16/12/2021, 12:01 UNIT5 Expert Systems Topics 1 Expert Systems 2

UNIT5 Expert Systems Topics 1 Expert Systems 2

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16/12/2021, 12:01 UNIT5 Expert Systems Topics 1 Expert Systems 2

UNIT-5 Expert Systems Topics: 1. Expert Systems 2. Architecture of expert system 3. Roles of expert systems 4. Knowledge
Acquisition 5. Meta knowledge 6. Typical expert systems. MYCIN, DART, XOON, Expert systems shell

Artificial Intelligence n AI n The ability of computers to duplicate the functions of the human brain 2

Interesting Statistics n It has been estimated that computers that can exhibit humanlike intelligence (including musical and artistic
aptitude, creativity, physical movement physically, and emotional responsiveness) require processing power of 20 million billion
calculations per second (by the year 2030? ). 3

The Difference Between Natural & Artificial Intelligence Attributes Use Sensors Creativity and Imagination Learn from Experience
Human High Machine Low Low Adaptability Access external information Make complex calculations Transfer information High Low
Low High 4

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The Major Branches of AI(application of AI) 5

Expert Systems (ES) 6

Capabilities of Expert System 8

Components of Expert System 9

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Components of ES 10

Components of an Expert System 11

Components of an Expert System Knowledge Base Stores all relevant information, data, rules, cases, and relationships used by the
expert system. Uses • Rules • If-then Statements • Fuzzy Logic 12

The Knowledge Base n Stores all relevant information, data, rules, cases, and relationships used by the expert system n Assembling
human experts n Use of fuzzy logic n A special research area in computer science that allows shades of gray and does not require
everything to be simple black/white, yes/no, or true/false n Use of rules n Conditional statement that links given conditions to
actions or outcomes n E. g. if-then statements n Use of cases 13

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Components of an Expert System Inference Engine Seeks information and relationships from the knowledge base and provides
answers, predictions, and suggestions the way a human expert would. Uses • Backward Chaining • Forward Chaining 15

The Inference Engine n Seeks information and relationships from the knowledge base and provides answers, predictions, and
suggestions the way a human expert would n Forward chaining(Goal driven Reasoning) n Starting with the facts and working
forwards to the conclusions n Backward chaining(Data driven Reasoning ) n Starting with conclusions and working backward to the
supporting facts 16

The Inference Engine Figure 7. 4: Rules for a Credit Application 17

To recommend a solution, the interface engine uses the following strategies − n Forward Chaining n Backward Chaining 18

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Components of an Expert System Explanation Facility Allows a user to understand how the expert system arrived at certain
conclusions or results. For example: it allows a doctor to find out the logic or rationale of the diagnosis made by a medical expert
system 21

Components of an Expert System Knowledge acquisition facility Provide convenient and efficient means of capturing and storing all
the components of the knowledge base. Acts as an interface between experts and the knowledge base. 22

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16/12/2021, 12:01 UNIT5 Expert Systems Topics 1 Expert Systems 2

Components of an Expert System User Interface Specialized user interface software employed for designing, creating, updating, and
using expert systems. The main purpose of the user interface is to make the development and use of an expert system easier for
users and decision makers 23

Expert system Technology 24

Expert Systems Development Figure 7. 6: Steps in the Expert System Development Process 25

Participants in Expert System Development 26

Participants in Expert System Development n Domain n The area of knowledge addressed by the expert system n Domain Expert n
The individual or group who has the expertise or knowledge one is trying to capture in the expert system n Knowledge Engineer n An
individual who has training or expertise in the design, development, implementation, and maintenance of an expert system n
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Knowledge User n The individual or group who uses and benefits from the expert system 27
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16/12/2021, 12:01 UNIT5 Expert Systems Topics 1 Expert Systems 2

Application of ES 28

Benefits of Expert System 29

Limitations of an Expert System n Not widely used or tested n Difficult to use n Limited to relatively narrow problems n Possibility of
error n Cannot refine its own knowledge n Difficult to maintain 30

Expert System Shells 31 Ads by

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Expert System Shells n The shell is a piece of software which contains the user interface, n a format for declarative knowledge in the
knowledge base, and n an inference engine. n n The knowledge engineer uses the shell to build a system for a particular problem
domain. “A collection of software packages and tools used to develop expert systems” 32

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Components of an expert system User Expert system shell User Inter face Explanation system Case specific data: Working storage
Inference engine Knowledge base editor 34

Expert System Shells n In the 1980 s, expert system "shells" were introduced and supported the development of expert systems in a
wide variety of application areas. n During the work , a large amount of LISP code was written for different modules: n n n .
Knowledge base Inference engine Working memory Explanation facility End-user interface

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MYCIN 37

n MYCIN was an early expert system that used artificial intelligence to identify bacteria causing severe infections. n recommend
antibiotics, with the dosage adjusted for patient's body weight n The MYCIN system was also used for the diagnosis of blood
clotting diseases. n MYCIN was developed over five or six years in the early 1970 s at Stanford University. n It was written in Lisp 38

n MYCIN was a standalone system that required a user to enter all relevant information about a patient by typing in responses to
questions MYCIN posed. n MYCIN operated using a fairly simple inference engine, and a knowledge base of ~600 rules. n It would
query the physician running the program via a long series of simple yes/no or textual questions. 39

