B.Sc.
1st year (Computer Science)
Basic Term Of Computer
Introduction
A computer is an electronic device that can receive, store, process,
and output data. It is a machine that can perform a variety of tasks
and operations, ranging from simple calculations to complex
simulations and artificial intelligence.
“Father of Computer Charles Babbage(1791-1871)”
Basic Components of a Computer
a. Hardware:
Central Processing Unit (CPU): Often referred to as the brain of the
computer, the CPU performs instructions defined by software. It
handles tasks such as calculations, data processing, and control
operations.
Fig:1 CPU
Memory (RAM): Random Access Memory (RAM) is the computer’s
short-term memory. It temporarily stores data and instructions that the
CPU needs while performing tasks.
Fig :1.2 RAM
Storage:
Hard Drive (HDD): A traditional storage device that uses spinning
disks and magnetic storage.
Solid-State Drive (SSD): A faster storage device that uses flash
memory, providing quicker access to data.
Fig 1.3: HDD & SSD
Input Devices: Tools used to enter data into the computer (e.g.,
keyboard, mouse).
Output Devices: Tools used to receive data from the computer
(e.g., monitor, printer).
b. Software:
Operating System (OS): The software that manages hardware
resources and provides a user interface. Examples include Windows,
macOS, and Linux.
Applications: Programs that perform specific tasks for users, such as
word processors (Microsoft Word), web browsers (Chrome, Firefox),
and games.
3. How Computers Work
a. Input: Data and instructions entered into the computer via input
devices.
Example: Typing on a keyboard, clicking a mouse, or scanning a
barcode.
b. Processing: The CPU processes the input data according to the
instructions provided by software.
Example: Performing calculations, running algorithms, or
executing commands.
c. Storage: Storing data and instructions for immediate or future use.
Types
Volatile Memory (RAM): Temporary storage that loses its content
when power is off.
Non-Volatile Memory (HDD/SSD): Permanent storage that retains
data even when the computer is turned off.
d. Output: The process of presenting processed data to the user or
another system.
Example: Displaying results on a monitor, printing a document, or
generating a report.
Basic Concepts in Computing
a. Binary System: Computers use a binary system (base-2), where
data is represented using two states: 0 and 1.
Bits and Bytes: The smallest unit of data is a bit (binary digit), and a
group of 8 bits forms a byte.
b. Data Representation:
Numerical Data: Represented in binary format, e.g., integers.
Text Data: Represented using encoding standards like ASCII or
Unicode.
Multimedia Data: Images, videos, and audio are stored in formats
like JPEG, MP4, or MP3.
Networking: Connecting computers to share resources and
information.
Types
Local Area Network (LAN): Connects computers within a limited
area, like a home or office.
Wide Area Network (WAN): Connects computers over larger
distances, such as the internet.
d. Programming:
Definition: Writing instructions for computers to follow, enabling
them to perform tasks or solve problems.
Languages: Different programming languages (e.g., Python, Java,
C++) are used to create software applications.
e. Security:
Definition: Protecting computer systems and data from unauthorized
access and damage.
Practices: Using antivirus software, firewalls, and encryption.
The Evolution of Computers
Generations of Computers
• First Generation (1940s-1950s): Vacuum tubes and basic
electronic components.
• Second Generation (1950s-1960s): Transistors replaced
vacuum tubes, making computers smaller and more reliable.
• Third Generation (1960s-1970s): Integrated circuits further
reduced size and cost while increasing performance.
• Fourth Generation (1970s-present): Microprocessors led to
personal computers and advanced computing capabilities.
• Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): Emergence of
artificial intelligence, machine learning, and quantum
computing.
What is Data And Information?
Data is a collection of unorganized facts & figures and does not
provide any further information regarding patterns, context, etc.
Hence data means "unstructured facts and figures".
Information is a structured data i.e. organized meaningful and
processed data. To process the data and convert into information, a
computer is used.
Basics of Operating System
Operating System
Operating system is a software that controls system’s hardware and
interacts with user and application software.
In short, an operating system is computer’s chief control program.
Examples of Operating Systems
• Windows (GUI-based, PC)
• GNU/Linux (Personal, Workstations, ISP, File, and print server,
Three-tier client/Server)
• macOS (Macintosh), used for Apple’s personal computers and
workstations (MacBook, iMac).
• Android (Google’s Operating System for
smartphones/tablets/smartwatches)
• iOS (Apple’s OS for iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch)
