Name: KANIMOZHI HARSHINI.
M
Date: 27/11/2024
Roll No: AM.EN.U4ECE22157
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
Amritapuri Campus
19ECE382 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LAB
LAB SHEET 6
GRAM-SCHMIDT ORTHOGONALIZATION
ASSIGNMENT
Lab Exercises:-
1. Use Mat lab to find and plot the orthogonal basis for the waveforms
of the Signal Set
2. Find the coordinates and plot these signals as points in signal space.
MATLAB CODE:
% KANIMOZHI HARSHINI.M
% AM.EN.U4ECE22157
close all clear
all
clc
% Time t1 =
0:0.01:1; t2 =
1.01:0.01:2; t3 =
2.01:0.01:3; t =
[t1 t2 t3];
dt = 0.01;
% Signals s1 = [ones(1, length(t1)) ones(1, length(t2)) zeros(1,
length(t3))];
s2 = [ones(1, length(t1)) -1*ones(1, length(t2)) zeros(1, length(t3))];
s3 = [-1*ones(1, length(t1)) ones(1, length(t2)) ones(1, length(t3))];
s4 = [ones(1, length(t1)) ones(1, length(t2)) ones(1, length(t3))];
% Plotting signals figure;
subplot(2, 2, 1); plot(t,
s1); xlabel('Time(s)');
ylabel("s1(t)");
title('Signal Set 1');
subplot(2, 2, 2); plot(t,
s2);
xlabel('Time(s)');
ylabel("s2(t)");
title('Signal Set 2’);
subplot(2, 2, 3); plot(t,
s3);
xlabel('Time(s)');
ylabel("s3(t)");
title('Signal Set 3');
subplot(2, 2, 4);
plot(t, s4);
xlabel('Time(s)');
ylabel("s4(t)");
title('Signal Set 4');
% basis functions figure;
E_s1 = sum(s1 .* s1) * dt; psi1 = s1 / sqrt(E_s1);
subplot(2,2,1); plot(t, psi1);
title("Basis function 1"); xlabel("Time(s)"); ylabel("psi1");
c21 = sum(s2 .* psi1) * dt; d2 = s2 - c21 * psi1;
E_d2 = sum(d2 .* d2) * dt; psi2 = d2 / sqrt(E_d2);
subplot(2,2,2); plot(t, psi2);
title("Basis function 2"); xlabel("Time(s)"); ylabel("psi2");
c31 = sum(s3 .*psi1) * dt; c32
= sum(s3 .* psi2) * dt;
d3 = s3 - (c31 * psi1 + c32 * psi2); E_d3 = sum(d3 .* d3) * dt;
psi3 = d3 / sqrt(E_d3); subplot(2,2,3); plot(t, psi3);
title("Basis function 3"); xlabel("Time(s)"); ylabel("psi3");
% Verifying orthogonality and decomposition
c41 = sum(s4 .* psi1) * dt; c42 = sum(s4 .* psi2) * dt;
c43 = sum(s4 .* psi3) * dt; d4 = round(s4 - (c41 *
psi1 + c42 * psi2 + c43 * psi3))
%basis coefficients for all signals
S1 = [sum(s1 .* psi1) * dt, sum(s1 .* psi2) * dt, sum(s1 .* psi3) * dt];
S2 = [sum(s2 .* psi1) * dt, sum(s2 .* psi2) * dt, sum(s2 .* psi3) * dt];
S3 = [sum(s3 .* psi1) * dt, sum(s3 .* psi2) * dt, sum(s3 .* psi3) * dt];
S4 = [sum(s4 .* psi1) * dt, sum(s4 .* psi2) * dt, sum(s4 .* psi3) * dt];
% Results
disp("Coefficient for s1:"); disp(S1);
disp("Coefficients for s2:"); disp(S2);
disp("Coefficients for s3:"); disp(S3);
disp("Coefficients for s4:"); disp(S4);
Output:
Coefficients for s1:
1.4177 0.0000 0.0000
Coefficients for s2:
0.0071 1.4177 0.0000
Coefficients for s3: -
0.0071 -1.4177 1.0000
Coefficients for s4:
1.4177 0.0000 1.0000
Plots:
