ECTE213

Engineering Electromagnetics

Dr Jun Tong
SECTE
University of Wollongong, Australia

Lecture 1: Introduction, Vector

Analysis
 Outlines References
• Introduction to electromagnetics • W.H. Hayt Jr. and J. A. Buck,
Chapter 1
• Subject outline and requirements

• Vector analysis

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 1.1 Introduction to Electromagnetics

By George J. Stodart - Frontpiece in James Maxwell, The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell. Ed: W. D. Niven.
New York: Dover, 1890., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2311942
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 What is Electromagnetics?

• Electromagnetics (EM) is about electromagnetic fields made of (interdependent)

electric and magnetic fields, which can be time-varying and dynamic.

• Both electric and magnetic fields are force fields. The former acts upon material
bodies by virtue of their property of charge; the latter acts upon charges in motion.

• ECTE213 deals with the understanding of the EM theory and their applications to
various engineering problems

One of the major components of

ECTE213 is to learn the theory behind
Maxwell’s equations and their
applications in various settings, static or
dynamic, in free space or bounded
structures, etc.

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 Why Study Engineering Electromagnetics?
• EM is all around us! It is the foundation of electrical, computer, telecommunications
engineering!

• EM is beautiful! It has compact formalism through a set of four Maxwell’s equations.

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ia_-_Nov_2008.jpg
 Example Application of EM – Electricity
Generation and Transmission

“The use of electricity for generation, transport, and conversion of energy is a dominant factor in
the global economy. EM theory is an essential basis for understanding the devices, methods, and
systems used for electrical energy.” Electromagnetic generators based on Faraday's law,
discovered in the years of 1831–1832 by Michael Faraday: electromotive force is generated in an
electrical conductor which encircles a varying magnetic flux.

• http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/electrical_electronic_components/power_generation_storage/electrical_power_generators;
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generator
• “Why Study Electromagnetics?” edited by N. N. Rao, UIUC 6
Example Application of EM – Telecommunications

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telecommunications-inseparable/

Modern telecommunications widely use the amplitude, frequency or phase of electromagnetic

waves to carry information; radiation and antennas are essential for wireless communications,

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 Example Application of EM – Radar

http://science.howstuffworks.com/radar2.htm
Radar of the type used for detection of aircraft. It rotates steadily,
sweeping the airspace with a narrow beam.

Radar exploits various properties of EM waves propagating in the space and

reflected by targets for detection, positioning, speed measurements, and imaging.
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 Example Application of EM – Electrical Appliance

“A microwave oven uses microwaves that are between radio waves

and infrared radiation on the electromagnetic spectrum. A typical
frequency is 2.45 gigahertz. Waves in this frequency range are
absorbed by water, fats and sugars and converted to heat. They're
not absorbed by most plastics, glass or ceramics. Metal reflects
microwaves, which is why metal pans don't work well in a
microwave oven. It's also why the devices have metal walls -- for
reflection.”
http://home.howstuffworks.com/microwave.htm

http://www.oocities.org/rjwarren_stm/Physics_Notes/U4_Motor.html

Mechanical force can be produced by the interactions of an electric

current and a magnetic field, governed by Ampère's force law
(1820s). 9
Applications: In All Applications Involving
Electric Devices

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“Why Study Electromagnetics?” edited by N. N. Rao, UIUC
1.2 Subject Outline and Requirements

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 Topics of ECTE213

• Review/study of
mathematic tools
• Plane waves, propagation,
reflection, scattering
• Fundamental laws of
• Guided waves,
electrostatics
waveguides, cavity
resonators
• Fundamental laws of
• Radiation and antennas
magnetostatics

• Transmission lines
• Time-varying EM fields
and Maxwell’s equations

Numerical methods for

solving Maxwell’s
equations

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 Texts and Major References
Major references:

• W. H. Hayt, Jr and J. A. Buck,

Engineering Electromagnetics, 8/9th ed.,
McGraw Hill, 2012/2018.

• F. T. Ulaby and U. Ravaioli, Fundamentals of

Applied Electromagnetics, 7th ed., Pearson,
2014.

• Z. Popovic and B. D. Popovic, Introductory

Electromagnetics, Pearson, 1999.

• D. K. Cheng, Field and Wave Electromagnetics,

2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, 1989.

• B. M. Notaros, Electromagnetics, Pearson,

2010.
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 ECTE213 Teaching Staff
• Dr Jun Tong (Subject coordinator)
Lectures, tutorials
Office: 35-135, Tel: 4221 4727, [email protected]
Students are advised to email for an appointment.

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 Study ECTE213
• This is a fundamental and mathematics-intensive subject, rich of
concepts, principles, techniques, and problem solving skills.

• Prepare for the lectures, tutorials, and labs in advance.

• Exercises are critical for acquiring the problem solving skills and
please do attempt the exercises and submit the assignments in due
time.

• Please provide your valuable feedback at any time and talk to Jun if
you have any questions or suggestions. We would try our best to
improve the experience of learning ECTE213.

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 1.3 Vector Analysis
Vector analysis supplies powerful tools for describing the theory of
electromagnetics, as evidenced by the conciseness of the 4 fundamental
equations below. Originally 20 equations were used to describe the same
theory.

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 Vector Field

• Scalar: a quantity whose value may be

represented by a single positive or negative
real number. Examples: temperature, time,
voltage, volume

• A vector has both a magnitude and a Vector in a 3D space

direction in space. Examples: force,
velocity. Denoted by bold-face letters in
ECTE213.

