Hawassa University.

COLLEGE OF AGRICUTURE.
DEPARTMENT OF RDAE
COURSE TITLE INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
COURSE CODE RDAE 1011
[Link]
NAME. ID No

OWAATA MEESSO TNaScR/1016/17

SUBMITED TO MR Kumineger

SUBMISSION DATE 01/04/17

 Content:
1 Learning Vs Education
1,1Comparison Chart
1.2 Definition
1.3 Key Differences
1.4 Types of Learning
1.5 Modes of Education
Conclusion
2 Perception Vs Attitude
2.1Introduction
2.2Perception Theories
2.2.1 Early perception Theories
2.2.2 Oldest Perception Theories
2.3 Theories on Attitude
2.4 Factors affect perception
conclusion
 Difference Between Learning and Education
introduction

learning-vs-educationLearning is automatic, i.e. we see things, we observe them and then

learn something new through our experiences in our day to day life. So, it is a continuous
process and also a life long one. Learning can be intentional or unintentional, conscious or
unconscious, for better or for worse.

On the other hand, the word ‘education’ is interpreted differently by different human beings.
While for some it is a synonym for formal schooling, others take it as lifelong learning. There are
also people for whom education means obtaining knowledge, skills and attitude.

Education refers to a formal conservative process that helps in the development of abilities,
attitudes and other behavioural practical values in the society from which they belong, for the
purpose of obtaining social competence and optimum development of an individual’s potential.
 BASIS FOR COMPARISON

1. Meaning
Learning refers to an intellectual process of acquiring new skills and knowledge, through
experience, study or teaching.

Education is an enlightening process of receiving and providing knowledge, through

systematic instruction.

2. Type of Process

Learning is Natural Process

Education is Deliberate Process

3. Guidance

Learning May or may not be required guidance

Education Required guidance

4. Elicited by

Learning is elicited by Intrinsic Motivation

Educationis elicited by Extrinsic Motivation

5. Purpose

Learning is To regulate future actions and develop new knowledge.

Education is To bring certain desirable changes in the behavior of the student.

6. Nature of Process

Learning is Unsystematic

Education is Systematic

7. Age-factor

Learning is a life long process.

Education is Persons of different age groups can enroll themselves to get education.
Definition of Learning
Learning can be defined as the long term change in behaviour due to experience or practice. So,
any change in the behaviour which is only for a short term, caused by instinct or maturation,
illness or fatigue, it cannot be called learning. Here, the essence of learning is ‘experience’. It
helps an individual in adjusting according to the surrounding environment. Secondly, learning is
exhibited in the behaviour or activities of the person, which could not be observable.

Features of Learning

 It is a change in behaviour that can be better or worse.

 The change occurs due to practice or experience, however, changes occurring because
of growth or maturity are not called learning.
 The change in behaviour has to be permanent, which must last a fairly long time.
 It involves some kind of experience.
 It is a universal process.
 It is purposeful and goal-oriented.
 It is transferable from one situation to another.
 Basically, learning connotes a reflective activity that facilitates a learner to recall their
previous experience to discern and evaluate the present, in order to devise future action
and add new knowledge.

Definition of Education

Education refers to a purposive, psychological and scientific process that results in the
development of a student to the maximum extent. Not just this, it brings about maximum
development of the society, in a manner, that the highest level of happiness and prosperity can
be enjoyed by both. So we can say that education is the advancement of the student as per
society’s need and demand.

The main purpose of education is to attain the mental development of the child.

It is a process with the help of which knowledge, character and behaviour of the student is
shaped and moulded.

It tends to influence the environment of the individual so as to make a long-lasting change in

the habits of the individual’s behaviour and attitude.

Education is a developmental process in which an individual slowly adapts himself in different

ways to his physical, social and spiritual environment. In the broadest sense, education is
something that has a positive impact on the mental, physical and psychological well being of
the individual.

Key Differences Between Learning and Education

 Learning is a process that results in relatively long-lasting changes in the individual’s

behaviour by way of training and experience. On the other hand, education is a
systematic process of imparting or gaining knowledge, developing the basic skills of
reasoning and judgement and preparing an individual to live a matured and mannered
life.
 Learning is a natural or coincidental process, i.e. a person learns many things daily and
that is not purposeful. In contrast, education is deliberate in the sense, that one has a
clear idea of the fact that they are being educated by enrolling on that particular course
or going to that particular institution.
 Learning can take place with or without any guidance. However, in the case of
education, the presence of a guide, teacher or instructor is a must.
 While learning is elicited by intrinsic motivation, education requires extrinsic motivation.
 Learning is a process wherein the learner links new experience to the old one as well as
make room for and absorb new ideas in his/her mind, so as to regulate future actions.
On the contrary, Education can help in bringing certain desirable changes in the
behaviour of the student.

Education is a systematic process in the sense that it is provided through a planned and
formally designed curriculum by the experts, through the educational institution. Conversely,
learning is unsystematic, i.e. one can learn by simply observing and connecting the experiences.

Learning is a life long process, this means that there is no age bar to learn something, i.e. even
at the age of 90 one can learn how to cook, or how to sing or how to play ludo. But in the case
of education, people of different age groups can enrol themselves at the educational
institution, to receive an education.

