BUSINESS MATHEMATICS / QUANTITATIVE MATHEMATICS
LINEAR EQUATIONS
TYPE 2 – SUBSTITUTION METHOD
1. X + 2y = 7
2x – y = 4, solve by substitution method
Solution :
x + 2y = 7…………. (Eq 1)
2x – y = 4…………. (Eq 2)
From Eq 1
x + 2y = 7
x = 7 – 2y (value of x)
Substituting the value of ‘x’ in Eq 2
2x – y = 4
2(7 - 2y) – y = 4
14 – 4y – y = 4
14 – 5y = 4
14 – 4 = 5y
10 = 5y
y= 10 / 5
y=2
Substituting the value of ‘y’ in Eq 1
x + 2y = 7
x + 2 (2) = 7
x+4=7
x=7–4
x=3
2. 4x – y = 2
-3x + 2y = 1, Solve by Substitution method
Solution:
4x – y = 2 …………. (Eq 1)
-3x + 2y = 1 …………. (Eq 2)
From Eq 1, we get
4x – y = 2
4x - 2 = y
Substituting the value of ‘y’ in Eq 2
-3x + 2y = 1
-3x + 2(4x – 2) = 1
-3x + 8x – 4 = 1
5x – 4 = 1
5x = 1 + 4
5x = 5
x=5/5
x=1
Substituting the value of ‘x’ in Eq 1
4x – y = 2
4 (1) – y = 2
4–y=2
4 -2 = y
2 = y or y = 2
3. 3x + 3y = 12 and 2x + 4y = 12, find values of x and y by substitution
method.
Solution: Answer x = 2 and y = 2
Divisibility Rules
Divisibility rules or Divisibility tests have been mentioned to make the division procedure
easier and quicker. If students learn the division rules in Maths or the divisibility tests for 1 to 20,
they can solve the problems in a better way. For example, divisibility rules for 13 help us to know
which numbers are completely divided by 13. Some numbers like 2, 3, 4, 5 have rules which can
be understood easily. But rules for 7, 11, 13, are a little complex and need to be understood in-
depth.
Mathematics is not easy for some of us. At times, the need for tricks and shorthand techniques is
felt, to solve Maths problems faster and easily without lengthy calculation. It will also help
students to score better marks in exams.
Divisibility Test (Division Rules in Maths)
As the name suggests, divisibility tests or division rules in Maths help one to check whether a
number is divisible by another number without the actual method of division. If a number is
completely divisible by another number then the quotient will be a whole number and the
remainder will be zero
Since every number is not completely divisible by every other number such numbers leave
remainder other than zero. These rules are certain ones, which help us to determine the actual
divisor of a number just by considering the digits of the number.
The division rules from 1 to 13 in Maths are explained here in detail with many solved examples.
Go through the below article to learn the shortcut methods to divide the numbers easily.
Divisibility Rule of 1
Every number is divisible by 1. Divisibility rule for 1 doesn’t have any condition. Any number
divided by 1 will give the number itself, irrespective of how large the number is. For example, 3 is
divisible by 1 and 3000 is also divisible by 1 completely.
Divisibility Rule of 2
If a number is even or a number whose last digit is an even number i.e. 2,4,6,8 including 0, it is
always completely divisible by 2.
Example: 508 is an even number and is divisible by 2 but 509 is not an even number, hence it is
not divisible by 2. Procedure to check whether 508 is divisible by 2 or not is as follows:
Consider the number 508
Just take the last digit 8 and divide it by 2
If the last digit 8 is divisible by 2 then the number 508 is also divisible by 2.
Divisibility Rules for 3
Divisibility rule for 3 states that a number is completely divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is
divisible by 3.
Consider a number, 308. To check whether 308 is divisible by 3 or not, take sum of the digits (i.e.
3+0+8= 11). Now check whether the sum is divisible by 3 or not. If the sum is a multiple of 3,
then the original number is also divisible by 3. Here, since 11 is not divisible by 3, 308 is also not
divisible by 3.
Similarly, 516 is divisible by 3 completely as the sum of its digits i.e. 5+1+6=12, is a multiple of 3.
Divisibility Rule of 4
If the last two digits of a number are divisible by 4, then that number is a multiple of 4 and is
divisible by 4 completely.
Example: Take the number 2308. Consider the last two digits i.e. 08. As 08 is divisible by 4, the
original number 2308 is also divisible by 4.
Divisibility Rule of 5
Numbers, which last with digits, 0 or 5 are always divisible by 5.
Example: 10, 10000, 10000005, 595, 396524850, etc.
Divisibility Rule of 6
Numbers which are divisible by both 2 and 3 are divisible by 6. That is, if the last digit of the
given number is even and the sum of its digits is a multiple of 3, then the given number is also a
multiple of 6.
