) (a-a" + bn
ie f()=a,
n=0 n2-a)"
... (1)

of negative integral powers of (z - a) namely is known as the

heseries n=1i(2-ay
the Laurent's series of f (z).
aipalpart" of
principal part contains a finite number of terms, say m, (i.e. b, =0 4 nsuch that
Ithe of f(2).
Lathen the singular point z =ais called a pole of order m
all the negative powers of (z -a) in (1) after the n term are missing, then
Ih other words, if
called a pole of order n.
EGngularity at z=a is
one.
Simple Pole is a pole of order
z). krexample, z =-2 is a pole of order
2.
simple pole and
then z = 1is a
if(c) = lim(z-a)"f(z) = A
0
(z-1) (z+2) n such
positiveinteger
that
exists a
An Alternative. Definition. Ifthere
R=a is called a pole of order n. 00

series n=/(2-a)"
Essential Singularity number of terms,i.e. the
infinite
contains an Singularity of f (z).
principal part of f() Essential
point z = a is called
terms, thenthe
an infinite Dumber of
part of /2contains
SCse, Lt f(z) does not exISt. principart
singularityof 2,sincethe
es essential - 0).
an powers of(z
example, z =0 is negative
of terms containing
 essential
6.7 order defined singularity.
Removable
(7) Alternative
Definition
Z=a
neighbourhood An finitely,analytic called Definition. An 350
(6) limit 2=aAlternative
We For Singularities
Takingz= For case
this In
Let Let 3 is Ifa For singularity Her
the e Removable IT point Note : is T
DISTINCTION at to known then removable principal
part
the
have singularity example, example, Single example, at called there
Zn w= t be
= z= of
noted bef(z) 0 the t
z Remember
zerosessential exists
of a (iü) as -
valued =a a.
zo, point be i) same in if a if singularitySingularlty
earlier at f(z) at removable is Such f)=Xa, (e-o" is no
viz., functionBETWEEN a f(z) fz) function f)-cos a an finite
t= f(z) as Infinity
we removable that
singularity.
that 0. =e that Snz removed
a canbe n=0 off isolated
{2 the of =z obtain singularity the value
|2 - has of contains
of (2)
f(z) domain. of has singularity. f(2) f(2).
z, complex an F : then z
singularity. : limit
essential of
is k REAL a (0)
pole
is then ,
essential f not removable
called
Thus isis point n
said ö}. at (0) such
that
variable t defined z by no
to Suppose ANALYTICITY of =
-F). is defining singularity. of
be order 0. =0 term poles
singularity not
analytic Then at is 20lim
z 3 defined a i.e. is
f(z) z
defined at removable
= (2) if a
(z-a)"f)
at the a non-isolated
is z= but b,
at nature but singularity. at =0n,then
z, derivable
in AND o,
z= lim z
a lim singularity =a
in
domain o, since of f(z) =
Engineering
COMPLEX sin z Singilarty nOn-zero
essential finite
co Mathema
at since the such
every singularity -=1. exists,
D. Singularity l the
a
So then way
point hpaoslk a z=0 the that
z ANALYTICT at singla it
z= is be
 And

The
Solution: Integrcoantoiuor n
f(z)= function Example Coefficient of
e
-
Let4Find
at f(z) z-1
6 Z f(z)
the 3 6 6
+
pole 1+ 3! has =e
20
z120z 61 = the
SiZ-
lm z
z Z 84040020 2 84020 1 a residue and
5! Laurent's 1
+
= hence
0 840 4
is 4 7! 7
of
ient t...
expansion (Z-SIn z) residue

= 3!
5!
7! at
of-= at z
1 +
z =
1++ - 1+| = 1
20 6 0. is
20
20z* z2 84020 e.