Types of Learning

The various types of learning are given as under:types of learning

  Verbal Learning: This form of learning helps in acquiring verbal behaviour, such as the
language we speak, the communication devices that we use, etc. It makes use of signs,
symbols, figures, words and pictures, so as to engage in the process of verbal learning.
 Motor Learning: Learning of various types of motors, instruments or machines is
covered under this category. It may include learning such as swimming, riding a horse,
car driving, performing experiments, flying a plane, playing the piano, etc.
 Concept Learning: An image that we have created in our mind, concerning things,
people or events, is concept learning. For instance: our concept of the pen is nothing
but a mental image, that has some basic characteristics of all the pens we have
encountered. So we call something a pen, when that thing has the same characteristics,
that we have in our mind.
 Problem Solving Learning: In the learning echelon, problem-solving learning is at the
top, which calls for the use of cognitive abilities such as critical thinking, reasoning,
comprehension, observation, generalization, inference, etc.
 Serial Learning: In this form of learning the learner is presented with the learning
material that showcases a particular sequential order. This is often found in school
education, where students are expected to be proficient in the study/course material.

Modes of Education

The three main modes of education are:modes of education

 A. Informal Education: When education is acquired by a person from any source other
than the source which is primarily meant for imparting education, like exposure to
experiences like films, web series, travelling, newspapers, social media, etc. is called
informal education. This is not structured, as well as it will not ensure certification of
any kind. It may be conscious or unconscious, accidental or incidental.
i. . Formal Education: When the education provided by institutions specially developed
for this purpose, it is called formal education. The institutions may include schools,
colleges, academic institutions, etc. It is regarded as the most popular as well as an
effective mode of education, which helps in the development of the individual’s
capabilities, by passing the right set of knowledge from one generation to another,
exploring new knowledge and ideas, etc. It can be:types-of-formal-education
A Face to Face Mode: When there is direct communication between the instructor and the
student, such that they are facing each other, it is called as face to face mode of education. This
exists in the case of classroom teaching, wherein the teacher and students are physically
present, to impart and receive education respectively.

B Distance Education Mode: As the name itself signifies, it is the mode of education wherein
the students get an education even from remote areas, by connecting with the teacher from
different communication modes. Therefore, in such a mode of education, the teacher and
student are located at different geographical locations. Further Distance Education is provided
through different means:types-of-distance-education

i. 3. Non-Formal Education: There are numerous programmes like awareness campaigns,

adult literacy, and so forth which do not fall under the category of formal education, but
these have equal importance, as well as they conducted with specific aims and
objectives. Such a form of education is non-formal education. It is a combination of
formal and informal education wherein the education is provided informally but in a
formal environment. It can take place both inside and outside the institution campus.

Conclusion

Learning is a process, that has a crucial role to play in shaping the structure of our personality
and behaviour of a person. As against, education is a system of learning which aims at
maximizing the all-round development of the student, as well as to cause socialization of
individuals to remove taboo and stereotypes from the society.

Theories on Perception and Attitude

INTRODUCTION

Perception is the process by which we interpret and make sense of sensory information from our
environment. It is a complex process that involves several cognitive functions and stages, starting from
the moment we receive the sensory stimuli until we interpret and give meaning to them. One of the
most famous theories on perception is the Gestalt Theory, which emphasizes the holistic nature of
perception and argues that we perceive objects as whole entities rather than a collection of individual
parts. The theory is based on the principle that the human brain organizes information in patterns or
"wholes" that are easier to process and understand.
Attitude, on the other hand, refers to the way we feel, think, or behave towards a particular object,
person, or situation. Attitudes are often formed as a result of our experiences, beliefs, and values and
can be positive, negative, or neutral. One of the widely accepted theories on attitude formation is the
Social Learning Theory, which suggests that attitudes are formed through observation and imitation of
others. This theory emphasizes the role of social and environmental factors in shaping our attitudes.

Perception Theories

 Gestalt Theory: This theory says that when we look at something, we don't just see its
individual parts. Instead, we see the whole thing as one complete image. It's like when you see a
face, you don't just see two eyes, a nose, and a mouth. You see a face. The theory is based on
the idea that our minds like to organize information in a way that makes sense and is easy to
understand.
 Constructivist Theory: According to this theory, our perception is not just based on what we
see. It is also influenced by our past experiences, memories, and knowledge. So, when we look
at something, our brain uses the information it already has to help us understand what we are
seeing.
 Ecological Theory: This theory suggests that perception is a direct process. It says that when we
look at something, we can directly understand it without needing to think about it. The theory is
based on the idea that our environment provides us with all the information we need to
perceive things accurately.

Early Theories on Perception

Perception is basically how we see and understand the things around us. Imagine you see a
beautiful sunset. Your eyes send a picture of that sunset to your brain, and your brain figures
out what you're looking at. That's perception. Now, let's talk about some early ideas people had
about how perception works.

 Direct Perception Theory (Gibson): This theory says that we can understand the world
around us directly from the information our senses give us. It's like looking at a pizza
and knowing it's a pizza just by seeing it. We don't need to think about it or compare it
to other things. We just know it's a pizza.

