PHYSICS
Heat
• Anomalous Expansion of water : Almost every liquid expands with the increase in temperature.
But when temperature of water is increased from 0°C to 4°C, its volume decreases. If the
temperature is increased above 4°C, its volume starts increasing. Clearly, density of water is
maximum at 4°C.
• Transmission of Heat : The transfer of heat from one place to other place is called transmission
of heat. There are three modes of heat transfer-1. conduction, 2. convection and 3. radiation.
• Conduction : In this process, heat is transferred from one place to other place by the successive
vibrations of the particles of the medium without bodily movement of the particles of the medium.
In solids, heat transfer takes place by conduction.
• Metals are in general good conductor of heat where as brick, concrete, ice, wood, saw dust, paper,
air, glass, cloth are bad conductor of heat.
• This is why ice is packed in saw dust to save it from being melt.
• Convection : In this process, heat is transferred by the actual movement of particles of the
movement from one place to other place. Due to movement of particles, a current of particles set
up which is called convection current.
• In liquids and gases, heat transfer takes place by convection.
• Earth's atmosphere is heated by convection.
• Radiation : In this method transfer of heat takes place with the speed of light without affecting the
intervening medium.
• Newton's law of cooling : The rate of loss of heat by a body is directly proportional to the
difference in temperature between the body and the surrounding.
• Kirchhoff's law : According to Kirchhoffs law, the ratio of emissive power to absorptive power is
same for all surfaces at the same temperature and is equal to emissive power of black body at that
temperature.
• Kirchhoff's law signifies that good absorbers are good emitter.
• If a shining metal ball with some black spot on its surface is heated to a high temperature and seen
in dark, the shining ball becomes dull but the black spots shines brilliantly, because black spot
absorbs radiation during heating and emit in dark.
• Stefan's law : The radiant energy emitted by a black body per unit area per unit time (i.e. emissive
power) is directly proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature,
• Change of State : Any material can remain in any of its three states (solid, liquid and gas). To
change the substance from one state to other state is called change of state. For this either
substance is heated or heat is extracted from the substance. Change of state takes place at a
fixed temp.
• Fusion : The process by which a substance is changed from solid state to liquid state is called
fusion. Fusion takes place at a fixed temperature called melting point(M.P.)
• Freezing : The process by which a substance is changed from liquid state to solid state is called
freezing. Freezing takes at a fixed temperature called freezing point. (F.R) For a substance M.P. =
F.P.
• M.P. of a substance changes with the change in pressure. Melting point of substances which
contract in the process of fusion (as ice) decreases with the increase in pressure. Melting point of
substances which expand in the process of fusion (as wax) increases with the increase in pressure.
• With the addition of impurity (as salt in ice), melting point of a substance decreases.
• Vapourisation : The process by which a substance is changed from liquid state to vapour state is
called vapourisation.
• Vapourisation takes place by two methods : 1. Evaporation & 2. Boiling or Ebullition.
• Evaporation ：The process of vapourisation which takes place only from the exposed surface of
liquid and that at all temperatures is called evaporation.
• Evaporation causes cooling. This is why water in a earthed pot gets cooled in summer.
• Boiling : The process of vapourisation which takes place at a fixed temperature and from whole
part of liquid is call boiling.
• The temperature at which boiling takes place is call boiling point.
• Condensation : The process by which a substance is changed from vapour state to liquid state is
called condensation.
• Boiling point of a liquid increases with the increase in pressure.
• Boiling point of a liquid increases with the addition of impurity.
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