10 3 4
840 3! [JNTU
+ + 1 (H)
84020 20
+ 1 Nov.
4 840 Z
4
2
2010
t...
(Set
No. 357
1)]
 is 1 = zatf(z) Residue
of
(2-1)* (a-2)(2-3) order
4. of
pole a is 1 =Herze
o(z) f(z)= that so , (z)= Write Solution:
3
S)I No. (Set 2012 May 2010, Nov. 2009, Nov. (H) 2001S, LJNTU
-2)(z
3) (2-1"(z
1. = z at S(=2) residue 10;Example
of the Find
3 residue The
-0). is 0 = zatf) of
(2 power
of negative highest -4
the 3
1Sbecause ¿=0
order
3, pole
of ais
364
Engineering Mathematica
) (Fromtheorem 7.6)
[Res f(z)]--| = 3!
3
8 27
But (z) = =z+ 5 -
2-2 (z -3) (Resolving into partial
(z-2) (z-3)
(:)=1+
8
(z-2)2
27 fractúons,
(2-3)'
16 54
*()= +

(z-2) (z-3)
48 162
(z)= (z-2)*
(2-3)
303
.. "" (1) =48- 62
16 8

Hence [Res f(z)],=1 =3!1 303

8
101
16

Example 11 : Find the residue of f(z)=

 .. [Res (D;=-2i Z’-2i (3

2 l o s(z-)]
Lt
’-2/
1
Lt - cos (z -i)]
2z’- 2i
1 Cos3i 2

2
cos (-31)=-2
1
JNTU(H) May 2011
Example 37: Find the
Residues of f(2)= z (e-1) (Set No.
Solution:The poles of f(z) are given by
,n=0,t1,± 2,..
(e-1) =0’z=0 and e =|=ent
z
z=2nni, n=0,tl,t2,....
.. The poles are z=0 and
Thus f(2) has a pole of order two at z =0.
1 1
Now f(z) =
z(e-1) z||1+z+ +
2! 3!

1
+

-
1.1
+ l1
+
120 36 24 8 16)
1
+. ..

2 12 360
1
z2 112+...
22 12 360
+....

1
Coefficient of and hence residue at z =0 is -
2 2
 :. f(z),For
Solution: Example Hence
f()=t
By Res f(z)],r[Res
Residue (2z+3)
(z-1) by
Z=tiTare Residue
14 122-7
f(z)Let =
d=2Tix theorem, Evalaute :
2Ti = =
theorem,
Lt Lt
(2-1)!
z-indz double
poles =2rix dz
1
47
4n
i+71-i Sum d +n²(2 =2ri
(2+in)e'-2e
(z+in)
of Lt e
e
+n (2-2)
3
the e d
Sum
residues (z+in) which of
=
dz 0 the
fe-in'. lie where residues
of 47 inside
f(z) (2?+
e' IJNTU C of
at C. is
f(z)
the zl=
2(1-in)
interior 81;3 2004 4. at
interior
poles
(z+in)0nd Lt (Set
poles
d No.
i+n
473 2),
(H)
May
2013]
tourIntegration 395

Example 27: Evaluate by Residuetheorem - 2-1

where C:| z-i|=2
¿(z+1(z -2)
(JNTU(H Dec. 2011 (Set No. 2)
z-1
Solution :Let f(z) (z+1)'(z-2)
pales of f(z) are given by (z +1) (z-2) = 0 1.e., z =-1,-1)
The pole at z=-1 is of second order and the pole at 2 2 is simple pole.

Cz-il=2 is acircle with centre at i and radius 2.

SoCencloses only one pole at z=-1.

[Res f(z)]-==t z’-1 dz lz-2)

|(2-2).1-(2-1).1 = Lt
-1
= t
z’-1 (z-2)² z’-1(2-2)

-1 -1 2
9
(-1-2)
theorem,
By Cauchy's Residue
within C)
z-1 z=2i (Sum ofresidues

-2ri

Integral formula
Alternate Method: evaluatedusing Cauchy's
givenintegral canalso be
Ine 2-1
Z-1 de wheref(z)=z-2
z-1
-2xi
le+D'(e-2) -1
,-2)
-2xi
(--)*
=2ni f'(-)2
= -2
dz where C:|z<=2.
fsin
z
l Residuetheorem 6 3))
eby (H)Dec.2011(SetNo.
28: Evaluate LJNTU
Example =0,
ordersixat z
of
sin 2 has a pole 13
Expand1ng. SolutionThe : Esample
function
f(z) =
28:
Evaluate z-2)
1
=
2i
by (z+1 2-2
S!
3! Residue f'(-I)
dz -
=
9!
7! has theorem 2zi
a \(2-2)
pole -1
C(Sin z
of 66 -d
order C:|z<=2.
where -d f(z)-!
Where
six
3! (JNTU
at (-1-2) -2ri formulagral
z
+
=0
(H) Z-2
S! Dec. -2Ti
9
z
7! 2011
9! 1 (Set
No.
3)]
396
Engineering Mathematies Contou