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16/12/2021, 12:01 UNIT5 Expert Systems Topics 1 Expert Systems 2

Tasks and Domain n Disease DIAGNOSIS and Therapy SELECTION n Advice for non-expert physicians with time considerations and
incomplete evidence on: Bacterial infections of the blood n Expanded to meningitis and other ailments n Meet time constraints of
the medical field n 40

MYCIN Architecture 41

Consultation System n Performs Diagnosis and Therapy Selection n Control Structure reads Static DB (rules) and read/writes to
Dynamic DB (patient, context) n Linked to Explanations n Terminal interface to Physician 42

Consultation “Control Structure” n n Goal-directed Backward-chaining Depth-first Tree Search High-level Algorithm: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Determine if Patient has significant infection Determine likely identity of significant organisms Decide which drugs are potentially
useful Select best drug or coverage of drugs 43

Static Database n Rules n Meta-Rules n Templates n Rule Properties n Context Properties n Fed from Knowledge Acquisition System
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Dynamic Database n Patient Data n Laboratory Data n Context Tree n Built by Consultation System n Used by Explanation System 45

Explanation System n Provides reasoning why a conclusion has been made, or why a question is being asked n Q-A Module n
Reasoning Status Checker 46

DART n DART is a joint project of the Heuristic Programming Project and IBM that explores the application of artificial intelligence
techniques to the diagnosis of computer faults. n The primary goal of the DART Project is to develop programs that capture the
special design knowledge and diagnostic abilities of these experts and to make them available to field engineers. n The practical
goal is the construction of an automated diagnostician capable of pinpointing the functional units responsible for observed
malfunctions in arbitrary system configurations. 47

n Dynamic Analysis and Replanning Tool n DART uses intelligent agents to aid decision support system n Give planners the ability to
rapidly evaluate plans for logistical feasibility. n DART decreases the cost and time required to implement decisions. n The field
engineer is familiar with the diagnostic equipment and software testing. n Access to information about the specific system
hardware and software configuration of the installation. 48
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16/12/2021, 12:01 UNIT5 Expert Systems Topics 1 Expert Systems 2

Xcon n The R 1 (internally called XCON, for e. Xpert CONfigurer) program was a production rule based system written in OPS 5 by
John P. Mc. Dermott of CMU in 1978. n configuration of DEC VAX computer systems n ordering of DEC's VAX computer systems by
automatically selecting the computer system components based on the customer's requirements. n XCON first went into use in
1980 in DEC's plant in Salem, New Hampshire. It eventually had about 2500 rules. n By 1986, it had processed 80, 000 orders, and
achieved 9598% accuracy. n It was estimated to be saving DEC $25 M a year by reducing the need to give customers free
components when technicians made errors, by speeding the assembly process, and by increasing customer satisfaction. 49

n XCON interacted with the sales person, asking critical questions before printing out a coherent and workable system
specification/order slip. n XCON's success led DEC to rewrite XCON as XSELa version of XCON intended for use by DEC's salesforce
to aid a customer in properly configuring their VAX. 50

XCON: Expert Configurer Stages of Expert System building n Identification: Problems, data, goals, company, people… n
Conceptualization: Characterize different kinds of concepts and relations n Formalization: Express character of search n
Implementation: Build the system in executable form n Testing and Evaluation: Does it do what we wanted? n Maintenance Adapt to
changing environment or requirements Expert Systems 14 51

Phase 1: Identification n DEC, Digital Equipment Corporation n n n n Large computer manufacturer, started 1957 Catalogue has 40.
Ads by100 parts Delivery and assembly by DEC personnel Too often, part
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collection does not allow installation Too often,Stop
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16/12/2021, 12:01 UNIT5 Expert Systems Topics 1 Expert Systems 2

test system in factory Automate configuration problem; attempts with procedural languages were unsuccessful XS approach started
around 1980 Expert Systems 14 52

Phase 2: Conceptualization Con. . what? Expert Systems 14 53

Phase 3: Formalization n Configuration engineers could talk well to Knowledge Engineers of the CSDG n Could explain in what stage
which component should be configured how n This was expressed in production rules IF c 1, c 2 c 3 THEN a 1, a 2, a 3 n
Configuration stage was explicitly represented as data: current goal or context n Changing contexts moved configuration process
through all stages Expert Systems 14 54

Phase 4: Implementation into system R 1 n Language: OPS 5 (similar to CLIPS) n Conflict Resolution: MEA (extends Lex / Specificity)
n Means-Ends Analysis: order by recency of first condition IF c 1, c 2 THEN. . is now different from IF c 2, c 1 THEN n Contexts are
treated as special by putting them first n End-task is unspecific, thus executed last n Use MEA + Spec to concentrate on subtasks: n
IF g 1, x, y THEN assert barify // Signal necessity of subtask n IF barify, a THEN p, q // Two rules perform the task n IF barify, b THEN
r, s // of barification per se n IF barify THEN retract barify // Termination when ready Expert Systems 14 55

