lecture examples
lecture example 1 particle in a box
.
Considering a 1-D of
box length, we have the
potential: a
N a
U(x) 0
=
x < 0
u(x)
H(x) 0
=
for 0 x L
=
U(x) 0
=
x > L >
O x h
potential with
square
* well
infinitely high walls
Time-independent Schrodinger equation:
- 824(x) U(x)4(x) EQ(x)
=
-
+
2M 2x
General solution:
x7 =
*
YC) Asin)
=
+
BcOst x]
probability density:
1814(x) 1 dx f.14(x)12dx =
1
=
lecture example 2 the quantum experiment
.
In an experiment, which can be modelled by
a "particle in a box"
theory, only the first 2
energy states are measured, with probability
P(E,) 0.25and =
PCE2) 0,75.
=
I obtain an expression for the eigenstates
4, and P2
Un(x) Ansin*x(= (n>)
=
V -
0 v 0
-
Ex Et--
42() Azsinx
=
(=12>)
EEE. 42()=A,sintC )=11
⑧ L
2. Find the normalisation constant
1- (* Ansin") *
(Ansin") dx
1-1 An1")!sinz(*) d
-1 An 1 )! ax If cos(2) di -
in
-1Ani(t2)- 1I (sinzni-sino((
0
=
for any ne
-1 An 1
. An=
3. obtain the complete wavefunction for the
System
14 > B, 11
=
> +
B2 /2 >
1 (B,
=
*
x1 B2*1)(B,(1>
+
Bc 12>)
+
normal: 1 orthogonal=1
=1B,1211k +
B,*Bc <112) B,Bc*(2117
+
+ 1B21 < 2/2> orthogonal=1
normal=1
(B,1 (B2)
=
+
4. Calculate the probability of
Measuring Ec
P(Ez) (<214 =
> 12
(< 2)(B1(1)
=
B (z)
+
12
(B,< 2(1) B2
=
+ < 2/2>12
1B21
-
..1B21 =
0,75 < B2 0,75
=
B,
=
0,25
the
5. Calculate
energy expectation value <E>
- Ex E,1<1(4 >1
= +
Ec(<214>12
#z Phi
phi l
phi22
phil
2
lecture example 3 particle in a 2d box
:
A:V(x,y)
E and <
80<x< <y
0
=
otherwise
Schrodinger eqn:
B:
-
(an+) N(x,y) E4(x,y)
=
C:4(x,y) Bsin(*)
=
sin (n*(
D:E tm
=
E: K Ki=
+
Ky
Fi.(re
I
2
a
.....
S
-
1
3
->
->
->
Mx
Mc
1, My=
=
ncc 1,
=
2,
=
1
MY
hy
2
=
1
=
4
-> Mx 2, My=3
=
# ........
>
#
lecture example 4 :
k spaces
I
E S
:
·R
#
# > S
In thefigure state in anare
2 -
A L2
=
(physical area)
#
>
Allowed wave vectors with energy (Ex dre shown
in light pink. They occupy an area shown in purple.
Area: ITK2=ITEM M =
Number states:
of area x
densityx spin states
m** *2
=
2s 1
+
/(Ex) T**
=
(25 1)
+
And density ofStates g(E) d
=
=
(25+ 1)
number of states in pink area area
lecture example 5 quantum coin toss
:
coin toss SAMC
toss 2 coins
different
classical T T H H
coins are
distinguishable T H T H
I pink and black)
25%58%58% 25%
bosons different
coins are
H
indistinguishable T T
T H H
33% 33% 33%
SOME
fermions
indistinguishable T
b It must be in
a different state H
100 "
lecture example 6 average occupation number
:
consider a "gas"of4 particles, in a system that
allows 3 energy states, with energy 1, 2 and 3
respectively (in arbitrary units (
Energy states consider the gas to
Es 3
=
consist of bosons, i.e.,
Ez 2
=
we can put as
many
like into
Ei 1 as we
any
=
state
energy
The highest energy the "gas"can have is 12,
when all particles are in the Es state:
E3:
total
Ez:
E, i
energy:
* beads
While the lowest state is
energy 4:
E3:
Ez: total energy:1x4 4
=
El i E, x 4 beads
consider a state with energy 8:
E3 2x 3 3 x 1
Ez 4
x2 2 x2
El 2x 1 IX I
8 3 4+1 8
= =
6 2 8
+
+ =
lecture example 6 average occupation number continued
:
Average occupation numbers:
n= 3,n
=
5(2
=
0
+
1)
+
1
=
n=z 3,n=
=
(0
=
+
4 2)
+
2
=
nes
=
,nEs (2
=
0
+
1) 1
+
=
Total energy:
n, E, +4zEc+sEs 1X 1
=
+2x2 +1X3 8
=
particle number:
ni nz ns 1 2 1 4
= =
+ + +
+
lecture example 7 the unit cell
"
Unit cells are often taken from the center of an atom.
We look at a 2D example of Nace
tratce
- ..
.......
-
- -
↓Cl
Inside the cell:4xICl-=1Cl-
4 x Nat= 2 Nat
IC ICl-
-=
1x
:There are zNat and ace in this unit cell.
lecture example 8 crystalline solids
!
In cu lattice: CU dtOM
overlap
e- Je
:
--
= =
e e
I II I
8 8
e- e
nuclei inner
valence electrons
electron
I
mine
size of Cuatom interatomic distance
~2.3 (lattice const) a -2.3 a
⑱ Ican move freely from one cu atom to another
lecture example 9 homogenous semiconductors
:
T 8 <O 0,E> 0
=
T >
E
·i
e
conduction
e
in
and
am e
e e e
e
valence
band
electrons electrons an electric
fill all levels obtain thermal field E can
in the band
energy and make electrons
can jump to jump to higher
conduction unoccupied
band energy levels
within the same
band
lecture example 10 shift of chemical potential
:
Intrinsic semiconductor N-doped
lowest egg
=8
unoccupied e-
state
e
-chemical
learnerpotential ene
e-
-
e e
in middle
donor
highestoccupied impurity
8
e-states energy
p-doped
lowest egg unoccupied
e-state
impurity
ee
acceptor
-
Free
chemical potential in middle
lecture example 10 shift of chemical potential continued
i
The p-n junction
0
o+
Mp
un
B-doped n-doped
depletion
region