Example: 630, the number is divisible by 2 as the last digit is 0.
The sum of digits is 6+3+0 = 9, which is also divisible by 3.
Hence, 630 is divisible by 6.
Divisibility Rules for 7
The rule for divisibility by 7 is a bit complicated which can be understood by the steps given
below:
Example: Is 1073 divisible by 7?
From the rule stated remove 3 from the number and double it, which becomes 6.
Remaining number becomes 107, so 107-6 = 101.
Repeating the process one more time, we have 1 x 2 = 2.
Remaining number 10 – 2 = 8.
As 8 is not divisible by 7, hence the number 1073 is not divisible by 7.
Divisibility Rule of 8
If the last three digits of a number are divisible by 8, then the number is completely divisible by 8.
Example: Take number 24344. Consider the last three digits i.e. 344. As 344 is divisible by 8,
the original number 24344 is also divisible by 8.
Divisibility Rule of 9
The rule for divisibility by 9 is similar to divisibility rule for 3. That is, if the sum of digits of the
number is divisible by 9, then the number itself is divisible by 9.
Example: Consider 78532, as the sum of its digits (7+8+5+3+2) is 25, which is not divisible by 9,
hence 78532 is not divisible by 9.
Divisibility Rule of 10
Divisibility rule for 10 states that any number whose last digit is 0, is divisible by 10.
Example: 10, 20, 30, 1000, 5000, 60000, etc.
Divisibility Rules for 11
If the difference of the sum of alternative digits of a number is divisible by 11, then that number is
divisible by 11 completely.
In order to check whether a number like 2143 is divisible by 11, below is the following procedure.
Group the alternative digits i.e. digits which are in odd places together and digits in even
places together. Here 24 and 13 are two groups.
Take the sum of the digits of each group i.e. 2+4=6 and 1+3= 4
Now find the difference of the sums; 6-4=2
If the difference is divisible by 11, then the original number is also divisible by 11. Here 2
is the difference which is not divisible by 11.
Therefore, 2143 is not divisible by 11.
A few more conditions are there to test the divisibility of a number by 11. They are explained here
with the help of examples:
If the number of digits of a number is even, then add the first digit and subtract the last
digit from the rest of the number.
Example: 3784
Number of digits = 4
Now, 78 + 3 – 4 = 77 = 7 × 11
Thus, 3784 is divisible by 11.
If the number of digits of a number is odd, then subtract the first and the last digits from
the rest of the number.
Example: 82907
Number of digits = 5
Now, 290 – 8 – 7 = 275 × 11
Thus, 82907 is divisible by 11.
Form the groups of two digits from the right end digit to the left end of the number and
add the resultant groups. If the sum is a multiple of 11, then the number is divisible by 11.
Example: 3774 := 37 + 74 = 111 := 1 + 11 = 12
3774 is not divisible by 11.
253 := 2 + 53 = 55 = 5 × 11
253 is divisible by 11.
Subtract the last digit of the number from the rest of the number. If the resultant value is a
multiple of 11, then the original number will be divisible by 11.
Example: 9647
9647 := 964 – 7 = 957
957 := 95 – 7 = 88 = 8 × 11
Thus, 9647 is divisible by 11.
Divisibility Rule of 12
If the number is divisible by both 3 and 4, then the number is divisible by 12 exactly.
Example: 5864
Sum of the digits = 5 + 8 + 6 + 4 = 23 (not a multiple of 3)
Last two digits = 64 (divisible by 4)
The given number 5864 is divisible by 4 but not by 3; hence, it is not divisible by 12.
Divisibility Rules for 13
For any given number, to check if it is divisible by 13, we have to add four times of the last digit of
the number to the remaining number and repeat the process until you get a two-digit
number. Now check if that two-digit number is divisible by 13 or not. If it is divisible, then the
given number is divisible by 13.
For example: 2795 → 279 + (5 x 4)
→ 279 + (20)
→ 299
→ 29 + (9 x 4)
→ 29 + 36
→65
Number 65 is divisible by 13, 13 x 5 = 65.
1,152
Solved Examples
Example 1:
Check if 288 is divisible by 2.
Solution:
Given, 288 is a number.
If the last digit of 288 is divisible by 2, then 288 is also divisible by 2.
The last digit of 288 is 8, which is divisible by 2, such that;
8/2 = 4
Hence, 288 satisfy the divisibility rule for 2.
Example 2:
Check is 195 is divisible by 4 or not.
Solution:
As we can see, the last digit of 195 is 5, which is not divisible by 4.
Hence, 195 is not divisible by 4.