1 or 1
i.e., 5!
Residue of f(z) at z =0 is the coefficient of 120
Alternate method:

Lt sI5
[Res f(z)),-0 = z-0 5! dz
¡[(z-0)°f(2))
1 1
= Lt (Sinz)
-(sin
5!5 = Lt coS z =
z) ==
Z’0 5!z’0 5!

By Cauchy's Residue theorem,

-d = rz) de =2ri (Sum ofresidues within C)

C C

= 2zi
60

29: Evaluate !. dz where c:zl=2 LINTUOH) May 2012 (Set Nal

 410 Engineering Mathematics
2T
2
Example 11: Show that
2+ cos e 3

(JNTU2003, Nov. 2006, Aug. 2007S, 20085, (H) Nov. 2009, (K) Nov. 2010
e
(Set No.
Solution :; Let I= J24 cos 9

On the unit circle l = 1, we have

dz
and cos :
iz
Substituting these values, we get
1 dz
d: where Cis the unit circle |z=1.
C 2+
z+1 iz +4z+1
22
1
The integrand f(z) = has simple poles given by
z+4z+1
-4± /16-4
2= -=-2t3
Of these only z=-2+/3 lies inside c.
Residue at z =-2+/3 is

Res f(z)),-215 lim

(e-(-2+45)) (z-(-2+/3)) (z-(-2-3)})
lim
By Residue theorem, ’-2+43|lz+2+/3| -2+V3+ 2+ V3 2/3
.2ri x (Sum of the
residues of f(z) at the poles within c) = 2ri
i2/3V3
Example 12 : Show that do
Ga + sin' 0 a
for a> 0.
2)
(SetNo.
[JNTU(A) Dec 2009
(Or) Show that ad9
+ sin? +2 (a>0) using Residue theorem.
 Integration 423

d
4 4 2a V2 +a 22a

Example3: Using the method of contour integration, prove that

x+1 3

dx
(or)Evaluate using Residue theorem
(JNTUApril 2006, 2007S,(H) Nov. 2010, Dec 2011 (Set No. 4)]
dx
clution : Since integrand is even function, we have x+1
-00

dz where C is the contour consisting of the semi-circle

Consider

c of radius R together with the real axis from -R to + R.

1
The poles of f(z) = ¿°+1 are the roots of the equation z°+1=0.
ie, +l=0 ’
: z=(cos T+isin )
-|cos(2n +n)+ isin(2nr + n)]
= COS
(2n +1) n +isin (2n +1) n (by DeMoivre's theorem)
6 6
where n=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
(2n+1) in
of z=e 6 where n = 0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5

or z=/6 3ri/6Sil67ni/6il6 Inil6 9

the semi-circle.
Of these poles only z= ei/,z=e,z=e0, lies inside

Res [f(),I6 = L

29eil6
6z
By L'Hospital's nule]
1 -Sril6
=-e
6

Mlarly Res(f(]._ie =÷e6

and 1-25ri/6
Res[f(a)).sil6=
 424

on: Example f()dr

Hence = But i.e. C Hence
d=2ri
|f(2) x
CR -R by
R
4: Residue
To dz
3 2T 3 6 2ri
uate Prove .’0
COS
3 2 CR Sumtheorem,
e-Snil6
that as 6
the i.e. Z= --isin of
iven Ti12-25ri/6+e the
-00
Re 5 residues
ral, x+1 3 2T
+*) dx and +e
cosisin +| at
dx R
der 3 2 5T the
’
0 poles
or
C
a+b 2 5 within
T
6x°+1 3 cOs +
C
(a>0, 25T
Engineering
Mathematics
T 6
Si-I
n
b>
C 0, 6 25
a#b).