Coursework 1
Total Marks: 50
Note: There are a series of questions to test the understanding of the theory and practical
exercises. These are only worth a few marks each but by completing them regularly, you can
accumulate 50% of the marks for the module. There will be 4 Theory coursework covering
the theoretical parts of the module and 2 examinations covering the same material as the
Practical Exercises.
Each course will be given to the students from the week given on the assigned calendar.
Students must attempt all the question to get the final marks:
1. Is (p → q) → [(p → q) → q] a tautology? Why or why not? (Marks: 5)
Solution:
The expression we're looking at is: (p→q)→[(p→q)→q]
To determine whether this is a tautology, we need to see if it's always true, no matter what
values p and q take (whether they are true or false). A tautology is a statement that is true
in every possible scenario.
First, let’s understand the components:
p→q is an implication. It's false only when p is true, and q is false. In all other cases, it's
true.
Then we have (p→q)→q, which means "if p→q is true, then q must be true."
Now let’s evaluate the entire expression:
(p→q)→[(p→q)→q]
The outer part says: "If p→q is true, then the whole thing inside [(p→q)→q] must also be
true."
To determine if this is a tautology, we evaluate whether it is always true for all possible
values of p and q.
p q (p→q) (p→q)→q Final
Expression
T T T T T
T F F T T
F T T T T
F F T F T
Looking at the truth table, we can see that the final expression is true in every case. No
matter whether p and q are true or false, the statement always evaluates to true.
Since it’s true in all cases, this means the statement is indeed a tautology.
Finally, yes, (p→q)→[(p→q)→q] is a tautology because it is true for every possible
combination of truth values for p and q.
2. Determine whether each of these conditional statements is true or false. (Marks of 1
each)
a) If 1 + 1 = 2, then 2 + 2 = 5. b) If 1 + 1 = 3, then 2 + 2 = 4.
c) If 1 + 1 = 3, then 2 + 2 = 5. d) If monkeys can fly, then 1 + 1 = 3.
Solution:
a) If 1 + 1 = 2, then 2 + 2 = 5.
A conditional statement is true unless the antecedent (the part before the "then") is true
and the consequent (the part after the "then") is false.
➢ 1+1=2 is true.
➢ 2+2=5 is false.
➢ Since the antecedent is true and the consequent is false, the statement is false.
Answer: False
b) If 1 + 1 = 3, then 2 + 2 = 4.
➢ Here, 1+1=3 is false, and the consequent 2+2=4 is true.
In a conditional statement, if the antecedent is false, the whole statement is true
regardless of the consequent (because a false statement cannot prove the consequent
wrong).
Answer: True
c) If 1 + 1 = 3, then 2 + 2 = 5.
Like the previous one:
➢ 1+1=3 is false.
➢ 2+2=5 is false.
Since the antecedent is false, the statement is true regardless of the consequent.
Answer: True
d) If monkeys can fly, then 1 + 1 = 3.
• The antecedent "monkeys can fly" is false (since monkeys can't fly), and the
consequent 1+1=3 is also false.
Again, since the antecedent is false, the entire statement is true.
Answer: True
3. Let Q(x) be the statement “x + 1 > 2x.” If the domain consists of all integers, what are
these truth values?
a) Q(0) b) Q(−1) c) Q(1) d) ∃xQ(x)
e) ∀xQ(x) f ) ∃x¬Q(x) g) ∀x¬Q(x)
Solution:
a) Q(0)
b) Q(−1)
c) Q(1)
d) ∃xQ(x)
e) ∀xQ(x)
f ) ∃x¬Q(x)
g) ∀x¬Q(x)
4. Out of 100 students; 15 passed in English, 12 passed in Mathematics, 8 in science, 6
in English and Mathematics, 7 in Mathematics and Science; 4 in English and Science;
4 in all the three. Find how many passed: (Marks 8)
I. In English and Mathematics but not in science
II. In Mathematics and Science but not in English
III. In Mathematics only
IV. In more than one subject only
Solution:
I. In English and Mathematics but not in science
We need the number of students who passed both English and Mathematics, but not
Science.
