Albert Einstein
INTRODUCTION
AlbertEinstein ;{14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955)
was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely
held to be one of the greatest and most influential
scientists of all time. Best known for developing
the theory of relativity, Einstein also made important
contributions to quantum mechanics, and was thus a
central figure in the revolutionary reshaping of the
scientific understanding of nature that modern
physics accomplished in the first decades of the
twentieth century. His mass–energy
equivalence formula E = mc2, which arises from
relativity theory, has been called "the world's most
famous equation". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in
Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and
especially for his discovery of the law of
the photoelectric effect,[7] a pivotal step in the
development of quantum theory. His work is also known
for its influence on the philosophy of science.
CONTRIBUTIONS
Avogadro’s Number
Avogadro’s number is a concept in chemistry that defines that the number
of units in one mole of a substance is equal to 6.022140857×10 23
The Avogadro constant is named after the Italian scientist Amedeo
Avogadro. It is the proportionality factor defined by Albert Einstein to
relate the number of constituent particles like molecules, ions, and atoms
in a sample with the amount of substance in that sample. The numeric
value of the Avogadro constant is expressed as the reciprocal of mole.
When Einstein was working on Brownian motion to explain the erratic
movement of particles in a fluid, he came up with an expression for the
quantity of Avogadro’s number in terms of measurable quantities. This
leads to a path to determine the mass of an atom, or the molar mass for
each element on the periodic table. Albert Einstein presented a new way
of calculating Avogadro’s number and the size of molecules.
Brownian Movement
The Brownian movement is one of the significant
contributions of Albert Einstein. While studying the
molecular theory of liquids, he tried to explain the
motion of particles through Brownian motion. This
theory explains the random movement of particles in a
fluid or gas. Einstein explained the zigzag movement of
particles in suspension, and this study aimed to prove
the existence of molecules and atoms in particles.
Quantum Theory of Light
Einstein was the key person behind the quantum theory
of light. He proposed and explained that light consists
of packets of energy known as photons in 1905. He
gave the physical interpretation to Planck’s
mathematics when he proposed that electromagnetic
radiation itself is granular, consisting of quanta with an
energy hf. He also explained the emission of electrons
from metals when hit with large electric pulses, like
lightning.
Special Theory of Relativity
The Special Theory of Relativity is also known as special
relativity. It is a theory regarding the relationship
between time and space. This theory is based on two
postulates.
The laws of physics are the same for all,
irrespective of the velocity of the observer.
The speed of light is always constant, regardless of
the motion of the light source or the motion of the
observer.
This theory is one of the reasons to explain the origin of
the most famous equation E=mc2
When we hear the mass and energy relationship
equation E=mc2, we remember the great scientist
Einstein instantaneously.
Photoelectric Effect
In 1905, Albert Einstein proposed this theory, which is
the base of modern Physics. It is the phenomenon that
occurs when the material absorbs electromagnetic
radiations and electrically charged particles are
released from or within it. In this process, electrons are
emitted from the metal plate when light falls on it. The
emitted electrons are known as photoelectrons.
The below video is an explanation of the basics of the
photoelectric effect:
Wave-Particle Duality
Einstein explained that light consists of photons, which
are considered packets of energy. This concept was
explained and demonstrated in the quantum theory of
light. Einstein stressed that light should be treated as
both a wave and a particle. He explained that photons
in light can behave both as particles and waves at the
same time. This concept is known as wave-particle
duality. Through a two-slit apparatus experiment, he
proved the dual nature of light.
General Theory of Relativity
The general theory of relativity generalizes the
concepts of Special Relativity, Newton’s Law of
Universal Gravitation, describing gravity as a property
of space and time. It is the geometric theory of
gravitation, published in the year 1915. The General
Theory of Relativity is also known as General relativity.
The general theory of relativity gives the current
description of gravitation in modern physics.
Bose-Einstein Condensate
The great Indian physicist and mathematician
Satyendra Nath Bose with Albert Einstein developed the
concept, which helped to understand light as a gas. The
Bose-Einstein concept proposed and demonstrated that
when atoms are cooled very close to absolute zero,
they hardly move in relation to one another. These
atoms form clusters or clumps and enter into the same
energy states. Hence, they concluded that the group of
atoms behaves and display the characteristics of a
single atom.
made by ishaan dixit s1e
