MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
06
Manufacturing Industries
Production of goods in large quantities after processingfrom raw materialsto more
valuableproducts is called manufacturing. Industriescontributetremendously tothe
growth of the [Link] are included in the secondary sector because they
manufacture finished goods from raw materials.
Importance of Manufacturing
Manufacturing sector is considered as the backbone of development in general and
economic development because:
• It help in modernising agriculture, which forms thebackbone of oureconomy. Also,
reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs
in secondary and tertiary sectors.
• It helps in eradicationof unemployment and poverty from the country.
• Export of manufactured goods bringsforeign exchange.
• It helps in transforming raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods of higher
value.
Contribution of Industry to National Economy
The contributionof industryto the GDP is 27% out of which 10% comes from
total t m ing
quarrying, lectrricity and [Link] growth of the manufacturing sector had been in the 7%
last decade. Since 2003,thegrowth rate has been 9 to 10% per annum.
Industrial Location
Industrial sitesare inherentlycomplex. They are affected Industr-Market Linkage
by the availability of raw materials, labor, capital, power Raw Maeriah and'
and market, etc. It is not often possibleto find all of these parth
available factors in the same location. As a result, [Link]. Cap
manufacturing tends to be at the most
activity
appropriate location where all industrial location factors
are available or can be arranged more cheaply. Cities
Factory P
provide markets and services such as banks, insurance, Outputs
transportation, labour, consultantsand financial advisory anm
services, etc. to the industry. Many industries tend to join' Moacy
forces to take advantage of the advantages offered by Market
urban centres called agglomeration economies.
Progressively, a major industrial agglomeration is taking Jdeal Lcation of asEndustry
place. the period prior to independence, most
In Cast od oaing
manufacturing units were located in places from the sie
standpoint of foreign trade such as Mumbai, Kolkata,
Cost d Cost od
Chennai, etc. As a result, pockets of industrially
ste
developed urban centres, surrounded by an immense
agricultural rural back country,have emerged.
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MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Classification of Industries
Industries are classified into variouscategorieson the basis of ownership of products,
capital investments and nature of raw materials
Industries Classification on the basis of Examples
Agro-based Raw materials (forest and Cotton textiles, jute textiles,
agricultural raw materialsare used) tea
Mineral-based Raw materials(mineralssuch as Iron and steelcompanies,
iron,bauxite are used) petrochemicals
Small-scaleindustries Capital Investments Cottage industries
Large-scaleindustries Capital Investments TISCO
Public Sector Ownership (owned by the BHEL, SAIL
Government)
Private Sector Ownership (owned privately by [Link]
individuals)
JointSector Ownership (owned by the Oil IndiaLtd.
Government and private individuals)
Cooperative Sector Ownership (owned and operated by Amul
producerS and suppliers)
Heavy Industries Weight and bulkinessof raw Automobile industries
materials
Light Industries Weight and bulkinessof raw Electrical industries
materials
Agro-based Industries
Cotton textiles, woollen textiles. jute and sugar industries are known as agro-based
industries
Textile industries
as they use agricultural products as raw materials.
the only industry in india that isautonomous anid comprehensive in the value chain, i.e.
It's
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from raw materials into higher value-added products. It contributesto industrial
production,employment creation and foreignexchangeincome
It contributes 14% to industrial production in India and the second largest provider of
employment opportunitiesafteragriculture. It contributes4% towardsthe GDP of the
country.
Cotton Textiles
It is one of the traditional industries of India. About 80% of the industries areowned
privately, while 20% are owned by theGovernment and cooperative societies.
Most of the cotton industries earlier were centred in Maharashtra and Gujarat because
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MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
06
of the existenceof humid climate and the availability of cotton,markets, transport
facilities and cheap labour.
Weaving is done by handloom, power looms and in mills. Khadi industries also provide
employment opportunitiesto a large sectionof society.
• USA, UK, Russia, France,Singapore, Sri Lanka and many African countriesimport cotton
textiles from India. We also export yarn to Japan.
• Some drawbacks of the cotton are that spinning and weaving units of the
industries
country cannot use high-quality yarn produced in the country. Production takes place in
small factories which cater to only local markets. This is the reason that while we export
cotton yarn, fabrics have to be imported. Low productivity of labour,irregular supply of
electriciy
and tough competition from the synthetic fibre industry have hit the cotton
rhard
textile industrie
Jute Textiles
• India is the largest producer of raw jute and the second largest exporter of jute products
in theworld afterBangladesh.
• Most West Bengal along the Hugli River. This is because this area
jute mills are located in
has many jute-growing fields, cheap water transport, cheap labour and a good network
of railwaysand roadways. Kolkata provides financial assistance to thejute industries.
• The jute industry in India is currently facing many [Link] is stiff competition
from Bangladesh, Brazil, Egypt and Thailand. Synthetic fibres have also hit the industry
hard. To improve the condition of jute industries, the Government formulated the
National Jute Policy. Main countries which import jute products are USA, Canada,
Australia and the United Arab Emirates.
Sugar Industry
• India the second largest producer of sugar
is in the world and the largest
•
producer of gur and khandsari.
Sugar mills
transport and can
are located close to the sugar
quickly lose sucrose content.
fields. This RO
is because sugar is bulky to
• Most of the sugarcane mills are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat. Old and inefficient methods of production and delay in
transport of raw materials are two main çauses which are hitting the sugarcane
industries hard.
Mineral-based Industries
Industries which are using minerals asraw materialsareknown as mineral-based industries.
Some important mineral-based industries are
Iron and Steel Industry
India is the fourth largest producer of steel in the world and the largest producer of
sponge iron.