 Constructivist Theory (Helmholtz): According to this theory, our brain doesn't just rely
on what our eyes or ears tell it. It also uses our past experiences and knowledge to
figure out what we're looking at. It's like when you see a picture of a beach, and it
reminds you of the last time you went on vacation. Your brain uses that memory to help
you understand the picture.
  Empiricism (Locke, Berkeley, Hume): This idea says that we learn to perceive things
through experience. When we're born, we don't know what anything is. But as we grow
up, we learn from our experiences. If you touch a hot stove, you learn that it's painful.
So, the next time you see a hot stove, you know not to touch it.

 Nativism (Descartes, Kant): This theory is the opposite of Empiricism. It says that we're
born with some knowledge about the world. We don't have to learn everything from
scratch. Some things just come naturally to us. It's like how babies know how to suck
their thumb without being taught.

 Gestalt Psychology: This theory says that we see things as whole pictures, not just
individual parts. When you look at a bicycle, you don't see just wheels, a seat, and
handlebars. You see a whole bicycle. This theory says that our brain likes to organize
things into whole images that make sense.

 Ecological Theory: This theory suggests that perception is a direct process. It says that
when we look at something, we can directly understand it without needing to think
about it. The theory is based on the idea that our environment provides us with all the
information we need to perceive things accurately.

Oldest Theory on Perception

 Empiricism. This theory dates back to ancient times and has been explored by
philosophers like John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume. It's an idea that's still
talked about today.

Empiricism is all about experience. According to this theory, everything we know and
understand comes from our experiences. When we're born, our minds are like a blank piece of
paper. We don't know anything about the world yet. As we grow up, we start to have
experiences that fill up that blank paper with knowledge.

Think about a baby. When a baby is born, it doesn't know what a ball is. But as it grows up, it
starts to see balls, touch them, and play with them. After a while, the baby knows what a ball is
because of those experiences. It's like the baby's brain is taking notes and learning from what's
happening around it.

Empiricism says that our senses are like windows to the world. Our eyes, ears, nose, and skin
give us information about what's going on around us. When we see a beautiful flower, smell
something yummy, or touch something soft, our senses are sending messages to our brain. Our
brain then uses those messages to figure out what we're experiencing.
The big idea behind Empiricism is that we learn about the world by experiencing it. We don't
come into the world already knowing stuff.. And we do that by using our senses and paying
attention to what's happening around us.

Attitude Theories.

 Social Learning Theory: This theory suggests that we learn attitudes by watching and imitating
other people, especially those we consider important, like our parents or friends. So, if your
parents have a positive attitude towards a particular thing, you are more likely to have a positive
attitude towards it too.
 Cognitive Dissonance Theory: This theory is based on the idea that we don't like to have
conflicting thoughts or attitudes. So, when we have two attitudes that conflict with each other,
we try to change one of them to make them match. For example, if you believe that smoking is
bad for your health but you still smoke, you might try to convince yourself that smoking is not
that bad.
 Functional Theory: This theory suggests that our attitudes serve a purpose or function for us.
For example, having a positive attitude towards something can help us feel good about
ourselves. Or, having a negative attitude towards something can help us avoid things that might
be harmful to us.

Factors affecting perception

Several factors can influence perception, including personal experiences, cultural background,
expectations, and context. For example, people from different cultural backgrounds may perceive the
same object or situation differently due to their cultural values and beliefs. Similarly, personal
experiences can shape our perception by creating a bias or preference for certain information

Attitude changes through time

, attitudes can change over time as a result of new experiences, information, or changes in our values
and beliefs. For example, an individual's attitude towards a particular political party or social issue
may change after exposure to new information or after interacting with people who hold different
viewpoints.

CONCLUSION

Perception and attitude are complex cognitive processes that are shaped by various factors, including
personal experiences, cultural background, expectations, and context. Perception is the process by
which we interpret and make sense of sensory information, while attitude refers to the way we feel,
think, or behave towards a particular object, person, or situation. Both perception and attitude play a
crucial role in shaping our behavior and interactions with others. Understanding these protttttttttcesses
can help us become more aware of our biases and preferences and improve our communication and
relationships with others.

Perception plays a crucial role in shaping our attitudes. The way we perceive an object or situation can
directly influence our feelings and opinions about it. For example, if we perceive someone as friendly
and approachable, we are more likely to have a positive attitude towards them. Conversely, if we
perceive someone as untrustworthy or unfriendly, our attitude towards them is likely to be negative.

Attention plays a critical role in perception as it allows us to focus on specific sensory stimuli while
ignoring others. Selective attention helps us process relevant information more effectively and
efficiently, while filtering out irrelevant or distracting information. For example, when we are listening to
someone speak in a noisy environment, our attention allows us to focus on the speaker's voice and
ignore the background noise.

Reference

Encyclopedia of perception

The tisual brain in action

Crano W.D and prisilin r (EDs) attitude and attitudes change book published by psychology published

Bandura A. self efficacy; toward a unifying theory of behatioral change is apaper published

Abelson R,

Three modes of attitude –behatioral consisitency is paper published