• We focus on vectors in 2D and 3D spaces

• A field: a scalar-valued or vector-valued

function defined over a region.
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 Rectangular Coordinates
• It is convenient to represent a vector in terms of orthogonal rectangular components

ax, ay and az are orthogonal

unit vectors in the rectangular
coordinates system

If not explicitly stated, we use rectangular

coordinates, e.g., P(1,2,3), to specify a point
in the space.

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 Vectors in Rectangular Coordinates

• General vector, B:

• Magnitude of B:

• Unit vector in the

direction of B:

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 Example

• Specify the unit vector extending from the origin toward to

• The vector can be represented as

• The magnitude is computed as

• Finally, the unit vector is computed as

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 Fields in Rectangular Coordinates

• A scalar field is a function of (x, y, z) and may be written as s(x, y, z)

• A vector filed is represented by multiple scalar fields

• A vector field is a vector function of a position vector.

• E.g., represents the component in the +x direction

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 The Dot Product
• Given two vectors A and B, the dot product, or scalar product, is defined as
the product of the magnitude A, the magnitude of B, and the cosine of the
smaller angle between them

• In rectangular coordinate systems, the dot product can be computed as

• Example: Dot product is useful for finding the work due to a force
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 The Dot Product: Example
• Dot product is useful for finding the component of a vector in a given direction.

B • a gives the component of B (B • a)a gives the vector component

in the horizontal direction of B in the horizontal direction

• Example: A vector field has an intensity at a point; its

component in the direction of is computed as

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 Cross Product
• The cross product of two vectors A and B gives a new vector with magnitude equals
to the product of the magnitudes of A and B and direction perpendicular to the plane
containing A and B, following the right-handed rule

• An example of applying cross product is to find the magnetic force 24

 Cross Product: Example

• Assume two vectors

• The cross products

A
6 B
AxB
BxA
4

0
Z

-2

-4

-6

5 0 5
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-5 -5 0
Y X
 Useful Identities
• The following useful identities can be proved following the definitions
of dot and cross products.

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Differential Elements of Length, Surface, and Volume
• Oftentimes we need to find quantities resulting from a line, surface or volume
source from the results for individual point sources and superposition
principle

• Volume integral, surface integral or line integral are the tools to find those
quantities
Ex1: Find the total charge enclosed from
the charge density

Ex2: Find the total electric flux

Ex3: Find the potential difference in an

eclectic field

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Differential Elements of Length, Surface, and Volume

• The evaluation of these integrals in a particular coordinate system requires the

knowledge of differential elements of length, surface, and volume; the
expressions for rectangular coordinates are given below:

Tip: Useful formulas are included in the formulas sheet which will also be included in
the exam/tests
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 Review of Polar Coordinates in 2D Space
• For problems involving cylindrical or spherical symmetry, it may be useful to
use coordinate systems other than the rectangular one. Let us first review the
polar coordinate system in 2D space and then discuss the 3D extensions.

• In a rectangular coordinate
system, we use to represent
a point in the 2D space

• In a polar coordinate system, we

use the radius and angle instead:

• Given the polar coordinates we

can find the rectangular
coordinates as

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 Circular Cylindrical Coordinates
• The circular cylindrical coordinate system is the Point P has coordinates
3D extension of the polar coordinates, where we specified by P(z)
also specify the distance z of the point from an
arbitrary z = 0 reference plane
• We consider any point as the intersection of
three mutually perpendicular surfaces:
• A circular cylinder (ρ = constant)
• A plane (φ = constant)
• Another plane (z = constant).
The transformation between rectangular and
circular cylindrical coordinates are as follows:

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 Circular Cylindrical Coordinates
• Three unit vectors must also be defined, but
we may no longer direct them along the
“coordinate axes,” for such axes exist only
in rectangular coordinates.
• Instead, we take a broader view of the unit
vectors in rectangular coordinates and
realize that they are directed toward
increasing coordinate values and are
perpendicular to the surface on which that
coordinate value is constant (i.e., the unit
vector ax is normal to the plane x = constant
and points toward larger values of x).
• In a corresponding way we may now define
three unit vectors in cylindrical coordinates,
aρ, aφ, and az .

• E.g., aρ at a point P(ρ1, φ1, z1) is directed

radially outward, normal to the cylindrical
surface ρ = ρ1 31
 Differential Elements

• A differential volume element is

obtained by increasing ρ, φ, and z
by the differential increments dρ,
dφ, and dz.
• The two cylinders of radius ρ and ρ
+ dρ, the two radial planes at angles
φ and φ + dφ, and the two
“horizontal” planes at “elevations” z
and z + dz now enclose a small
volume.
• As the volume element becomes
very small, its shape approaches
that of a rectangular parallelepiped

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 Spherical Coordinates
• The position of a point is specified by the radial distance r of that point
from a fixed origin, its polar angle  and the azimuth angle 

• Point P has coordinates specified by P(r)

• Rectangular to spherical:

• Spherical to rectangular:

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Constant Coordinate Surfaces in Spherical Coordinates

Example: The unit vector ar is directed radially outward, normal to the sphere r =
constant, and lies in the cone θ = constant and the plane φ = constant.
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Differential Elements

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 Dot Product for Finding Coordinates
• The same field vector evaluated at a certain position can be represented using
different coordinates
• Dot product can be used for converting the different representations

• It is important to note that the unit vectors may depend on the position

Dot product for unit vectors in cylindrical and Dot product for unit vectors in spherical and
rectangular coordinate systems rectangular coordinate systems
 Example
• Transform the vector B = yax-xay+zaz into cylindrical coordinates;
• We use the dot product relationship below:

• In the above, we have used the following relationship

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