This is represented as:
Answer: 2 students passed English and Mathematics but not Science.
II. In Mathematics and Science but not in English
We need the number of students who passed Mathematics and Science, but not English.
This is represented as:
Answer: 3 students passed Mathematics and Science but not English.
III. In Mathematics only
We need the number of students who passed only Mathematics.
This can be calculated as:
Answer: 3 students passed only Mathematics.
V. In more than one subject only
This is the number of students who passed more than one subject, but not all three
subjects. So, we sum the students who passed exactly two subjects, excluding those who
passed all three.
This can be calculated as:
Answer: 5 students passed more than one subject only.
5. Let A = {a, b, c}, B = {x, y}, and C = {0, 1}. (Marks 6)
Find a) A × B × C. b) C × B × A.
Solution:
a) A × B × C.
The Cartesian product of sets A×B×C consists of all possible ordered triples (a,b,c),
where:
• The first element is from A,
• The second element is from B,
• The third element is from C.
Let's list all the possible combinations:
b) C × B × A.
The Cartesian product of sets C×B×A consists of all possible ordered triples (c,b,a),
where:
• The first element is from C,
• The second element is from B,
• The third element is from A.
Let's list all the possible combinations:
3𝑥+4
6. If the function f:R→R be defined as f(x) =5𝑥−7 (x ≠7/5) and g:R→R be defined as g(x)
7𝑥+4
= 5𝑥−3 (x ≠3/5) show that gof(x) = fog(x) (Marks 6)
Solution:
We need to prove:
1. Compute
Thus:
2. Compute
Thus:
7. In a group of 100 persons, 72 people can speak English and 43 can speak French. How
many can speak English only? How many can speak French only and how many can
speak both English and French? (Marks:
5)
Solution:
In a group of 100 persons, 72 people can speak English, and 43 can speak French. We
need to find:
1. The number of people who speak only English.
2. The number of people who speak only French.
3. The number of people who speak both English and French.
Using the Principle of Inclusion-Exclusion:
Let:
E be the set of people who can speak English.
F be the set of people who can speak French.
We are given:
∣E∣=72 (people who can speak English),
∣F∣=43 (people who can speak French),
Total number of people in the group = 100.
By the inclusion-exclusion principle:
Substituting known values:
So, 15 people can speak both English and French.
Now, we calculate:
• The number of people who speak only English:
• The number of people who speak only French:
Final Answer:
• 57 people speak only English.
• 28 people speak only French.
• 15 people speak both English and French.
8. In a survey of 80 people, it was found that 35 people read newspaper H, 20 read
newspaper T, 15 read the newspaper I, 5 read both H and I, 10 read both H and T, 7
read both T and I, 4 read all three newspapers. Find the number of people who read
at least one of the newspapers? (Marks: 5)
Solution:
In a survey of 80 people, the following information was gathered:
• 35 people read newspaper H.
• 20 people read newspaper T.
• 15 people read newspaper I.
• 5 people read both H and I.
• 10 people read both H and T.
• 7 people read both T and I.
• 4 people read all three newspapers.
We are asked to find the number of people who read at least one of the newspapers, i.e.,
Using the Principle of Inclusion-Exclusion:
The principle of inclusion-exclusion for three sets is given by:
Since, the number of people who read at least one newspaper is 52.
9. Determine whether these biconditionals are true or false.
a) 2+2=4 if and only if 1+1 = 2. b) 1+1=2 if and only if 2+3 = 4.
c) 1+1=3 if and only monkeys can fly. d) 0 >1 if and only if 2 > 1.
Solution:
In this question, we are dealing with biconditionals (if and only if statements), which
mean that both sides of the statement must be true, or both must be false for the
biconditional to be true.
The biconditional is represented as:
which is true if both A and B have the same truth value (either both true or both false).
Now let's evaluate each statement:
a) 2+2=4 if and only if 1+1 = 2.
Answer: True
b) 1+1=2 if and only if 2+3 = 4.
Answer: False
c) 1+1=3 if and only monkeys can fly.
Answer: True
d) 0 >1 if and only if 2 > 1.
Answer: False