• It is known asa basic industryas steel is needed formachinery of all industries whether
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MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
heavy, medium or light. Steel is also requiredfor manufacturinga variety of engineering,
construction and defence goods. Day-to-day consumer goods such as containers and
safety pins are made of steel. It is also a heavy industry as all its raw materials and
finished goods are heavy and bulky.
• Many ironand steel industries are located in the Chotanagpur Plateau as many iron ore
fields are located in the surrounding regions. Availability of cheap labour and growth
potential have led to the concentration of industries in the region.
• Despite India being a major producer of
and steel, it is not able to perform to its
iron
potential. This is due to many reasons such as high costs and limited availability of
coking coal, irregular supply of electricity and poor infrastructure facilities. However,
liberalisation and foreign direct investments have given the industry a much-needed
boost.
Aluminium Smelting
It is the second most important metallurgic industry in India. Because aluminium is light
in weight, a good conductor of electricity, resistant to corrosion and easily malleable, it
is used in the manufacturing of aircraft. It is also used in making utensils and wires.
• Bauxite is the main raw material in the [Link] smelting plants are mostly
located in places where there is a regular supply of electricity and steady assurance of
raw materials.
• Aluminium smelting plants are mainly located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
Chemical Industries
• It is oneof the fastest growing industries in india. it contributes about 3% to lndia's GDP.
It is the third largest in Asia and twelfth largest in the world.
Chemical industries in Indiaproduce both organic and inorganicchemicals. Inorganic
chemicals are used as raw materialsfor manufacturing many finished goods. These
•
include syntheticfibres, plastics,
paints and [Link] acid is used
ROIP
for manufacturing fertilisers, while soda ash
is used for making glass,soapsand detergents.
nicais include petrochemicas which are osed
Organic chemicals tor mákine Syntheticfibres
plastics and dyes.
Fertiliser lndustry
• The fertiliser industries mainly produce fertilisers which contain nitrogen,potash and
ammonium phosphate. Indiais the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilisers.
• The fertiliser industryexpanded after theGreen [Link] main plants are
located in Gujarat,Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Odisha and Rajasthan.
Cement Industry
• The cement industry is an important industry as it is important for the construction of
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
0€
houses, buildings, offices, bridges and dams.
The industry uses bulky raw materials such as silica, limestone, alumina and gypsum.
Coal, regular electric supply
su and good infrastructure facilities are other important
requirements of theindustry.
The first cement plant was established in Chennai in 1904. Since then, it is continuously
expanding because of many [Link] of prices; promulgation of many reform
movements related to the industry;the requirement of cement in building of roads,
houses, railways and bridges; and the availability of international markets are some
factorswhich have led to thedevelopment of cement industries in India
• Indian cement is exported to the Middle East, East Asia, South Asia and Africa.
Automobile industry
• Many vehiclessuch as cars, trucks, motor cyclesand three wheelers are manufactured in
India. The demand forcars has drastically increased in the country.
Foreign direct investments have brought new technology into the country.
Automobile industries are located in Gurgaon,Delhi, Pune,Chennai, Mumbai, Indore,
Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.
ElectronicsIndustry and Information Technology
• In India, there is a great demand for electronic productssuch as televisions, phones,
pagers, radars and computers. The electronics industryis critical for the defence of the
country.
India has become a major hub of the information [Link] technology parks
are present in Bengaluru, Pune and Hyderabad.
About 30% of this industry's workforce consistsof [Link] IT industry has been a
major earner of foreignexchange for the country.
Industrial Pollution
Four types
Type of
of pollution are caused by
Sources
industries. These are
ROUP Impact
Pollution tamso ma iyOttgarmava
Air Pollution Release of gases such as sulphur Hazardous to human health,
dioxide and carbon monoxide by animals and plants. Can cause
industries and vehicles. irritation and respiratory problems
Water Release of chemical dischargesinto Dangerous for human, aguatic
Pollution rivers or lakes mainly by paper, organisms and plants.
chemical and heavy industries and
refineries.
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MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
06
Land Dumping of industrial wastes causes Loss of soil fertility which further
Pollution the degradation of soil. Rainwater reduces agricultural production
seeps into the soil carrying these and deterioration of the quality of
pollutants underground. underground water.
Thermal and Thermal plantscause thermal Thermal pollution affects marine
Noise pollution when they discharge hot and plant life. Noise pollution can
Pollution water intowater bodies. Noise cause hearing impairment,
pollution is caused by construction increasein heart rate and blood
activities, heavy industries and pressure.
generators.
Stepsto Control Environment Degradation
• Minimising use water forprocessing by reusing and recycling it in two or more
successivestages.
Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
• Treating hot water before releasingit into water bodies
Overdrawing of ground water reservesby industry where there is a threat to ground
water resources also needs to be regulated legally
• Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by smoke stacksto factories with
fitting
electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, Scrubbers and inertial [Link] be
reduced by using oil orgas insteadof coal in factories.
Machinery and generators should be fitted with silencers to reduUce noise pollution.
Efforts Made by NTPC towards Cleaning the Environment
NationalThermal Power Corporation is a major power-providing corporation in India. The
corporation has taken many steps to preserve the natural environment and resources in
India.
• NTPC has been the latest techniques and has upgraded
using its existing equipment. This
has helped in reducing wastage of resources.
Ithas been able to minimise the generationof waste materialsby maximising the use of
ash.
It has been making efforts to reduce environmental pollution by liquid waste
management tand ash water
a
recycling systems.
NTPC also supervisesand reviews ecological parameters of the surrounding areas where
its power stations are located.
• It has laid down green belts to maintain ecological balance in regions surrounding its
power stations
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