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Important questions PART-B 1. Expert system (ES)? architecture of expert system? (components of Expert system)**** 2. Expert
system shell? *** 3. MYCIN? ** 4. DART? 5. XCON? 6. Knowledge acquisition? 7. Inference Engine? Methods? (forward chaining, back
ward chaining) 59

PART-A (2 marks) 1. Expert system(ES)? 2. Application of ES? 3. List advantage & disadvantage of ES? 4. List out the Components of
ES? 5. Define inference engine? 6. What is knowledge base(KB)? 7. What is the role of expert engineer? 8. What is meant by
knowledge acquisition? 9. Expert system shell? 10. MYCIN? 11. DART? 12. XCON? 60

Report

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16/12/2021, 12:01 UNIT5 Expert Systems Topics 1 Expert Systems 2

Expert Systems Knowledge Based Systems Expert Systems Expert

Expert Systems Knowledge Based Systems Expert Systems Expert

Expert Systems Knowledge Based Systems Expert Systems Expert

2160710 Distributed Operating System Unit5 Distributed File Systems

Expert Systems Chapters 24 and 26 Expert Systems

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Expert Systems n n Expert systems are AI

EXPERT SYSTEMS Review Classical Expert Systems Can incorporate

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16/12/2021, 12:01 UNIT5 Expert Systems Topics 1 Expert Systems 2

Chapter 12 Expert Systems Design Examples Expert Systems

Business Expert Systems Expert Systems An intelligent computer

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16/12/2021, 12:01 UNIT5 Expert Systems Topics 1 Expert Systems 2

EXPERT SYSTEMS Summary of Expert Systems in the

Unit5 Torsion in Shafts and Buckling of Axially

PH 0101 UNIT5 LECTURE 5 Introduction Lorentz forceAds by

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16/12/2021, 12:01 UNIT5 Expert Systems Topics 1 Expert Systems 2

Unit5 Define the term population Population as a

Course code 10 CS 44 UNIT5 Filters using

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16/12/2021, 12:01 UNIT5 Expert Systems Topics 1 Expert Systems 2

UNIT5 Cryptography 1 Principles Of Cryptography 2 Cryptography

Unit5 8085 Assembly Language Programs Prof Swati Sharma

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2160707 Advanced Java Unit5 Java Server Faces Prof

Basic Processing Unit UNIT5 Introduction l l The

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16/12/2021, 12:01 UNIT5 Expert Systems Topics 1 Expert Systems 2

Unit5 Torsion in Shafts and Buckling of Axially

Unit5 Numerical Integration 2140706 Numerical Statistical Methods Humanities

2160708 Web Technology Unit5 Java Script JS Prof

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Unit5 Macro Review Foreign Exchange Balance of Payments

Unit5 Stored Procedures Functions What are procedures and

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16/12/2021, 12:01 UNIT5 Expert Systems Topics 1 Expert Systems 2

UNIT5 Budgeting and Budgetary control Definition Importance Essentials

UNIT5 REGIONAL SURGERYII UG COURSES DR MITHILESH KUMAR

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Unit5 Io T Physical Devices and End Points

PH 0101 UNIT5 LECTURE 5 Introduction Lorentz force

Unit5 Memory Management Memory Management Definition Second major

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2140709 Computer Networks Unit5 The Link layer and

UNIT5 Library and Information Services in Academic Libraries

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16/12/2021, 12:01 UNIT5 Expert Systems Topics 1 Expert Systems 2

SEWING TECHNIQUES UNIT5 TRIMMING A LAKSHIKA ASSISTANT PROFFESSSOR

UNIT5 RESPIRATION SEMESTER IV SANCHALI KUNDU BOTANY DEPARTMENT

Unit5 Designing Interface Objects Software Quality Assurance System

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16/12/2021, 12:01 UNIT5 Expert Systems Topics 1 Expert Systems 2

UNIT5 User Documentation and Online Help Outline Introduction

Unit5 Quality System Lesson1 Concepts of ISO 14001

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Unit5 Macro Review Foreign Exchange Balance of Payments

ADVANCED ALGORITHMS StringMatching Algorithms UNIT5 1 1 String

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Unit5 Designing Interface Objects Software Quality Assurance System

PartB Unit5 Email Messaging Cycle3 How to open

Unit5 Testing Maintenance Testing strategies Testing is a

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16/12/2021, 12:01 UNIT5 Expert Systems Topics 1 Expert Systems 2

Topics of Interest Topics of Interest Topics of

Expert System Session 6 Fuzzy Expert Systems part

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16/12/2021, 12:01 UNIT5 Expert Systems Topics 1 Expert Systems 2

Expert Systems An expert system is a computer

Introduction to Expert Systems What is an expert

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Lecture 8 Expert system shells Building expert systems
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16/12/2021, 12:01 UNIT5 Expert Systems Topics 1 Expert Systems 2

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